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Throughout its long history, Japan had no concept of what we call "religion." There was no corresponding Japanese word, nor anything close to its meaning. But when American warships appeared off the coast of Japan in 1853 and forced the Japanese government to sign treaties demanding, among other things, freedom of religion, the country had to contend with this Western idea. In this book, Jason Ananda Josephson reveals how Japanese officials invented religion in Japan and traces the sweeping intellectual, legal, and cultural changes that followed. More than a tale of oppression or hegemony, Jos

Dans cette introduction, en croisant les regards de la littérature, de la philosophie et de l'esthétique, nous nous donnons pour but de réfléchir sur le rapport que la philosophie entretient avec la littérature et sur les usages qu'elle en fait. La littérature apparaît ici comme un objet qui ne se laisse pas assimiler par la philosophie, un objet que la philosophie travaille mais qui, en retour, la travaille. La philosophie, alors, traite moins de la littérature qu'elle n'y trouve un lieu à l'intérieur duquel elle s'exerce.

Dans cette introduction, en croisant les regards de la littérature, de la philosophie et de l'esthétique, nous nous donnons pour but de réfléchir sur le rapport que la philosophie entretient avec la littérature et sur les usages qu'elle en fait. La littérature apparaît ici comme un objet qui ne se laisse pas assimiler par la philosophie, un objet que la philosophie travaille mais qui, en retour, la travaille. La philosophie, alors, traite moins de la littérature qu'elle n'y trouve un lieu à l'intérieur duquel elle s'exerce.

We offer new data and a new analytical approach to examine the roots of today's civil conflicts that lie deeply in religious and political history. Religion's effect on today's conflicts come not from contemporary fractionalization or polarization, but from the deep-rooted effects of historical fragmentation coupled with rulers who could manipulate divisions by favoring co-religionists. To test the resulting hypotheses, we use a new dataset that includes annual information regarding the religious and political histories of today's societies since the year 1000. We run regression analysis at both country and ethnic group levels. The results show that the likelihood of contemporary new conflicts is higher in societies that historically experienced religious fragmentation with rulers who shared religion with one of the groups and could thus favor coreligionists over others. Economic inequality and political grievances served as channels of transmission.

The volume comprises chapters within a wide thematic range of religious studies written by renown and dedicated specialists - invited guests from both countries' academic world, representing various HEIs and research centers. The present, in different styles and flavors, various scopes of research and specific interests, of which all have to do with religion, including various forms of religiosities and spiritualities, contributing towards a comprehensive, harmonious, user-friendly and simply interesting collaborative project – a truly team effort. The contents of the book mark many relevant, practical issues related with research on religion, in both historical and contemporary perspectives, having to do not only with the current state of art, but also events, policies and individual attitudes that influence religious markets and transformations, pointing at the relations between theoretical and practical approaches towards examining them in their all multi-angled and complicated dimensions: cultural, social, political, legal and economic.

"Electoral Choice and Religion: Turkey" published on by Oxford University Press.

The book challenges the popular notion of a clash of cultures pitting Muslim and non-Muslim Europeans against one another. The study finds instead vehement conflict among three longstanding European public philosophies: liberalism, nationalism, and postmodernism. The consequential differences of outlook are demonstrated in four policy areas: 1) citizenship requirements, 2) the headscarf debate, 3) mosque-state relations and 4) counter-terrorism. The book reaches three important conclusions. First, Muslim Europeans do not represent a monolithic anti-Western bloc— a Trojan Horse— within Europe. They vehemently disagree among themselves but along the same basic liberal, nationalist, and postmodern contours as non-Muslim Europeans. Second, ideological discord significantly contributes to policy "messiness," that is, to inconsistent, contradictory policies. Third, both the discord and the messiness are remarkably similar from one European country to the next, thereby casting doubt on the dominant theory in comparative migration studies that posits distinct national styles such as French republicanism, German ethno-nationalism and British multiculturalism.This title was made Open Access by libraries from around the world through Knowledge Unlatched.

Der Ausgangspunkt des Beitrags ist eine allgemeinere Betrachtung zur politischen Legitimation durch "säkulare Religion" als Rahmenbedingung für das Aufkommen von "politischer Religion" und "Zivilreligion", das im Folgenden thematisiert wird. Daran anschließend werden die wichtigsten Ansätze von "politischer Religion" als Konzept des Diktaturvergleichs und "Zivilreligion" als Konzept der Gesellschaftsintegration dargestellt, kritisch gewürdigt und bilanziert. Abschließend wird diskutiert, ob die Kategorie "Religion" für "politische Religionen" und "Zivilreligionen" angemessen ist. Der Beitrag versteht "Religion" als Sammelbezeichnung für Sinnsysteme mit einer transzendenten Dimension. (ICE2)

The author theorizes that religion is the foundation for the ideas of American conservative theoretician Russell Kirk and the primary focus of his text The Conservative Mind. In the article, Kirk is portrayed as more of a realist than a conservative and his theories are investigated based on this trajectory and the theological aspects of his thinking. Some of the topics discussed are the foundation of religion in natural law, property, law and order, and family life. References. G. Luque

The constructions of 'religion' in general language are seldom themselves in the focus of empirical research. Aiming to retrieve the inherent knowledge that lies within these constructions, this article suggests a term-based textual analysis to focus on the linguistic use of 'religion'. This method invites us to question the unity of texts through an analysis of textual semantics. It offers the chance to ask about the formation of the concept. The article initially shows how this approach differs from comparative and policy-oriented studies by differentiating between criticism and critique. It then develops the idea of a term-based textual analysis. Using examples from the policy field of foreign aid, the text illustrates how much inherent knowledge there is in the usage of 'religion' in political communication and calls for a general reconsideration of the way 'religion' is approached in empirical research.