Suchergebnisse

The series of .employment and unemployment are fundamental pieces for the analysis of the effects of the economic policy on the well being of households. The divergence between which the public perceives like a problem of lack of employment and what the government affirms, that the problem is only one of low income, makes it necessary to review these series. Two are the problems mentioned on the quality of the series in our country. In the first place, the almost continuous growth of employment as measured by the series obtained from the National Survey of Households. (NSH), as opposed to the descend of the employment in the modern sector, measured by the series obtained from the Survey of Variation of Employment (SVE). Reasons that could be explaining this divergence to a certain extent are: differences in the universes of the sources used, faults in the registration of temporary employment and changes in the questionnaires of the surveys, the sample cover and its design. Secondly, the little variation of the rate of open unemployment and its low level, which would be explained by slants in the processing of the NSH, by the way to measure the indicator, and by the problem not yet solved of hidden unemployment. ; Las series de empleo y desempleo son piezas fundamentales para el análisis de los efectos de la política económica sobre el bienestar de los hogares. La divergencia entre lo que la opinión pública percibe como un problema de falta de empleo y lo que el gobierno afirma, que el problema es solamente uno de bajos ingresos, hace necesario revisar dichas series. Dos son los cuestionamientos hechos con respecto a la calidad de las series de empleo y desempleo en nuestro país. En primer lugar, el crecimiento casi continuo del empleo medido por la serie obtenida a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO), frente a la caída del empleo en el sector moderno, medido por las series obtenidas a partir de la Encuesta de Variación del Empleo (EVE). Razones que podrían estar explicando esta divergencia en alguna medida son: diferencias en el universo de las fuentes empleadas, fallas en el registro del empleo temporal y cambios en los cuestionarios de las encuestas, en la cobertura y en el diseño muestral. En segundo lugar, la poca variación de la tasa de desempleo abierto y su bajo nivel, la cual estaría explicada por sesgos en la elaboración de la ENAHO, por la manera de medir el indicador, y por el problema aún no resuelto del desempleo oculto.

The currency crisis in Brazil and its adverse effects on neighboring countries are widely perceived to be short-lived phenomena. However, optimists—stressing favorable growth and investment prospects in Latin America—tend to ignore home-made causes of Brazil's crisis and -underrate the risks ensuing for the region as a whole. • Financial turmoil in Asia and Russia induced several speculative attacks on the Brazilian real. However, domestic policy failure caused the currency collapse: The Real Plan of 1994 was undermined by delaying fiscal consolidation. Thus, crisis was looming since 1997, mainly because soaring public sector deficits eroded the sustainability of the exchange-rate peg to the US dollar. • After the decision for floating the real, Brazil still faces serious policy dilemmas. Devaluation has not prevented a further rise in interest rates. Mounting debt-service obligations represent a fiscal time bomb. Restructuring short-term debt involves the risk of prolonged financial volatility. It cannot be ruled out that Brazil will impose capital outflow controls, the drawbacks of such a move notwithstanding. Brazil's crisis affects neighboring countries in several ways. Contagion transmitted through financial markets has remained limited so far. If financial turbulence continues in Brazil, however, the pressure on exchange rates, interest rates and stock markets is likely to increase in other Latin American countries. Contagion through trade hits Brazil's Mercosur partners in the first place. Mexico, too, may be affected as the devaluation of the real impairs the international price competitiveness of Mexican exporters on third markets. In addition, the crisis may disrupt intra-Latin American investment relations. Short-term economic prospects of Latin America would deteriorate if the United States were no longer prepared to absorb rising exports of crisis-ridden emerging markets. Protectionist sentiments may also spread in Latin America, especially if world-market prices of the region's major commodity exports remain depressed. In the light of Latin America's strong reliance on foreign capital, the greatest risk appears to be that external financing of current account deficits will be curtailed. The current crisis may have as a result that structural reforms, required for Latin America's successful participation in globalized production, will take second place for the time being. This applies especially to Brazil where fiscal discipline required for short-term stabilization clashes with public investment needs, notably in education. Deregulation of labor markets may be postponed in other Latin American countries, too, in order to contain unemployment in the short run. Yet, Latin American governments should signal their determination to stick to reforms even under conditions of financial turmoil. Privatization and public sector reforms supporting better governance are of critical importance in this respect.

This paper aims to explore Pakistan's geo-economic options in
the difficult situation that confronts following the easing of
sanctions, which added acute balance of payments pressures to its
existing ailments of near-stagnant exports, a lower growth trend than in
preceding decades, an unattractive climate for foreign investment, and
weak social indicators. The first question explored is whether Pakistan
has any opportunity of participating in a regional trade grouping. It is
argued that the only conceivable way of achieving this would involve the
development of SAARC, which would demand a profound transformation of
Indo-Pakistani relations (though one no more profound than that realised
in Franco-German relations since the founding of what is now known as
the European Union). One benefit of achieving deep integration through
SAARC is that this would create the possibility of Pakistan developing a
serious engineering industry far more rapidly than will otherwise
happen. In the absence of deep integration in SAARC, it is argued that
Pakistan's best option would be a policy close to unilateral free trade,
so as to place it in a position to take advantage of whatever the next
generation of labour-intensive activities demanded by the world economy
proves to be. Under either of those scenarios, the reestablishment of a
dynamic industrial sector will require the maintenance of a competitive
exchange rate, something that, it is argued, is not necessarily
guaranteed by floating. The paper also discusses the role of inward
direct investment in contributing to the export success of East Asia,
and considers whether the expatriate Pakistani community might be
capable of playing a role comparable to that played by the overseas
Chinese in nurturing the Chinese export expansion of the last two
decades. It is suggested that such a hope was set back by the
extra-legal attempt to renegotiate power tariffs with the independent
power producers in the course of 1998, and that Pakistan needs to become
a country of laws rather than discretion if foreign investors, including
expatriate Pakistanis, are ever to find the country an attractive export
platform. While more inward direct investment would almost certainly be
beneficial, the same is not true for inward financial investment, where
too large an inflow can easily expose a country to very significant
risks, as the East Asian crisis showed. In the long run, Pakistan needs
to be prepared to repel excessive capital inflows if they materialise;
but its immediate problem is still balance of payments pressure, and
this seems to demand targeting a major and sustained improvement in the
current account over the next several years.

The expansion of Western European production accelerated in the first half of 1997. Exports were the main engine, driven by a devaluation of European currencies and strong growth abroad. Domestic demand also picked up somewhat led by investment in machinery and equipment. Inflation remained at low levels. However, in most countries the bottom seems to have been reached. One major concern is the rise in import prices. The upswing will further gain momentum in the coming months and in 1998 as conditions shaping the cycle remain favorable. Real GDP in Western Europe will increase by 3 percent in 1998. Under the assumption that the decision concerning EMU due in spring 1998 is made in favor of a large monetary union, those countries with relatively high short-term interest rates will lower them quite substantially in next year. Against the background of high unemployment, countries with low interest rates will not raise key interest rates significantly. As a consequence, monetary policy in Western Europe on average will be further loosened. This will additionally stimulate economic activity but also raise risks of inflation. The major problem in Western Europe is unemployment, which remains stubbornly high or is even rising. As a contrast, unemployment in the United States has come down to the lowest level since decades. It is often stated that high unemployment in Europe is due to a restrictive monetary policy, led by a—supposedly—deflationary policy pursued by the Deutsche Bundesbank. This view, however, does not find any support when indicators of monetary policy are taken into account. Rather, they suggest that monetary policy has been expansionary in Europe for some time. In addition, the reduction of inflation since 1990 has been equally pronounced in Europe and the United States, which indicates that the monetary stance has not been significantly different. Furthermore, a striking fact in this regard is that the relatively steep fall of inflation in the United Kingdom was associated with a significant decline in unemployment. While total unemployment in Europe has followed an upward trend resulting in an approximate doubling of the rate, there have been notable exceptions within Europe. Among those economies that have experienced a decline in recent years are the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Ireland; other countries seem to have joined the club. Overall, a variety of measures has contributed to the improvement of labor market performance in these countries. They include deregulations of product and labor markets that have led to wage moderation and more wage differentiation, and reforms of the tax and transfer systems that have resulted in improved incentives for both labor demand and labor supply. A central feature of individual countries' experience is that reforms tend to be more effective when they are comprehensive since there are important synergies between structural reforms in different fields.

The outstanding world market success of East and Southeast Asian countries (ESAEs) provides lessons for Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) striving to penetrate Western markets, even though starting conditions were strikingly different between these country groups. While ESAEs enjoyed the reputation of stable domestic policies, CEECs had to deal with institution building, macroeconomic stabilization and privatization at the same time. First of all, sound macroeconomic policies and an unrestricted access to domestic and imported inputs are absolutely vital for exporters. These factors cannot be substituted for by specific export incentives. Furthermore, Asian experience suggests that such incentives should be granted on a temporary basis in order to discourage rent-seeking and minimize the budgetary burden. Export processing zones are ineffective if they do not exert competitive pressure on the rest of the economy via input and output linkages. Stimulating exports through direct export subsidies has become less important in ESAEs over time because of inconsistency with the GATT and the retaliatory actions of trading partners. Using such subsidies is further constrained in the case of CEECs: Subsidies would conflict with the Europe Agreements, which require that state aid and competition rules harmonize with EU regulations. Foreign direct investment can play an important role in enhancing export growth and diversification, especially if such investment is attracted by favourable market prospects rather than tax holidays. Export promotion by governments should preferably concentrate on institutional support aimed at reducing the information costs faced by local suppliers and foreign importers. Asia's world market success was accompanied by increasing diversification and technological sophistication of exports. Intra-regional networking in terms of trade and investment helped this process considerably. For CEECs, it is thus essential to enhance local technological capabilities in order to enable exporters to apply new technologies. Furthermore, the prospects for a market-driven integration between CEECs can be improved to the extent that mobility of goods and factors of production is allowed for. Economic transformation in CEECs involves policy challenges which clearly go beyond export promotion as in Asia. Moreover, CEECs are facing an uphill struggle against established suppliers on Western markets. Under such conditions, CEECs are well advised not to follow the Asian way of maintaining national sovereignty in trade-related policies. Rather, they had to commit themselves to internationally binding trade liberalization in order to enhance the credibility of their transformation policies. Such commitments were made on a regional basis within the EU framework of Eastern enlargement as well as on a multilateral basis within the GATT/WTO. The contribution of this approach of tying one's own hands to stabilizing expectations should be enhanced by the EU by offering CEECs stable conditions for market access.

Based on a comparative case study of nine firms in the Canadian graphic arts industry in 1964–86, this paper suggests that managerial conduct plays a significant role in technological change. There were clear differences in managerial conduct between technological leaders and followers, and managerial conduct was influenced by firm performance, managerial capacities and attitudes and contextual conditions. These four elements, managerial conduct, firm performance, managerial capacities and attitudes, and contextual conditions, constituted feedback cycles of technological change. Firm performance induced managerial conduct that was influenced by managerial capacities and attitudes and by contextual conditions and led to technological change, depending on the intensity and extent of conduct, and technological change further affected firm performance. The paper focuses on managerial work processes as they cause differences in technological change in technological leaders and followers, but other elements of the feedback cycles are considered as well. Technological change has increased productivity growth and standard of living, but technological development also "destroys the economic viability of certain industries, firms, and jobs, as it creates new ones" (Nelson, 1981: 1054). This kind of impact has created a need to predict and control technological change, and thereby to understand the phenomenon better. Despite the fact that technological change takes place in firms (Moss, 1981: 51–53), most of the economics research explains technological development at the aggregate level (see Kamien & Schwartz, 1982 for a review), and the majority of the so called innovation studies concentrate on individual adoption behaviour (see Rogers, 1983 for a review). However, in order to understand the process of technological change, we must go inside the firms where the change takes place. A useful starting point seems to be a comparison between firms that are technological leaders and followers (Schumpeter, 1934; Porter, 1983). This would increase understanding of the factors facilitating and preventing technological change. Technology can be defined as the tangible production process of converting inputs to outputs (Shen, 1981), and it is often embodied in physical capital (Nelson, 1981). Changes in production processes via production equipment are the main concern here. The central question of this paper is: Why do some firms become technological leaders while others are followers? And more specifically: How does managerial conduct differ between technological leaders and followers? The answers were sought through a comparative case study of Canadian graphic arts firms. The results indicate that the crucial factor determining leadership and followership was managerial conduct, shaped by firm performance and by the context of the firm. The role of managerial conduct in technological leadership and followership is focused on in this report.

[spa] En el presente trabajo se revisa la distribución de las rocas karstificables en África meridional, distinguiendo entre dos clases predominantes: las calizas dolomíticas proterozoicas de textura esparítica, propias de las mesetas interiores, y las calizas arenosas terciarias de la costa, cuya textura es micritica. La densidad de formas kársticas superficiales es variable y comparativamente baja en relación con otras regiones. Las cuevas corresponden a un origen freático-somero y pueden contener abundantes espeleotemas. Se han podido detectar dos fases principales de crecimiento, aunque la precipitación moderna es menos intensa. El más importante periodo de karstificación puede ser atribuido a tiempos considerablemente remotos. Los impactos ambientales sobre el karst de África meridional abarcan desde cambios en la hidrogeología debido a la extracción de agua con fines económicos, pasando por el drenaje de minas y las modificaciones en la cubierta superficial, hasta efectos directos resultantes de actividades mineras, en especial para la obtención de oro, de guano de murciélago y primitivamente de espeleotemas. Algunas rocas madres son empleadas en minería para su aprovechamiento en la fabricación de acero. Hasta ahora los problemas causados por la contaminación son de escasa importancia. Las cuevas situadas cerca de los principales centros de población sufren impactos de utilización que a menudo pasan inadvertidos. Las consecuencias de nuevas instalaciones militares, junto a Bredasdorp están siendo objeto de seguimiento. En África meridional se cuenta con las bases necesarias para la realización de programas efectivos de gestión ambiental. ; [eng] The paper reviews the distribution of karst rocks in southern Africa and distinguishes between two dominant types: the sparitic Proterozoic dolomitic limestones of the interior plateaux and the Tertiary micritic sandy limestones of the coast. The density of surface karst forms is variable and low by comparison with overseas regions. Caves are shallow phreatic in origin and may contain massive speleothem development. Two major phases of growth are recognised. Modern precipitation is minor. The major karst forming period is believed to be of considerable antiquity. The impacts on southern African karst range from changes to the geohydrology due to economic extraction, mine dewatering and changes to the surface cover, to direct effects of mining particularly for gold, for bat guano and formerly for speleothems. Some host rock is directly mined for use in steel making. Pollution is so far of minor importance. Caves near major population centres suffer user impact which is often inadvertent. The consequences of a new military installation near Bredasdorp are being monitored. In southern Africa the basis exists for effective management programmes.

RÉSUMÉAujourd'hui, l'industrialisation du travail agraire doit aussi être analysée comme un processus oú l'emprise de l'Etat joue un rôle de plus en plus déterminanr, oú l'idéologie de la croissance indéfinie transforme les rapports à la nature, les rapports sociaux et les rappotts à l'histoire, oú une nouvelle classe du savoir qui va des planificateurs aux vulgarisateurs cherche à orienter et à contrôler la gestion comme la production. Ces phénomènes, selon les systèmes politiques, créent des formes diversifées d'organisation du travail: l'entreprise libérale, la ferme d'Etat, la coopérative dont le kibboutz est le modèle exemplaire. Mais partout persiste et parfois se consolide un débar entre l'économie familiale et la volontéétatiquc, indice peut‐être d'une particularité propre à l'agriculture. Dans cette longue métamorphose, les travailleurs de la terre ont créé des types d'identité collective ayant chacun leur originalité, que ce soit celui du chef d' entreprise, de l'ouvrier ou du coopérateur. II y a là un enrichissement de la société industrielle par le travail agraire que l'on ne peut pas réduire à l'économique et qui invite à repenser la notion même d' industrialisation.ABSTRACTTo‐day, industrialization of agricultural work needs to be analyzed as a process in which the State plays a more and more decisive role, in which the ideology of unlimited growth transforms relations with nature, social relations and relations with history, and in which a new 'class of knowledge', extending from planners to extension officers, attempts to direct and control the management of production. Depending on the political system, these phenomena give rise to different forms of work organization: free enterprise, state farms or cooperatives of which the kibbutz is an example. But everywhere the debate between the family economy and the will of the state continues and sometimes crystallizes, which probably reflects the unique nature of agriculture. During this long metamorphosis, land workers have created different types of collective identity, be it that of head of enterprise, worker, or co‐operator. Here one finds industrial society being enriched by agricultural work in a way which cannot be reduced to the economic and which invites a rethinking of the notion of industrialization itself.KURZFASSUNGHeutzutage muß auch die Industrialisierung der landwirtschaftlichen Arbeit als ein Prozeß gesehen werden, bei dem der Einfluß des Staates cine zunehmend bedeutsame Rolle spielt, bei dem die Ideologie des unbegrenzten Wachstums die Beziehungen zur Natur, die sozialen Beziehungen und geschichtlichen Bezüge verändert, bei dem eine neue Klasse der Intelligenz, die von den Planern bis zu den Beratern reicht, versucht, sowohl die Verwaltung wie die Produktion zu lenken und zu kontrollieren. Diese Erscheinungen schaffen entsprechend den jeweiligen politischen Systemen unterschiedliche Formen der Arbeitsorganisation: das liberale Unternehmen, den Staatsbetrieb, die Genossenschaft, für die der Kibbutz das Musterbeispiel ist. Aber überall besteht und ab und zu verstärkt sich ein Streit zwischen der Familienwirtschaft und dem staatlichen Wollen, vielleicht Indiz einer Bcsonderheit, die der Landwirtschaft eigen ist. Im Zuge dieser langwierigen Umgestaltung haben die Bewirtschafter des Bodens Typen kollektiver Identität entwickelt, die jede ihre Originalität besitzt, sei es als Betriebsleiter, Landarbeiter oder Genosscnschaftsmitglied. Es gibt so eine Bereicherung der industriellcn Gesellschaft durch die landwirtschaftliche Arbeit, die man nicht auf das Ökonomischc reduziercn kann und die dazu auffordert, die Vorstellung von der Industrialisierung selbst noch einmal zu Überdenken.

Book reviewed in this article:Vitali, Ornello (1968), La populazione attiva in agricoltura attraverso i censimenti italiani, 1881–1961. (Die landwirtschaftliche Erwerbsbevülkerung Italiens auf Grund der Volkszählungen 1881–1961).Neumann, G. (1965), Gesellschaftsverträge zwischen dem Bauern und seinem Sohn, 214 S., Bd.Günther, G. (1966), Das Rechtsverhältnis zwischen Bauern und mitarbeitendem Sohn, 141 S., Bd.Dehne, F. (1966), Vom Hof zum Betrieb. Strukturwandel des landwirtschaftlichen Erbrechtes, 144 S., Bd.Krüger, I. (1967), Das schweizerische und französische Zuweisungsrecht, eine Rechtsvergleichung, 155 S., Bd.Upmeier zu Belzen, J. (1966), Die landwirtschaftliche Familiengesellschaft als Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts, 101 S., Bd. 6. Alle Bände: Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Landwirtschaftsrecht der Universität GöttingenVan der Linden, P. et F. M. de Noord (1969), De exploitatic van land‐ of tuinbouw‐bedrijven als nevenberoep (L'exploitation des entreprises agricoles ou horticoles comme profession accessoire).Moewes, Winfried (1968), Sozial‐ und wirtschaftsgeographische Untersuchung der nördlichen Vogelsbergabdachung. Methode zur Erfassung eines SchwächeraumesSeifert, V. (1968), Sozial‐ und wirtschaftsgeographische Struktur‐ und Funktions‐untersuchungen im Landkreis Gießen ‐ unter besonderer Berücksichtigung regionalplanerischer Gesichtspunkte. (Giessen: Geographisches Institut der Justus Liebig‐Universität)Nelson, Lowry (1969), Rural Sociology. Its origin and growth in the United StatesEisermann, G. (Herausgeber) (1968), Soziologie der entwicklungsländerWangler, Walter (1969), Landwirtschaftliche Sozialpolitik und soziale Sicherheit in der Landwirtschaft: Entstehungsgründe, Entstehungsgeschichte, Ausmaß und Auswirkungen agrarsozialer Sicherungsmaßnahmen der GegenwartHillery jr., George A. (1968), Communal organizations. A study of local societiesGerhardt, E. und P. Kuhlmann (Hrsg.) (1969): Agrarwirtschaft und Agrarpolitik. (Köln‐Berlin: Kiepenheuer und Wi‐tsch)Revista de estudios agro‐sociales, No. 66. Januar‐März 1969, Jg. 18Prothero, R. M. ed. (1969), A Geography of Africa – Regional Essays on Fundamental Characteristics, Issues and ProblemsSchempp, Hermann (1969), Gemeinschaftssiedlungen auf religiöser und weltanschaulicher GrundlageWrage, H. (1969), Englands Agrarpolitik zwischen Commenwealth und Europa.Wilhelm Bernsdorf (Herausgeber) (1969), Wörterbuch der Soziologie. Zweite, neubearbeitete und erweiterte Ausgabe.Groot, J. P. (1969), De leefbaatheid van de dorpen in de gemeente Borger (The evaluation of living conditions in villages in a Dutch rural area), (Wageningen, Afdelingen voor Sociale Wetenschappen aan de Landbouwhogeschool, Bulletin 32)Planck, U. (1969), Rural Employment Problems in the United Arab RepublicWädekin, Karl‐Eugen (1969), Die sowjetischen Staatsgüter. Expansion und Wandlungen des SovchozsektorsEisermann, G. und Mitarbeiter (1969), Die Lehre von der Gesellschaft: Ein Lehrbuch der Soziologie. Zweite, völlig verinderte Auflage. (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag), 540 S. Eisermann, G. (Hrsg.) (1969), Soziologisches LesebuchJackson, J. A., editor (1969)Adorno, Th. W. et alii (1969), Der Positivismusstreit in der deutschen Soziologie. Soziologische TextePhillips, Bernard S. (1970)Ponsioen, J. A. (1968), National Development – A Sociological ContributionHelle, H. J. (1969), Soziologie und Symbol. Ein Beitrag zur Handlungstheorie und zur Theorie des sozialen WandelsA. T. J. Nooij (1969) De Boerenpartij. Desorientatie en radikalisme onder de boerenChambers, R. (1969), Settlement Schemes in Tropical Africa. A study of organizations and developmentJones, E. L. and S. J. Woolf, eds. (1969), Agrarian Change and Economic Development. The Historical ProblemsMartindale, D. and R. G. Hanson (1969), Small Town and the Nation. The Conflict of Local and Translocal ForcesCernea, M. et alii, (1970), Douǎ sate. Structuri sociale şi progres tehnic (Two villages. Social structures and technical progress). Edited by Stahl, H., M. Cernea and Gh. Chepes.

This thesis is about change. It is about the way that art organisations have increasingly been used in the regeneration of the physical environment and the rejuvenation of local communities, and the impact that this has had on contemporary society. This historical analysis of the development of a young art organisation, the Foundation for Art and Creative Technology (FACT), which has previously not been studied in depth, provides an original contribution to knowledge with regard to art and culture, and more specifically the development of media and community art practices, in Britain. The nature of FACT's development is assessed in the context of the political, socio-economic and cultural environment of its host city, Liverpool, and the organisation is placed within broader discourses on art practice, cultural policy, and regeneration. The questions that are addressed – of local responsibility, government funding and institutionalisation – are essential to an understanding of the role that publicly funded organisations play within the institutional framework of society, without which the analysis of the influence of the state on our cultural identity cannot be achieved. The research was conducted through the triangulation of qualitative research methods including participant observation, in-depth interviews and original archival research, and the findings have been used to build upon the foundations of the historical analysis and critical examination of existing literature in the fields of regeneration and culture, art and media, and museum theory and practice. This research concludes that FACT, in its establishment and development, has been heavily influenced by the unique local conditions of Liverpool, and by wider national policy, and it asserts that the organisation's growth was aided by its location in a city that was in receipt of increasing levels of financial support after the social unrest of the early-1980s, throughout New Labour's policies of 'social inclusion,' and following the award of European Capital of Culture status in 2003. Intrinsically linked to these funding opportunities was the process of institutionalisation that FACT has undergone, and the rebranding of the organisation in 1997 and opening of the FACT Centre in 2003 are cited as the main reasons for the redefinition of the organisation's aims and objectives. These claims are supported by the interrogation of the Video Positive festivals, the Collaboration Programme and the Moving Image Touring and Exhibitions Service, sub-brands which comprised FACT's core offer prior to the opening of the FACT Centre. The changes that have taken place within each of these projects is identified as symptomatic of the power of national funding and government policy, the changing technological environment and the production and consumption of art.

El presente artículo persigue el objetivo de aportar elementos para comprender en profundidad las transformaciones ocurridas en el mercado de trabajo en los últimos 30 años en clave de género. En particular indagamos si en el marco del crecimiento de la participación femenina en el mercado laboral, del aumento de las credenciales educativas de las mujeres y ante el cambio estructural en el modelo socio-económico y político, las firmas tradicionalmente masculinizadas introdujeron transformaciones organizacionales que estimularon, de alguna manera, mayores posibilidades de inserción y desarrollo de carrera para las mujeres, y analizamos el mundo de representaciones que ellas tienen sobre estos procesos. Para alcanzar nuestros objetivos presentamos un estudio empírico que realizamos en la empresa petrolera YPF, centrado en doce entrevistas semi-estructuradas con trabajadoras petroleras. Esta firma, que ha presentado siempre una plantilla de agentes masculinizada, sufrió luego de los años 90 un proceso de privatización y reorganización empresarial. A partir de la investigación empírica, analizamos concretamente las oportunidades ofrecidas a las mujeres para el ingreso y promoción al interior de la firma, explicamos las razones esgrimidas para dicha situación y recuperamos las representaciones que poseen las trabajadoras sobre dichos procesos. ; The present article chases the aim to contribute elements to understand the transformations happened in the labor market in last 30 years in key of gender. Especially we analized if in the frame of the growth of the feminine participation in the labor market, of an increase of the educational credentials of the women and before to the structural change in the socio-economic and political model, the firms traditionally male profile introduced transformations that stimulated, somehow, major possibilities of insertion and development of career for the women, and analyze of representations that they have on these processes. To reach our aims we show an empirical study that we realize in the oil company YPF, centred on twelve interviews with oil women workers. This firm, which has presented always a male profile of the plant workers, suffered after the 90s a process of privatization and managerial reorganization. From the empirical research we analyze concretely the opportunities offered to the women for the revenue and promotion to the interior of the company, make clear the reasons used for the above mentioned situation and recover the representations that the workers possess on the above mentioned processes. ; Fil: Muñiz Terra, Leticia Magali. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; Argentina

En el marco de los debates recientes acerca de la posibilidad de traducir el crecimiento de las economías latinoamericanas en la última década en un proceso de cambio estructural, nos proponemos discutir la capacidad teórica de los estudios del desarrollo latinoamericanos para ofrecer una propuesta concreta, viable y actualizada en ese sentido. Para ello investigaremos 1) la relación teórica entre la Economía Política de finales del siglo XVIII y XIX con la Economía del Desarrollo latinoamericana de la posguerra; 2) la relación teórica entre la nueva Economía del Desarrollo surgida a comienzos de los setenta con su antecesora de la posguerra y 3) las claves que puede ofrecernos el redesarrollo de la Economía Política para comprender los principales procesos económicos del siglo XX y XXI y rescatar aspectos teóricos centrales que fueron soslayados y deben ocupar un lugar relevante en cualquier explicación actual sobre los problemas del desarrollo. A partir del redesarrollo del objeto de la Economía Política pretenderemos rescatar los principales problemas del corto, mediano y largo plazo que entendemos deben integrar las discusiones centrales sobre el devenir del desarrollo latinoamericano. ; In the context of recent discussions about the possibility of translating the growth of Latin American economies in the last decade into a process of structural change, we intend to discuss the theoretical capacity of studies of Latin American development to provide a concrete, viable and current proposal in that direction. To do this we will research 1) the theoretical relationship between the Political Economy of the late XVIII and XIX century with the postwar Latin American Development Economics; 2) the theoretical relationship between the new development economics emerged in the early seventies with its predecessor and 3) the keys that can offer the redevelopment of Political Economy to understand the main economic processes of the XX and XXI centuries and rescue theoretical aspects that were circumvented and must have a prominent place in any current explanation of the problems of development. From the redevelopment of the object of Political Economy we will pretend to rescue the main problems of short, medium and long term that we understand must integrate discussions central on the future of Latin American development. ; Fil: Graña, Juan Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas. Centro de Estudios sobre Población, Empleo y Desarrollo; Argentina ; Fil: Piqué, María del Pilar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas. Centro de Estudios sobre Población, Empleo y Desarrollo; Argentina

En la actualidad, debido a factores como la globalización, el crecimiento demográfico y la evidente migración de los entornos rurales a los urbanos, se ha generado en las ciudades la necesidad de enfrentar nuevos retos relacionados con los procesos de planificación territorial urbana, la optimización de recursos, mejora en las condiciones económicas, gestión de la prestación de servicios y sostenibilidad medioambiental. En este sentido, en Colombia se vienen adelantando iniciativas orientadas a enfrentar los retos relacionados con la Cuarta Revolución Industrial, a partir del uso estratégico de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones para impulsar la productividad, favorecer el bienestar de los ciudadanos integrándolos como actores fundamentales en la transformación digital. Con base en lo anterior y en la construcción de un estado del arte de ciudades colombianas, en términos de los proyectos tecnológicos y/o iniciativas desarrolladas en torno al tema de ciudades inteligentes, se propone un modelo de ciudad inteligente que considera las dimensiones de gobierno, movilidad, sostenibilidad, población, economía y sea aplicable a ciudades colombianas. En este sentido, el modelo de ciudad inteligente brindará a las ciudades colombianas la orientación que requieren para aprovechar las tecnologías emergentes, el apoyo del gobierno nacional, el talento humano propio, en la transformación hacia ciudades inteligentes incluyendo diferentes ámbitos necesarios para optimizar el desarrollo urbano y mejorar la calidad de vida de sus ciudadanos. ; Primera convocatoria de Gobierno Electrónico - MinTIC ; Currently, due to factors such as globalization, demographic growth and the evident migration from rural to urban environments, cities have generated the need to face new challenges related to urban territorial planning processes, optimization of resources, improvement in economic conditions, management of service provision and environmental sustainability. In this sense, initiatives are being carried out in Colombia aimed at facing the challenges related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, based on the strategic use of Information and Communication Technologies to boost productivity, favor the well-being of citizens, integrating them as actors fundamental in digital transformation. Based on the above and on the construction of a state of the art of Colombian cities, in terms of technological projects and / or initiatives developed around the topic of smart cities, a smart city model is proposed that considers the dimensions of government , mobility, sustainability, population, economy and be applicable to Colombian cities. In this sense, the smart city model will provide Colombian cities with the guidance they need to take advantage of emerging technologies, the support of the national government, their own human talent, in the transformation towards smart cities, including different areas necessary to optimize urban development. and improve the quality of life of its citizens. ; Magíster en Gerencia de Sistemas de Información y Proyectos Tecnológicos

Cataloged based on volume II ; ". It is the second of five planned volumes in the series of History of acquisition in the Department of Defense"--Volume II ; Includes bibliographical references and index ; Strategic setting: striving for flexibility -- Emphasizing nuclear retaliation -- Strategy changes quickly, capability slowly -- Reworking nuclear requirements -- Graduated pressure: theory and practice -- The industrial base: pushing "state of the art" -- The political and economic environment -- Bidding for control: Secretary McNamara and the services -- Creating the PPBS and FYDP -- Changing the locus of decisionmaking: 1961-1964 -- "Systems analysis" becomes a fighting term: 1965-1968 -- Defining the acquisition cycle -- Reworking logistic guidance -- Contributions of the Defense Supply Agency and the Defense Contract Administration -- Services -- The shortcomings of fixed-price contracting -- Contracting in the 1950s -- Profit opportunity: spur to efficiency or to deception? -- The turn to fixed-price incentive contracts -- Striving for "truth" in cost estimates -- Challenging the rationale for incentives -- Streamlining procedures -- The Hershey Pricing Conference -- Dissolving the link between incentives and profits -- Total package procurement -- Program management and the program manager -- Innovation: coping with "unanticipated unknowns" -- Concurrency -- Alternatives: prototyping or component growth -- Case study: the Mark II avionics system -- Rating government versus private contributions -- Forecast and hindsight -- The Army re-equips itself -- The Army Materiel Command -- Choosing a rifle: M-14 versus AR-15 -- Shillelaghs, Sheridans, and M60s -- Failure of the MBT70 project -- Tow: a success story -- Forward air defense: hits and misses -- Sergeant: the perils of co-contracting -- The helicopter comes of age -- The Air Force shifts emphasis -- General Schriever and systems command -- Paradoxes of the aerospace industry -- Reorienting tactical aircraft -- No new manned bomber -- Long-range airlift: C-141 shines, C-5a stumbles -- The F-111: a series of obstacles -- A complex design concept -- General dynamics and the prime contract -- Teething troubles -- The travails of "Icarus" -- The Navy scuttles its version -- A disappointing balance sheet -- Managing strategic missile systems -- Polaris and Poseidon -- Minuteman I, II, and III -- Missile defense meets insuperable obstacles -- Warships and their weapons -- From bureaus to systems commands -- The shipbuilding industry -- Nuclear attack submarines -- Travails of the Mark 48 torpedo -- Nuclear-powered surface ships -- Destroyers and escorts: decisions delayed -- Troubles of the "3 Ts" -- Space ventures: a mixed record -- Mission rivalry: DoD and NASA -- Cancellations: Dyna-soar and the manned orbiting laboratory -- Workhorse: Titan III -- Vietnam: proving ground and graveyard -- Managing munitions shortages -- The advent of "smart" bombs -- Rolling thunder as a wizard war -- The M-16: controversy continues -- Army helicopters: en masse -- Marine helicopters: unique and common -- Building an infiltration barrier -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Key acquisition officials, 1959-1969 -- List of abbreviations ; Mode of access: Internet.

Canada and the United States seem to have accepted the principle of unemployment insurance almost simultaneously and to have recognized that a successful scheme must be substantially national in scope. The differences in the official plans, now under consideration in each country, make it of interest to trace briefly the development of American opinion, to note the different methods selected to achieve national uniformity despite the constitutional limitations on the competence of the federal governments, and to comment on certain major provisions of the Canadian Bill in the light of current American opinion.The American attitude to unemployment and unemployment insurance or relief has developed through a series of distinct stages, which may be briefly summarized. The first Unemployment Insurance Bill introduced into any American Legislature was the Huber Bill of 1921 in Wisconsin. It was patterned after the usual Workmen's Compensation Act and laid the foundation for a distinctively American belief that the primary purpose of unemployment insurance should be to promote the stabilization of employment by giving employers an incentive to avoid the small but known costs of unemployment compensation. The wide acceptance of this thesis has definitely conditioned American developments in this field. From 1923 to 1929 there developed a unanimous conviction, that there was no unemployment, and that there could be no unemployment because the United States had sloughed off the shackles of European political economy and had entered a new economic era, in which a serious recession of business was inconceivable and from which competent management would eliminate possible fluctuations in production and employment. To suggest otherwise was heresy. During this same period skilful propaganda succeeded in stigmatizing unemployment insurance as a demoralizing "dole", destructive alike of individual character and national prosperity. So strong were the emotions associated with this belief that the discussion of unemployment insurance was hardly tolerated; it verged on sedition. After 1929 the undeniable growth in the volume of unemployment compelled the successive abandonment of three cherished principles with respect to unemployment relief: that relief was unnecessary because prosperity was just around the corner, that necessary relief should and could be provided by private charity, that necessary public relief should come from local authorities. And by 1933 the federal government was forced to assume the major burden of unemployment relief on an unprecedented scale. The propaganda of the dole came home to roost. With one-sixth of the total population on public relief, unemployment insurance again entered the realm of possible discussion. But it was necessary to effect a transition by persuading American citizens that it could, should, and would be provided voluntarily by private employers. This was faith—the testimony of things hoped for, evidenced by very, few seen experiments—and was intimately associated with the doctrine of stabilization.