Suchergebnisse

For the European Union to continue to succeed leaders in all 25 member countries have to devote more attention to the factors of culture and business. However, the key to successful business enterprise across Europe is not only understanding the impact of culture on human behavior and organizations, but for managers and other professionals to develop skills in coping with multiculturalism and diversity within the EU populations.

This paper is about the differences in the extent of Internet connectivity: globally and, more specifically, within the European Union. After May 1, 2004, when the European Union was enlarged from 15 to 25 member states, the digital divide in the EU was substantially widened (national connectivity varying from less than 10 to more than 60%), caused by regional lack of technological infrastructure as well as cultural and psychological factors. This inequality in internet-connectivity in the EU will have important consequences for communication, dissemination of information, economy (e-commerce!) et cetera. Consequently, parallel to digital media, traditional means of dissemination of information – such as printed books, public libraries, local broadcasting – should be maintained and furthered. (Note: Many 'most recent' national data on internet-connectivity are two to three years old.)

This study examines health care utilization of immigrants relative to the native-born populations aged 50 years and older in eleven European countries. Methods. We analyzed data from the Survey of Health Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) from 2004 for a sample of 27,444 individuals in 11 European countries. Negative Binomial regression was conducted to examine the difference in number of doctor visits, visits to General Practitioners (GPs), and hospital stays between immigrants and the native-born individuals. Results: We find evidence those immigrants above age 50 use health services on average more than the native-born populations with the same characteristics. Our models show immigrants have between 6% and 27% more expected visits to the doctor, GP or hospital stays when compared to native-born populations in a number of European countries. Discussion: Elderly immigrant populations might be using health services more intensively due to cultural reasons.

This article analyses political business cycles (PBCs) in ten former European communist countries. The dataset used covers the period 1990‐2018. The results show that the PBCs manifest themselves in these countries through both fiscal and monetary policy. Changes in government expenditure during election times are found to be significant in reducing unemployment. Hence, it signals that there is a politically driven fiscal expansion. The results also show the importance of institutional quality in reducing the effects of the PBCs. The monetary policy models indicate that changes in money stock during and around election times affect the unemployment rate. Undertaking a subsample analysis of the non‐EU and EU members highlights the case that the membership of the EU is an important factor in preventing the development of PBCs.Related ArticlesHazakis, Konstantinos J. 2015. "The Political Economy of Economic Adjustment Programs in the Eurozone: A Detailed Policy Analysis." Politics & Policy 43 (6): 822‐854. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12141Rogers, Chris. 2009. "The Politics of Economic Policy Making in Britain: A Re‐Assessment of the 1976 IMF Crisis." Politics & Policy 37 (5): 971‐994. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00207.xSager, Fritz, and Markus Hinterleitner. 2016. "How do Credit Rating Agencies Rate? An Implementation Perspective on the Assessment of Austerity Programs during the European Debt Crisis." Politics & Policy 44 (4): 783‐815. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12165

The European Union, established after World War II, has strengthened the revival of Europe, which has suffered greatly due to the war in many areas, including economic, political and socio-cultural. At the same time, the European Union overtook the conflicts between states. The European Union, which has occasionally passed through major breaks since its foundation, has recently begun to evolve into a new structure called multispeed Europe. On the 60th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Rome, the member states, for the first time, have mentioned this new structure in an official publication. This structure has led to disagreements 13 among EU member states. On the other hand, it is also a matter of curiosity how the candidate countries will follow once this structure is created. This study assesses the potential effects of a a multi-speed European Union on Turkey-EU relations. In addition, it tries to evaluate whether the EU's new structure will be an advantage for Turkey or not. In other words, this study aims to explore the possibility of Turkey's EU full membership in the EU's new model.

The aim of the study is to explore the mechanisms of democracy promotion employed by the EU in its relationships with Belarus. The mechanisms of democracy promotion employed by the EU were assessed from the perspectives of leverage, linkage and governance. Putting the governance mode under a special scrutiny the study seeks to prove that activities which are not directly aimed at democracy promotion can lead to a gradual transfer of democratic norms and values. Neo-functionalist theoretical approach is used to explain potential norm transfer through functional cooperation by way of technical and expert assistance on a local level of public authorities in a case study of Belarus. The empirical part of the thesis explores to what degree participation in joint projects within Cross-Border Cooperation the EU makes Belarusian public officials aquatinted with the norms of democratic governance. In so doing, realistic evaluation research method is utilized. The results of the research corroborate the assumption that in the light of failure of traditional top-down forms of democracy promotion, the EU has intensified functional cooperation with Belarus on the bottom-up level. Analysis of the attitudes of the Belarusian officials involved and not involved in joint projects with the EU shows that public officials who have international experience are more prone to the values and principles of democratic governance. Therefore, the main finding suggests that transnational networks created for the purposes of functional cooperation can serve as channels where agents from authoritarian regimes learn democratic values and, as a result, can change their attitude and even behavior towards a more democratic model.

The article analyzes the regulatory definitions of the smuggling process and survey work at BCPs across the state border, the problems that arise in the process of its implementation. Under the conditions of risks intensification on the state border, there is an urgent need to assess current and potential threats and predict them for a certain period to counter them in a timely manner, even in the absence of sufficient forces and means. Forecast is a complex and time-consuming process for any organization, so the initial stage of the forecasting process is to identify the need for predicted information. At this stage, it is necessary to answer the question: "What is this forecast for? How will it be used to prepare and make decisions at the appropriate level of government?" That is why the participants of the forecasting process were identified: the subject, the customer, and the user of the forecast. The subject of forecasting is an organization, a structural unit that develops the forecast. In our case, it is the information-analytical department of the state border guard body. The customer of the forecast is the organization, structural unit or the separate official who puts a task on forecast development. In the state border guard body, it is the headquarters and the chief of staff, respectively. The user of the forecast is the organization, structural unit or official who uses the results in their activities. In some cases, users of the forecast may be the customer. Users of the forecast are both border guard units and the headquarters of the state border guard body. To assess and predict threats in the smuggling areas, there was conducted a statistical analysis of the results of operational and service support activities at BCPs across the state border with EU member states and using a simplified method of forecasting, extrapolation, there were identified trends in illegal activities in the medium term for the period 2021-2022. The use of extrapolation for forecasting assumed that the nature of the dynamics, namely a certain pattern (trend) of change in the phenomenon under study, which took place for a certain period in the past will remain for a limited period in the future. The statistical analysis was based on information from analytical reports on the situation at the state border and the results of operational and service support activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in the period from 2012 to 2020. Assessment and forecast were carried out in relation to only one of the types of smuggling activities – arms smuggling, the rest can be determined by a similar method. The use of quantitative and qualitative forecast of smuggling indicators together with the involvement of highly qualified personnel, modern technical means of inspection, service dogs is quite able to increase the efficiency of detection in BCPs items and materials prohibited for import / export to / from Ukraine (s). ; У статті проаналізовано нормативно-правові дефініції процесу контрабандної діяльності та оглядової роботи в пунктах пропуску через державний кордон, проблеми, що виникають в процесі її проведення. В умовах активізації ризиків на державному кордоні постає нагальна потреба в оцінці актуальних та потенційних загроз та їх прогнозуванні на певний період з метою своєчасної протидії їм навіть в мовах відсутності достатньої кількості сил та засобів. Прогнозування – процес складний та трудомісткий для будь-якої організації, тому початковим етапом процесу прогнозування є ідентифікація потреби в прогнозній інформації. На цьому етапі необхідно дати відповідь на питання: "Для чого потрібний цей прогноз? Яким чином він буде використаним для підготовки та прийняття рішення на відповідному рівні управління?" Саме тому було проведено ідентифікацію учасників процесу прогнозування: суб'єкта, замовника та користувача. Суб'єкт прогнозування – це організація, структурний підрозділ, що здійснює розробку прогнозу. В нашому випадку – це інформаційно-аналітичнийвідділ органу охорони державного кордону. Замовник прогнозу – організація, структурний підрозділ або окрема посадова особа, що ставить завдання на розробку прогнозу. В органі охорони державного кордону – це штаб і начальник штабу відповідно. Користувач прогнозу – організація, структурний підрозділ або посадова особа, що використовують результати у своїй діяльності. В окремих випадках користувачами прогнозу може бути й замовник. Користувачами прогнозу є як прикордонні підрозділи, так і штаб органу охорони державного кордону. З метою оцінки та прогнозування загроз за напрямками контрабандної діяльності було проведено статистичний аналіз результатів оперативно-службової діяльності в пунктах пропуску через державний кордон з країнами-членами Європейського Союзу та за допомогою спрощеного методу прогнозування, екстраполяції, було визначено тенденції у видах протиправної діяльності у середньостроковій перспективі на період 2021–2022 рр. Застосування екстраполяції для прогнозування базувалося на припущенні, що характер динаміки, тобто певна закономірність (тенденція) зміни досліджуваного явища, яка мала місце для певного проміжок часу в минулому збережеться на обмеженому відрізку в майбутньому. Статистичний аналіз ґрунтувався на відомостях аналітичних зведень про обставини на державному кордоні та результатів оперативно-службової діяльності Державної прикордонної служби України у період з 2012 до 2020 рр. Оцінка та прогнозування здійснювалось відносно лише одного з видів контрабандної діяльності – контрабанди зброї, решту можливо буде визначити за аналогічною методикою. Використання кількісного та якісного прогнозування показників контрабандної діяльності разом із залученням висококваліфікованого персоналу, сучасних технічних засобів огляду, службових собак цілком здатне підвищити ефективність виявлення в ППр предметів та матеріалів, заборонених до ввезення/вивезення в/з Україну(и).