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Considerable attention has been given to different behavioral strategies of conflict management (e.g., avoidance, compromise, collaboration). However, conflict theory and research has overlooked a simple, but effective strategy for managing conflict: the use of social accounts or explanations. In this paper, we review the literature on the use of social accounts in conflict situations and find it supports the argument that social accounts can be an effective conflict- management strategy. Based on this analysis, we propose several promising directions for future theory development and research concerning the role of social accounts in conflict situations. In addition, we identify tradeoffs and dilemmas created when social accounts are used to manage conflict.

9780128203125v1_WEB -- Front Cover -- ENCYCLOPEDIA OF VIOLENCE,PEACE, AND CONFLICT -- ENCYCLOPEDIA OF VIOLENCE,PEACE, AND CONFLICT -- Copyright -- EDITORIAL BOARD -- CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES -- CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 1 -- FOREWORD BY ARCHBISHOP DESMOND TUTU -- PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION -- Anthropology, Overview of -- Overview -- Classic Ethnographic Studies -- Studies in Religion, Witchcraft, and Sorcery -- Modes of Settling Conflicts, Including Ritual -- The Place of Language Forms and Discourse in Disputing -- Violence, Peacemaking, and Ethology -- The Anthropology of War, and Warfare in "Tribal" Contexts -- Violence, Ethnicity, and Nationalism -- Violence, Individual Action, and the State -- Capital Punishment -- Homicide and Suicide -- Assault and Robbery -- Torture -- Rape -- Female Genital Mutilation -- Domestic Violence -- Terror and Terrorism: The Role of the Imagination -- References -- Criminal Behavior, Theories of -- Introduction -- Biological/Physiological Theories of Crime -- Body Build -- Genetics -- Chromosomal Abnormalities -- Genetics -- Neuroscientific Theories -- Central Nervous System Disorders -- Autonomic Nervous System Disorders -- Brain Damage, Brain Abnormalities, and Neurotransmitters -- Other Biological/Physiological Factors -- Hormones -- Diet -- Psychological/Psychiatric Theories of Crime -- Personality Disorders -- Psychoanalytic Theory -- Personality Traits of Offenders Versus Nonoffenders -- Mental Illness -- Sociological Theories of Crime -- Strain Theory -- Subcultural Theories -- Cohen's Theory of Status Frustration -- Miller's Theory of the Lower-Class Subculture -- Cloward and Ohlin's Differential Opportunity Theory -- Differential Association Theory -- Control Theory -- Rational Choice Theory -- Routine Activities Theory -- Labeling Theory -- Conflict, Structural, and Critical Theories -- Feminist Theory.

This book describes how the violent dimension of intergroup relations can be better understood if the interplay between psychological and social-developmental factors is taken into account. Ten unique, innovative and original chapters by international scholars of social and developmental psychology address the way how social reality is constructed as a hierarchical order, and how social norms, beliefs and cognitive-behavioral patterns are learned, shared and repeatedly processed on how to uphold or challenge this social order. The volume covers diverse issues such as the effects (or lack thereof) of power and violent video games on people's thinking and behavior, the acquisition of social norms and attitudes during childhood, minorities' identity management strategies, the role of mothers' educational beliefs and the impact of ideologies. This volume is inspired by the oeuvre of Maria Benedicta Monteiro, emphasizing the psychogenetic and sociogenic diacronies that are too often neglected by the predominantly synchronic paradigm of social psychology. It is therefore an indispensable reading for researchers and advanced students in social, community and developmental psychology, for scientifically interested practitioners working with families, school contexts or intergroup conflict, and for everyone interested in the expanding field of the social developmental approaches to attitudes and behaviour.

The increasing density and entanglement of international law and institutions leads to a growing potential for collisions between norms and rules emanating from different international institutions. It is an open question, however, when actors actually create manifest conflicts about overlapping norms and rules and how – and with what consequences – such conflicts are handled. We therefore utilize the concept of "interface conflicts" (ICs) in which two or more actors express positional differences over the scope or prevalence of different international norms. Building on the findings of the DFG research group OSAIC, we introduce the Interface Conflicts 1.0 dataset, which assembles information on 78 ICs. The dataset provides information on the actors and norms at stake in ICs and focuses specifically on their subsequent handling. It distinguishes co-operative from non-cooperative conflict management and codes the institutional as well as distributional outcomes of all management efforts.

The increasing density and entanglement of international law and institutions leads to a growing potential for collisions between norms and rules emanating from different international institutions. It is an open question, however, when actors actually create manifest conflicts about overlapping norms and rules and how – and with what consequences – such conflicts are handled. We therefore utilize the concept of "interface conflicts" (ICs) in which two or more actors express positional differences over the scope or prevalence of different international norms. Building on the findings of the DFG research group OSAIC, we introduce the Interface Conflicts 1.0 dataset, which assembles information on 78 ICs. The dataset provides information on the actors and norms at stake in ICs and focuses specifically on their subsequent handling. It distinguishes co-operative from non-cooperative conflict management and codes the institutional as well as distributional outcomes of all management efforts. For changes from version 1.0 to version 2.0 see Change_log_Interface_Conflicts_2_0.pdf.

"Constructive Conflicts provides a powerful analytical and empirical framework for analyzing and intervening in large-scale social and political conflicts. Readers follow conflicts as they emerge, escalate, de-escalate, become settled, and sometimes re-emerge, learning how destructive cycles of contention can be disrupted and even reversed"--

Achieving peace & building the institutions that will make it last require much time & effort on the part of adversaries. While making this effort, the likelihood of peace is uncertain, & preparations for conflict are ongoing. Using a model that takes such considerations into account, adversaries divide their resources between "guns," "butter," & investments in conflict management. Even when all adversaries undertake sizable investments in conflict management, peace is uncertain. Results show that larger initial wealth increases the likelihood of peace, whereas the number of adversaries can have widely different effects. A larger number of adversaries in cases of international conflict tends to increase the likelihood of peace but has the opposite effect in cases of domestic conflict. 2 Figures, 14 References. [Copyright 2002 Sage Publications, Inc.]

Cultural anthrop'ts have not put emphasis upon the systematic analysis of conflict as a mode of interaction, but one meaningful interdisciplinary frame of reference is 'a consideration of the role which ethnic solidarities & interethnic conflict play in bringing into being, strengthening, or weakening & destroying national states.' 6 types of situations in Africa are distinguished: (1) a pol'al unit without a permanent European pop is administered by a European power & includes only one Africanethnic groups, (4) a group of permanently domiciled Europeans controls the state (5) independent African states composed of one or more ethnic groups, & (6) a large ethnic group has been divided between 2 or more pol'al units formed by European powers. Conflict between ethnic groups might take any of the following forms: latent, nascent, ritualized violent, of, suppressed conflict. Conflict in settler-occupied areas of Africa & the situation in Kenya are closely examined. I. Taviss.

Social media increasingly plays a role in conflict and contentious politics. Politicians, leaders, insurgents, and protestors all have used it as a tool for communication. At the same time, scholars have turned to social media as a source of new data on conflict. I provide a framework for understanding social media's influence on conflict through four interrelated points: (1) social media reduces the costs of communication, (2) it increases the speed and dissemination of information, (3) scholars should focus on the strategic interaction and competitive adaption of actors in response to communication technology changes, and (4) the new data that social media provides are not only an important resource, but also fundamentally change the information available to conflict actors, thereby shaping the conflict itself. In sum, social media's influence on conflict defies simplistic explanations that argue that it privileges incumbents or challengers.