Los últimos estudios realizados en el conjunto escultórico de época romana del yacimiento arqueológico de Torreparedones (Baena, Córdoba), hallados en el pórtico norte del foro y en el área del templo, ponen de relieve el importante valor arqueológico de las esculturas. Estas investigaciones se han centrado en el registro de datos de sus superficies mediante empleo de escáner láser y en el estudio de la policromía original de algunas piezas, las cuales han sido seleccionadas por su relevancia dentro del conjunto. Con los resultados obtenidos en estos trabajos se procedió a realizar una aplicación gratuita, denominada "Ciclo Escultórico de Torreparedones", disponible para el sistema operativo Android. Esta aplicación permite, de forma intuitiva y fácil, consultar los modelos tridimensionales (3D) de las esculturas, además de poder acceder a una visita virtual en 360º de la sala Roma del Museo de Baena, así como a diferentes contenidos multimedia. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es promover el uso de la realidad virtual en el ámbito del patrimonio, facilitando que el visitante establezca una conexión directa entre el museo y el yacimiento arqueológico. La aplicación desarrollada se configura como una plataforma activa, en la cual pueda incorporarse, de manera científica y divulgativa, los nuevos resultados obtenidos de las investigaciones actuales y futuras. ; The archaeological site of Torreparedones (Baena) is one of the most outstanding Roman sites in the Province of Cordoba, due to not only the structural remains excavated in recent decades, but also the relevance through the relevance of other recovered materials. In recent years, among the recordings made during excavations and in the area of the north portico of the forum and the temple, an important sculptural group from the high imperial time was documented. The sculptural cycle consists of two dynastic groups, which are currently part of the museum exhibition of Baena. The first, found in the area of the gate, consists of a toga, a female figure, a military sculpture and a fragment ideal statue (of the type hüftmantel). The second group, from the temple or near the same area, consists of two male and female seated statues representing: Divus Augustus, Divus Claudius and Diva Augusta (Livia). The latter offers a representation of idealized types, as characters portraits were produced post-mortem once the senate decreed their deification time. Because of the importance of this second group, a three-dimensional (3D) model of each of the pieces has been created. The main objective of this research, with some results presented in this article, is further development of a mobile application that allows disseminating results and promotes the use of virtual reality in the field of heritage. In order to carry out the development of the app the following lines of action have been followed: 1) Recording by the sculptural 3D scanning cycle; and 2) the development of a 3D digital catalogue for the dissemination and study within the framework of scientific research.Data collection of the surface was performed by using a 3D laser scanner, a tool that allows obtaining sub-millimetre resolution and accuracy. After obtaining the results, we processed and checked the quality of the acquired points, best-fit and registration of successive surface recordings, and filtering and cleaning of the point clouds. To disseminate the findings of this research we chose to carry out analyses with a free application called "Sculptural Cycle Torreparedones" available for the Android operating system. With this app, the user can access all the information available, with periodic updates as the progress of other ongoing investigations. This application allows and intuitive and easy way of navigation, see the 3D models of the sculptures, as well as access a virtual tour of Rome in 360° room of the museum of Baena.Also, the user can access different multimedia content related to the site. As representative logo for the app, the icon of the half-head portrait of Divus Augustus was selected along with the title "3D Sculptural Cycle Torreparedones" as it is one of the largest and best known general level sculpture images. Since the app has been available since October 2017, a survey for assessing the app was conducted in order to know its impact and anticipate future necessary changes. In the course of this system, we have known the user skills in handling the application and the great interest of the youngest people in 3D.Theresults of this survey confirm that this work is an example of how this communication channel can be of service to the valorization and intelligibility of archaeological heritage. It not only allows knowing the materials recovered during the excavations of Torreparedones but also facilitates the visitor to establish a direct connection between the museum and the archaeological site. The application 3D Sculptural Cycle Torreparedones joins other works developed for 3D models digitized as a virtual catalogue, as is the Epigraphia3D app and other applications made with visits 360° as the case of the mobile application Guadiat VR -Belmez (Spain).
ABSTRAK EVALUASI PERATURAN DAERAH KOTA SURABAYA NOMOR 3 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG KESEJAHTERAAN LANJUT USIA (STUDI PADA POSYANDU LANSIA SEKAR MELATI DI RW II KELURAHAN BARATAJAYA KECAMATAN GUBENG KOTA SURABAYA) Nama : Mahendra Gita Nilasari NIM : 14040674047 Program Studi : S-1 Ilmu Administrasi Negara Jurusan : Administrasi Publik Fakultas : Ilmu Sosial dan Hukum Nama Lembaga : Universitas Negeri Surabaya Pembimbing : Indah Prabawati, S.Sos., M.Si. Program Posyandu Lanjut Usia merupakan salah satu upaya Pemerintah Kota Surabaya dalam mengatasi masalah kesehatan dan kesejahteraan sosial lanjut usia di Kota Surabaya. Posyandu Lanjut Usia Sekar Melati merupakan salah satu Posyandu yang ada di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Pucang Sewu yaitu di RW II Kelurahan Baratajaya. Bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan lanjut usia melalui pelayanan kesehatan yang diberikan.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan Evaluasi Peraturan Daerah Kota Surabaya Nomor 3 Tahun 2014 Tentang Kesejahteraan Lanjut Usia (studi pada Posyandu Lansia Sekar Melati RW II Kelurahan Baratajaya Kecamatan Gubeng Kota Surabaya). Pelaksana program Posyandu Lansia adalah dokter Puskesmas Pucang Sewu, kader posyandu lansia dan Ibu-ibu Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (PKK). Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif-kualitatif. Data yang dikumpulkan menggunakan teknik wawancara dan dokumentasi. Penelitian ini berfokus pada evaluasi Program Posyandu Lansia di Posyandu Lansia Sekar Melati RW II Kelurahan Baratajaya. Dengan menggunakan enam kriteria evaluasi yaitu efektivitas, efisiensi, kecukupan, perataan, responsivitas dan ketepatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa manfaat dan tujuan program belum semua tercapai adalah efektivitas pelaksanaan program, dari 80 jumlah lansia yang ada di Posyandu Sekar Melati hanya 65-75 lansia yang aktif dalam pelaksanaan program, dan belum terlaksananya program pemberdayaan lansia akibat dari kurangnya antusias lansia dalam mengikuti pelaksanaan program. Efisiensi pelaksanaan program dapat dikatakan sudah efisien karena dapat memberikan pelayanan kesehatan yang dapat dijangkau oleh seluruh kalangan. Kurangnya kecukupan anggaran untuk mendukung pelaksanaan program pemberdayaan lansia, sehingga program tersebut tidak bisa dilaksanakan. Perataan belum bisa dikatakan merata, karena sebagian besar lansia yang mengikuti program ini merupakan lansia perempuan. Ketepatan sudah dikatakan tepat sasaran karena program ini khusus dibuat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan kesehatan lansia, sehingga mereka tidak perlu mengeluarkan biaya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan kesehatannya. Dengan demikian maka perlu adanya dukungan dari pihak-pihak terkait untuk mendukung pelaksanaan program, selain itu frekuensi pelaksanaan program pemeriksaan kesehatan perlu ditambah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan kesehatan lansia, penambahan anggaran dana untuk program pemberdayaan lansia perlu dilakukan untuk mengaktifkan kembali program tersebut. Kata Kunci : Evaluasi, Program Posyandu Lansia ABSTRACT EVALUATION OF THE LOCAL REGULATIONS CITY SURABAYA NUMBER 3 2014 ABOUT THE WELFARE ELDERLY (STUDY CASE ELDERLY POSYANDU PROGRAM SEKAR MELATI RW II KELURAHAN BATARAJA KECAMATAN GUBENG SURABAYA) Name : Mahendra Gita Nilasari NIM : 14040674047 Study Program : S-1 Ilmu Administrasi Negara Major : Administrasi Publik Faculty : Ilmu Sosial dan Hukum Name Of Department : Universitas Negeri Surabaya Mentor : Indah Prabawati, S.Sos., M.Si. Elderly posyandu program is one of the government of Surabaya effort to decrease health and welfare problem elderly in Surabaya. elderly Posyandu Seni Sekar Melati is one of the Posyandu applied in the work area of Puskesmas Pucang Sewu in RW II Baratajaya Village. This program aims are to improve the welfare of the elderly through health services provided such as medical examinations, elderly gymnastics, supplementary feeding and free medicines. The aims of the program is to describe evaluation of the program of elderly posyandu in puskesmas pucang sewu. The implementor of the program are Puskesmas doctor, puskesmas pucang sewu cadres and Welfare Family Welfare Mothers (PKK). This type of research is descriptive-qualitative research. Data has found from interview and documentation. This research is focussed on evaluation elderly program in puskesmas pucang sewu Surabaya. on this research used six evaluation criteria are effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, leveling, responsiveness and accuracy.The results showed that the benefits and objectives of the program have not all been achieved is the effectiveness of the program implementation, from 80 elderly number in Posyandu Sekar Melati only 65-75 elderly active in the implementation of the program, and the implementation of elderly empowerment program due to lack of enthusiastic elderly in following program implementation. Efficiency of the program can be said to be efficient because it can provide health services that can be reached by all walks of life. Lack of budgetary adequacy to support implementation of empowerment program elderly, so that program can not be implemented. Alignment can not be said evenly, because most of the elderly who follow this program is elderly women. Accuracy is said to be right on target because the program is tailored to meet the health needs of the elderly, so they do not have to pay to meet their health needs. Therefore, there is a need for support from related parties to support the implementation of the program, in addition to the frequency of implementation of the health examination program needs to be added to meet the health needs of the elderly, the additional budget for the empowerment program elderly need to be done to reactivate the program. Keyword : Evaluation, Elderly posyandu program
Introduction- The Enrolment Services Professionals (ESP) on the Financial Wellness Team's (FWT) mission is to "[s]upport students' overall success and wellness by providing students with the information, tools, and resources they need to develop financial wellness prior to arriving at UBC, throughout their degree, and after graduation." The purpose of this project is to identify what graduate students need and want to learn regarding financial wellness, and the most effective forms for delivery based on student needs. However, the FWT does not currently have a grad student engagement strategy. Current Situation- Through the use of in-person interviews, secondary research, as well as SWOT and PEST analyses, it is noted that there are four key barriers hindering the potential success of financial literacy programming for grad students. The barriers are a lack of awareness of the program, minimal motivation for uptake, non-curated content and confidentiality concerns. To address these issues and help the FWT achieve its mission, a student-centered focus must be taken, shifting resources online in interactive e-module form coupled with interesting gamification and incentivizing all bolstered with a comprehensive awareness marketing campaign. The strategy ticks off all the boxes and will allow ESPs to help grad and undergrad students alike. The Student-Centered Strategy- "Financial Wellness for Grad Students" Campaign The first part of the recommendation is to create a marketing campaign with branding in mind specifically for graduate students. We understand that the Financial Wellness Team promotion to grad students has not been priority for FWT for reasons such as lack of attendance and interests. Although marketing campaign can bring awareness to initiatives, without branding the awareness will be ephemeral. Therefore, branding should be utilized extensively so graduate students will begin to see the FWT as the sole provider of solutions to their financial wellness problems or needs. The long-term goal of the marketing campaign should be to build the brand image of FWT, emotionally connect prospects with offerings, and create user loyalty. Implementing E-module Learning The second recommendation is to transfer workshop content over to an e-module based, online system. Such a system will provide grad students a more convenient way of learning about financial literacy while also remedying the issue of confidentiality. The online system will support varying forms of digital mediums in order to educate grad students. The online system will not replace person-to-person interactions as options for financial advising should be provided along with the online system. Grad students should be automatically enrolled within the program, but do have the freedom to leave the program consequence free. It is recommended to utilize the learning management system "Canvas" for implementation. Canvas contains all the necessary tools needed to run the system effectively and is the platform all UBC students will use starting September 2018. Gamification and Incentivizing The third recommendation is to motivate students to take e-modules by gamifying the learning process and distributing rewards for milestones. Gamifying the e-modules will be relatively simple to do since there is an application that links to Canvas for it called Delphinium. In terms of implementation there will be a small one-time fee to hire a developer to manage the integration. As for providing rewards, it is recommended to reach out to UBC affiliated businesses to get sponsorship. This approach will benefit both UBC businesses and students since both have a lot to gain from the sponsorship. Risks and Timeline- As with any changes, the proposed strategy is not without risks. The largest concern for the student-centered focus is the political hurdle imposed by UBC and the risks associated with Delphinium as the platform for gamification. Additionally, it should be noted that the primary interview data is from 24-25 individuals interviewed. These individual's responses may not be representative of the nearly 10,000 grad students at UBC. The proposed timeline is estimated generously to accommodate ESPs various duties, work and other teams. Although presented at beginning in Q2 2018, the timeline is malleable and can be adapted to when the team and program are ready to move forward with the strategy. Conclusion- Awareness, motivation, time, content and confidentiality are all hindering the Financial Wellness Teams success in realizing their mission for grad students at UBC. The student-centric focus, comprised of the best of online learning, incentivizing and a robust marketing campaign will allow the team to increase awareness and motivation and create catered content that individuals want to know. The student-centered focus will allow the Financial Wellness Program to grow and become a more robust resource, bolstering the credibility and reach of the program, ultimately striving towards realizing the mission. Disclaimer: "UBC SEEDS provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or the SEEDS Coordinator about the current status of the subject matter of a project/report." ; Business, Sauder School of ; Unreviewed ; Undergraduate
The aim of the article is to present the regulation of the Nicaraguan agricultural market and to identify legal solutions that could contribute to overcoming the unequal distribution of economic resources resulting from domestic agricultural activity in the food supply chain. In particular, the aim is to identify the legal loopholes that contribute to the unequal distribution of resources in the Nicaraguan agri-food supply system and to propose alternative solutions that are available from the point of view of agricultural law science. In the author's opinion, the main difficulty facing the Nicaraguan agricultural producer is the commercialisation of own goods on the agricultural products market of Central America and Nicaragua and the regulatory deficiencies in this respect. The System of Central American Integration (Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana – SICA) in force in most countries of the region, includes on the one hand comprehensive legal regulations concerning agriculture, but on the other hand it does not fully correspond to the modern structure of the agri-food chain. In practice, regional and national legislation is subject to frequent amendments and provides unsatisfactory protection for agricultural producers at every stage of production. The introduction of changes at the regional level in the form of free economic circulation zones and the implementation of the common agricultural policy by Central American countries offers a certain alternative to this situation. ; El objetivo del artículo es presentar la regulación del mercado agrícola nicaragüense e identificar soluciones legales que puedan contribuir a superar la desigual distribución de los recursos económicos resultante de la actividad agrícola nacional en la cadena alimentaria. En particular, se busca identificar los vacíos legales que contribuyen a la distribución desigual de los recursos en el sistema de abastecimiento agroalimentario nicaragüense y proponer soluciones alternativas disponibles desde el punto de vista de la ciencia del derecho agrario. A juicio del autor, la principal dificultad que enfrenta el productor agropecuario nicaragüense es la comercialización de bienes propios en el mercado de productos agrícolas de Centroamérica y Nicaragua y las deficiencias regulatorias al respecto. El Sistema de Integración Centroamericana (Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana - SICA) vigente en la mayoría de los países de la región, incluye por un lado una normativa legal integral en materia de agricultura, pero por otro no se corresponde plenamente con la estructura moderna de la cadena agroalimentaria. En la práctica, la legislación regional y nacional está sujeta a modificaciones frecuentes y proporciona una protección insatisfactoria a los productores agrícolas en todas las etapas de la producción. La introducción de cambios a nivel regional en forma de zonas de libre circulación económica y la implementación de la política agrícola común por parte de los países centroamericanos ofrece una cierta alternativa a esta situación. ; Lo scopo dell'articolo è di presentare la regolamentazione del mercato agricolo in Nicaragua e di indicare soluzioni giuridiche che potrebbero contribuire a superare una distribuzione iniqua delle risorse economiche derivanti dall'attività agricola nazionale all'interno della filiera alimentare. In particolare, si tratta di individuare scappatoie giuridiche che contribuiscono ad una distribuzione iniqua delle risorse nel regime nicaraguense di approvvigionamento per i prodotti agroalimentari e di proporre soluzioni alternative per la loro eliminazione alla luce della scienza del diritto agrario. Secondo l'autore, la principale difficoltà per il produttore agricolo nicaraguense è il processo di commercializzazione dei prodotti sul mercato dei prodotti agricoli dell'America centrale e del Nicaragua nonché carenze normative in questo ambito. Il Sistema dell'integrazione centroamericana (SICA), vincolante nella maggior parte dei paesi della regione, da un lato contiene regolazioni giuridiche complete sull'agricoltura, dall'altro non corrisponde pienamente alla struttura moderna della filiera agroalimentare. In pratica, la legislazione regionale e nazionale è soggetta a frequenti cambiamenti e non protegge in modo sufficiente il produttore agricolo in ogni fase di produzione. Un'alternativa sarebbe quella di introdurre cambiamenti a livello regionale, sotto forma di aree di libero scambio e di attuare la politica agricola comune da parte dei Paesi dell'America centrale. ; Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie regulacji rynku rolnego w Nikaragui oraz wskazanie rozwiązań prawnych, które mogą przyczynić się do przezwyciężenia nierównego podziału zasobów ekonomicznych wynikającego z krajowej działalności rolniczej w łańcuchu dostaw żywności. Celem jest zidentyfikowanie luk prawnych, które przyczyniają się do nierównego podziału zasobów w nikaraguańskim systemie zaopatrzenia w produkty rolno-spożywcze oraz zaproponowanie alternatywnych rozwiązań, które są możliwe z punktu widzenia nauk rolniczych. Zdaniem autora główną trudnością stojącą przed nikaraguańskim producentem rolnym jest komercjalizacja własnych towarów na rynku produktów rolnych Ameryki Środkowej i Nikaragui oraz braki regulacyjne w tym zakresie. Obowiązujący w większości krajów regionu System Integracji Ameryki Środkowej (Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana – SICA) obejmuje z jednej strony kompleksowe regulacje prawne dotyczące rolnictwa, a z drugiej nie w pełni odpowiada współczesnej strukturze łańcucha rolno-spożywczego. W praktyce ustawodawstwo regionalne i krajowe podlega częstym zmianom i nie zapewnia odpowiedniej ochrony producentów rolnych na każdym etapie produkcji. Pewną alternatywę dla tej sytuacji stanowi wprowadzenie zmian na poziomie regionalnym w postaci stref swobodnego przepływu ekonomicznego oraz realizacja wspólnej polityki rolnej przez kraje Ameryki Środkowej.
The Afrikaans speaking community has particularly since 1994 been engaged in various activities to protect and promote the Afrikaans language. These activities remain to a large extent mainly uncoordinated and spontaneous. A central theme that runs through many of the initiatives is the desire of a substantial portion of the Afrikaans speaking community to be able to self-govern and self-manage aspects of relevance to their language and culture. Although many private initiatives have been undertaken by clubs and associations of different sorts, this article considers the constitutional mechanisms for the protection of minority and community rights under the Constitution and discusses what progress, if any, is being made by the Afrikaans community to maximise constitutional provisions and to develop a framework for self-government. The article firstly considers whether the Afrikaans community is a 'minority' for purposes of international law. The conclusion is that the community does meet the international criteria for being a 'minority'. The article secondly investigates whether there is in international law a 'right' to self-government or autonomy for minority groups. The conclusion is that there is no such a justiciable 'right', but that governments are encouraged by international law to create an environment and circumstances in which minority communities can protect and promote their unique identity. Thirdly, the article reflects on the most important mechanisms in the South African Constitution that are directed to or can be used for the protection of minority communities. The mechanisms referred to are decentralisation to provincial governments; advisory bodies to protect and promote diversity; recognition of traditional authorities; recognition of individual rights and freedoms; and the possibility to create community councils for language communities. It is concluded that these techniques are consistent with minimum international constitutional law standards. The next question is whether and to what extent the Afrikaans community has utilised the constitutional mechanisms at its disposal to protect and promote the Afrikaans language and culture. Consideration is given to the following mechanisms: (a) the autonomy of the provinces of the Western Cape and the Northern Cape where a substantial concentration of Afrikaans speakers reside; (b) the functions and responsibilities of the Pan South African Language Board and the Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities; (c) the possible establishment of an Afrikaans community council pursuant to the Constitution of the Western Cape or alternatively pursuant to the national Constitution; (d) the protection of the individual right to language choice in public education and particularly to the autonomy of school management boards; and (e) the right to free association and the plethora of Afrikaans non-governmental organisations with specific reference to Helpmekaar private college; Akademia private university; and AfriForum as a major Afrikaans community initiative. The article draws several conclusions namely: (a) there remains a general absence of agreement within the Afrikaans community in regard to a 'plan' or 'vision' for the future protection and promotion of the Afrikaans language; (b) the Afrikaans community meets the criteria to be regarded as a 'minority group' in international law; (c) there is no justiciable 'right' in international law to self-government or autonomy; (d) at a technical level the Constitution of South Africa meets minimum international criteria for the protection of individual and minority rights; (e) the autonomy of the province of the Western Cape is typical of what can be expected of indirect protection of a language group by way of territorial decentralisation. It is, however, noted that the possibility to establish a community council for the Afrikaans community pursuant to the Constitution of the Western Cape has not been activated or pursued; (f) the two constitutional commissions that are tasked to protect and promote the rights of language, cultural and religious communities have been less successful than could be expected in light of their constitutional mandate; (g) the possible establishment of a community council for the Afrikaans community remains dormant and has not attracted substantial public debate. This is a mechanism that in future may become relevant to the Afrikaans (and other) communities for purposes of their self-government; (h) the autonomy of public school management boards has attracted substantial litigation and it is likely that government regulation will further Erode and limit the autonomy of public school management boards. There are two competing interests that impact on the discretion of these boards: on the one hand the accommodation of diversity and on the other hand the provision of basic educational services to the population. The current trend is that any dispute between these two constitutional objectives are settled in favour of providing education to the widest possible group of persons; and (i) Afrikaans non-governmental organisations have been very proactive particularly since 1994. Finally, the examples of Helpmekaar and Akademia show how privatised services can be made available to the Afrikaans community, albeit at a high cost. It is likely that due to public resource constraints, a much greater contribution would have to be made in future by Afrikaans speaking families who prefer that their children be educated in Afrikaans.
Seeds are central to agrobiodiversity, and farmers have historically bred a rich array of crop seeds to sustain rural and urban communities. Over the past 150 years, however, trajectories in macroeconomic development, science and research, and agricultural policy have dovetailed with environmental changes to diminish seed diversity and the living agricultures it supports. While genetic erosion has emerged as a global challenge, access to that diversity has also come into stark relief: Industry consolidation, the development of transgenic crops, and intellectual property rights are now seen as constraints on free exchange of seeds and the ability of farmers and breeders to adapt and breed resilient crop cultivars. How can seed diversity – and access to it – be expanded once more?To address this question, my dissertation develops a 'political ecology of seeds.' Building on the foundational account of seed primitive accumulation by Kloppenburg (1988), I examine several dimensions left underexplored in this and other accounts: new, countervailing forces of repossession working against primitive accumulation; the knowledge politics of seed production and of seed science; and the co-production of institutions, policies, discourse, and knowledge together. Using a constructivist theoretical framework, my project explores how knowledge politics and coproduction are instrumental in carving out new – and retracing old – territories for seed enclosures in the contemporary era. By examining how often-invisible discourses and practices underpin seed dispossession, we are better equipped to organize alternatives – not only to reject colonial and capitalist habits of thought/practice, but to revitalize communal, ethical, and economic strategies of repossession. My thesis includes three core papers, alongside introduction, theory, and conclusion chapters. In the first paper, I critically interrogate meanings of 'diversity' via rivaling discourses of seed 'loss' and 'persistence' visible in the scientific, international policy, and farmer movement literatures over 40-plus years. On one hand, numerous studies and stories indicate that crop genetic diversity is rapidly eroding worldwide. On the other hand, much data suggests that far from disappearing, seed diversity persists – resisting homogenizing trends within industrial capitalism. Yet in lieu of binary analyses, a more accurate accounting, I argue, can come from investigating the epistemic practices and politics of agrobiodiversity: what is known – recognized, measured, valued – as being lost or maintained. Evaluating historical data on farmer naming systems along with newer methods of genomic and biochemical analysis, I develop a multi-dimensional framework for understanding seed diversity.My second paper considers crop wild relatives (CWR) as a fast-emerging site for new seed primitive accumulation. Faced with imminent climate change, scientists and agribusinesses are vying to develop crops that can survive drought, floods, and shifting pest regimes. CWR offer breeders the allure of 'climate-hardy traits,' infusing genomes of modern crops with 'lost' genetic variety. Paradoxically, wild relatives themselves are endangered, propelling CWR into the limelight as an international conservation and food-security priority. I examine accumulation processes along two fronts: conservation policies, where in situ approaches, typically regarded as empowering alternatives to ex situ, instead may support appropriation; and breeding and biotechnology research, which produces new use values for CWR while profoundly shaping upstream conservation priorities.My third and final paper explores the US-based Open Source Seed Initiative as one example of repossession. OSSI has created an alternative to intellectual property rights with a 'protected commons' for seed. Commons scholarship has contributed much on theories of institutional governance. But, I argue, attending to the practice of 'commoning' helps illuminate a more complex triad: communities who manage shared resources according to negotiated social protocols. Employing the metaphor of 'beating the bounds' – a feudal practice of contesting enclosures – I ask how OSSI defends the commons in intersecting arenas. First is legal, as OSSI negotiates a move from contract law toward moral economy law. Next is epistemic, as a 'freelance' breeder network revitalizes informal farmer-breeder knowledge, proving less structurally constrained than formal university breeders to lead commoning efforts. Third is seed sovereignty, as OSSI engages with global South movements whose diverse cosmovisions and seed cultures pose new challenges for constructing transnational commons. I conclude by using spatial 'centricity' to conceptualize power relations in seed systems. CWR exemplifies 'ex-situ centric' flows of seed knowledge, power, and value away from local communities to centralized, often distant sites of recognizing and classifying diversity. Expertise is conferred primarily upon those scientists and industrialists who can produce commodity goods. By contrast, OSSI mobilizes breeder and farmer knowledge in a countervailing, 'in-situ centric' direction: towards local spaces, towards legitimizing farmer-breeders as knowledge makers. This movement, I conclude, is not merely an opposite force: it triangulates across three bases of 'emancipatory' action at the heart of agroecology, food sovereignty and commoning. Uniting politics of recognition (race, gender, identity), politics of redistribution (class and inequality), and politics of representation (democracy and citizenship), the question of seed diversity and access, I suggest, is ultimately a political one. It calls for recognizing diverse knowledge-makers, redistributing genetic resources as commons, de-centralizing seed reproduction to suit heterogenous agroecologies, and addressing base inequalities in power that drive dispossession.
У статті розглянуто роль священиків у розвитку та функціонуванні аматорських театральних гуртків у селах Тернопільського повіту в кінці ХІХ – першій третині ХХ століття. Звернено увагу на їхній життєвий та душпастирський шлях, мистецькі уподобання та організаторські здібності. Показано репертуар, роботу керівників-постановників й акторський склад театральних колективів. Висвітлено також соціально-політичне становище населення у цей період та його вплив на культурно-мистецьке життя краю. ; Since ancient times, Ukrainians were enthusiastically embraced various theatrical performances, which made them a great impression not only songs and dances, but also content, inspiration, as well as a professional play of talented actors. Therefore, the leaders of the local branches of Prosvita first of all took care of the formation of theater circles in their village. Very often, the founders and long-term leaders of the branches of "Prosvita" in the villages were the priests, who were considered the most experienced people in the community and had a great authority among the population. The Enlightenment movement was best developed where there were intelligent and active priests with a sense of national dignity. Much depended on the spiritual shepherds: who was the priest – this was the community as well. In conditions of statelessness, priests in Ukraine for many centuries served not only to satisfy the religious needs of the faithful, they were often in the village with the only force that could protect the national interests of the peasants, they rallied the nation to social and political life without them not celebration of national memorable dates and events.One of the most famous and authoritative priests in the Ternopil region is the founder and head of the cell of the "Prosvita", Father Ambrosiy Krushelnytsky, who, together with his family, moved to the village of Bila near Ternopil in 1878. In 1884, he founded the "Prosvita" reading room in the village, giving away a lot of his own books to her, organizing the choir at the reading room, keeping them at the beginning at his own expense, despite the fact that his family was large children, but still had to be kept old parents. Becoming the first head of the reading room at the age of forty three, Father Ambrosiy stayed in this elective office until May 28, 1901, that is, presided over almost 17 years. Although the election of the readers of the leadership, according to its charter, took place annually, and the villagers all the time elected only his chairman.An active cultural and educational work was carried out by the rural branch of "Prosvita" Society under the chairmanship of Father Mykola Chubaty who was the pastor of the village of Petrykiv from 1888 until his death in 1928. Father Mykola Chubaty in the rural "Prosvita" paid special attention to the education of local residents: they arranged a school in their hut, free peasant education, founded a brotherhood of sobriety. He was constantly elected chairman of the Prosvita Society in Petrykiv village.The village of Ostriv reached the highest cultural and artistic level in the first half of the twentieth century, in particular when Father Vasyl Glukhovetsky became a pastor of the village – who took a great interest in the community of the village and actively attracted people to the educational work.Especially many works and efforts to revitalize the national consciousness of the village community of the village of Butsniv were made by the pastor Father Izidor Glinsky, at the end of the nineteenth century. Thanks to him the local reading-room gathered the villagers not only on weekends or holidays, but almost every evening. Father Izidor has repeatedly invited priests from Ternopil for the service of worship and lectures on various topics so that people can hear more interesting news from educated people from the county. The patriotic position of a local priest and his associates-like-minded people in the cultural and artistic sphere did a great deal of work in the village, primarily among the participants of the local "Prosvita", whose number was increasing every year.Instead of the long-lived head of the Butsniv "Prosvita" of Isidor Glinsky, Father Mykola Kulinych came in, who was also indifferent to the activity of the theater circle in the village.In 1933, the young priest Vasyll Kurilas became the head of "Prosvita" Butsniv village. In the new parish, in addition to the diligent performance of pastoral duties, he led the Brotherhoods of the most sacred mysteries, the Savior and the Ukrainian Catholic Union acting in the church, took an active part in the community life of the village. Much attention was paid to the cultural and artistic work of the reading room, giving the owners practical advice.Thus, the activity of the priests in cultural and educational institutions, in particular, "Prosvita" and "Ridna Shkola", played an important role in the development of education and the elevation of spirituality in the region. By helping rural communities create and operate amateur theater circles, priests have made an important contribution to the spread of culture and art among their parishioners. Through viewing another-genre performances, viewers were able to learn about the history, customs, traditions and the lives of their ancestors-Ukrainians, to realize their mission in difficult times for them, and to form their own national position and defend it in the future.
В статті розкрито сутність глобальної та географічної моделі соціальної відповідальності. Від-мічено, що глобальна модель соціальної відповідальності базується на етичній поведінці бізнесу, гео-графічна модель представлена трьома теоріями: корпоративного егоїзму, корпоративного альтруїзмута розумного егоїзму. До основних національних моделей соціальної відповідальності віднесено аме-риканську, європейську, японську. Доведено, що американська модель суспільної відповідальностібазується на потужних активностях бізнесу при слабкому впливу центральних органів держави тагромадських організацій. В європейській моделі бізнес при вирішенні соціальних проблем активно вза-ємодіє з державою, некомерційними організаціями та іншими громадськими інститутами. В японськіймоделі підприємство асоціюється з «виробничою сім'єю», де працівник несе відповідальність і корис-тується правами, виходячи далеко за рамки трудових обов'язків. Дано авторське визначення термінудля українських реалій полягає в доповненні і набуває наступного значення «соціальна відповідаль-ність» – це спроба вирішити соціальні проблеми, які повністю або частково спричинені діяльністю під-приємств та непрофесійними і безвіподальними діями владних структур держави. ; The article deals with the study of Ukrainian realities regarding the social responsibility of business inmodern conditions. The object of research is the social responsibility of business in national economies. Thesubject of the study is the mechanisms of social responsibility of business in the current conditions of functioning of the national economy of Ukraine.The author's definition of the term "social responsibility" has been given. Social responsibility is anattempt to solve social problems that are caused, in whole or partly, by enterprises activities and unprofessional and impassable actions of private structures. Studies have shown that the vector of social responsibility today is realized by global and geographic models. The global model is based on the ethical behavior ofbusinesses, voluntary initiatives to improve the working conditions of corporate employees, the implementation of environmental protection measures, the development and implementation of social projects on community development and the placement of business structures. The geographic model is represented bythree theories: corporate egoism, corporate altruism, and rational selfishness. It has been established that atthe moment, several types of national models of social responsibility function, the basis of which is the multivector criteria; socio-economic patterns, directions of economic development, management styles, nationaltraditions, etc. The main national models of social responsibility are American, European, Japanese ones.The history of patronage in Ukraine has been considered in historical terms. The results of the survey of managers of business structures concerning introduction of mechanisms of social responsibility ofenterprises have been presented. It has been proved that social responsibility of business is the responsiblerelation of any business structure to: own products, company employees, partners, participation in solvingenvironmental problems of the region, active social position of the company. The list of concepts of corporatesocial responsibility includes: the concept of economic responsibility; the concept of a basic business strategy; the concept of responsibilities; voluntary concept; concept of proactivity; concept of stakeholders. It isemphasized that the role and functions of small and medium-sized business is reduced to the fact that it isthe main effective factor of the economic growth of the society, which refers to market-based business methods. His mission is to support the social, political, and economic stability of the society, that is, it provides anenormous scope for the free choice of activities for the benefit of the society and for ensuring their own wellbeing. ; В статье исследованы украинские реалии социальной ответственности бизнеса в современ-ных условиях. Объектом исследования является социальная ответственность бизнеса в националь-ных экономиках. Предметом исследования являются механизмы социальной ответственности бизне-са в современных условиях функционирования национальной экономики Украины.Дано авторское определение термина «социальная ответственность». Социальная ответст-венность – это попытка решения социальных проблем, которые полностью или частично вызваныдеятельностью предприятий и непрофессиональными, безответственными действиями частныхструктур. Исследования показали, что вектор действия социальной ответственности в настоящеевремя реализуется глобальной и географической моделям. Глобальная модель базируется на этиче-ском поведении бизнеса, добровольных инициативах по улучшению условий труда сотрудников кор-пораций, осуществлением мероприятий по защите окружающей среды, разработки и реализации со-циальных проектов по развитию общества и территорий. Географическая модель представлена тре-мя теориями: корпоративного эгоизма, корпоративного альтруизма и разумного эгоизма. Установлено,что в настоящее время функционирует несколько видов национальных моделей социальной ответст-венности, в основе формирования которых положены разновекторные критерии; общественно-экономические уклады, направления развития экономики, стили управления, национальные традициии т. д. К основным национальным моделя социальной ответственности отнесены американскую, ев-ропейскую, японскую.Рассмотрена история меценатства в Украине в историческом разрезе. Приведены результатыопроса менеджеров бизнес-структур по внедрению механизмов социальной ответственности пред-приятий. Доказано, что социальная ответственность бизнеса – ответственное отношение любой биз-нес-структуры собственной продукции, работников компании, партнеров, участие в решении экологи-ческих проблем региона, активная социальная позиция компании. В перечень концепций социальнойответственности бизнеса отнесены: концепцию экономической ответственности; концепцию базовойбизнес-стратегии; концепцию обязанностей; добровольное концепция; концепция проактивности; кон-цепция заинтересованных лиц. Отмечено, что роль и функции малого и среднего бизнеса сводится ктому, что он является главным действующим фактором экономического роста общества, опирающий-ся на рыночные методы ведения бизнеса. Его миссией является поддержка социальной, политиче-ской, экономической стабильности общества, они предоставляют свободный выбор видов деятельно-сти в интересах общества и обеспечения собственного благополучия.
Topical focus of modern historiography is the analysis of Old Believers culture, conditions of preservation and transferring to the next generations of ethnic and religious identity. The fundamental component of Old Believers culture is the religious daily life. Places of worship of Old Believers played an important role in the confessional culture of the old faith representatives. The analysis of the policy of the tsarist government and the Orthodox clergy concerning religious buildings of the Old Believers of the Kharkiv province in the XIX century and the role of their chapels in religious everyday life was made.The article examines the issues of the struggle of the tsarist authorities and the official church with the Old Believers places of worship in the XIX century on the example of the Kharkiv province. The process of closing the houses of worship, the restriction of the Old Believers in the free practice of religious rituals, was analyzed. Such prohibitions should lead to a gradual transition of representatives of Old faith into the official Orthodoxy.On the basis of an analysis of archival sources introduced into scientific research, the author has examined the opposition of the Old Believers to repression by the authorities, attempts to protect religious buildings and the right to freely practice the rituals, to preserve the traditions of the Old Believers.In conclusion, the author focuses on the fact that the religious buildings played an important role in the religious daily life of the Old Believers as a place of spiritual consolidation, spiritual development and the educational center of youth. Collective rituals (prayers, sacraments) were the defining element of preserving the confessional identity and relaying it to the next generations. The struggle against the places of worship of the Old Believers was a fundamental element of the repressive policy of the tsarist regime against representatives of this this confession. Closure and gradual destruction of the prayer houses of the Old Believers had to accelerate the transition of the supporters of the old faith into the bosom of the dominant Church.However, the repression and persecution rallied the Old Believers, who sought various ways of preserving the faith of the fathers, the performance of religious rites in their own chapels. ; Актуальным направлением современной историографии является изучение культуры старообрядцев, условий сохранения и ретрансляции этноконфессиональной идентичности, оснополагающим элементом которой выступает религиозная повседневность. Культовые сооружения старообрядцев играли важную роль в конфессиональной культуре представителей старой веры. Целью данной работы является исследование политики царского правительства и православного духовенства в области культовых сооружений старообрядцев в Харьковской губернии в XIX в., а также роли старообрядческих часовен в религиозной повседневности представителей исследуемой общины.В статье рассмотрены вопросы борьбы царской власти и официальной церкви с культовыми сооружениями старообрядцев в XIX столетии на примере Харьковской губернии. Проанализирован процесс закрытия молитвенных домов, ограничения старообрядцев в свободном отправлении религиозных обрядов, что должно было привести к постепенному переходу представителей данной конфессии в официальное православие. На основе анализа введенных в научный оборот архивных источников исследовано противостояние старообрядцев репрессиям со стороны властей, попытки защитить культовые сооружения и право свободно отправ- лять обряды, сохраняя традиции старообрядчества.В заключении автор акцентирует внимание на том, что культовые сооружения играли важную роль в религиозной повседневности старообрядцев как место духовной консолидации, духовного развития и воспитания молодежи. Коллективные отправления обрядов (молитвы, таинства) были определяющим элементом сохранения конфессиональной идентичности и ретрансляции ее следующим поколениям. Борьба с культовыми сооружениями старообрядцев была основополагающим элементом репрессивной политики царизма против представителей данной конфессии. Закрытие и постепенное уничтожение молитвенных домов старообрядцев- беспоповцев должно было, по мнению представителей гражданской власти и официального православия, ускорить переход сторонников «раскола» в лоно господствующей церкви. Однако репрессии и гонения сплачивали старообрядцев, искавших различные пути сохранения веры отцов, отправления религиозных обрядов в собственных молельнях. ; Актуальним напрямом сучасної історіографії є дослідження культури старообрядців, умов збереження та ретрансляції етноконфесійної ідентичності, провідною складовою якої виступає релігійне повсякдення. Культові споруди старообрядців відігравали важливу роль в етноконфесійній культурі прибічників старої віри. Аналіз політики царського уряду та православного духівництва щодо культових споруд старообрядців в Харківській губернії в ХІХ ст., а також ролі старообрядницьких каплиць в релігійному повсякденні представників досліджуваної общини є метою даної роботи.У статті розглянуті питання боротьби царської влади та офіційної церкви з культовими спорудами старообрядців в ХІХ столітті на прикладі Харківської губернії. Проаналізовано процес закриття молитовних будинків, обмеження старообрядців вільно відправляти релігійні обряди, що мало б призвести до поступового переходу представників даної конфесії до офіційного православ'я. На основі аналізу залучених до наукового обігу архівних джерел автор дослідив протистояння старообрядців репресіям із боку влади, намагання захистити культові споруди, право вільно відправляти обряди та зберегти традиції старообрядництва.У висновках автор акцентує увагу на тому, що культові споруди відігравали важливу роль у релігійному повсякденні старообрядців як місце духовної консолідації, духовного розвитку та виховного центру молоді. Колективні відправлення обрядів (молитви, таїнства) були визначальним елементом збереження конфесійної ідентичності та ретрансляції її наступним поколінням. Боротьба із культовими спорудами старообрядців була провідною складовою репресивної політики царату проти представників даної конфесії. Закриття та поступове знищення молитовних будинків старообрядців-безпоповців мало, на думку представників цивільної влади та офіційного православ'я, прискорити перехід прибічників «розколу» в лоно панівної церкви. Проте репресії та гоніння згуртовували старообрядців, які шукали різноманітні шляхи зберегти віру батьків, відправляти релігійні обряди у власних молитовнях.
In the suggested paper I want to show that Polanyi-inspired models of interpretation and derived concepts can help us finding new ways of understanding Nordic developments. Most of the empiric material will come from Sweden. My frame of analysing as well as central references can be found in Hollander (2017). In this abstract I do two things: First I give some hints as to how I position my own views in relation to what I understand to be the intended main discourse at the conference. Second I illustrate the fruitfulness of analysing Swedish developments when bringing a Polanyian paradigm up to date. 1) Positioning From an admittedly shallow reading of the two keynotes – Andreas Bergh and Erik Bengtsson – I infer that my understanding of Nordic developments differ from both. They of course have divergent views in relation to each other on a number of key issues but my preliminary view is that my position represents yet a third view. For illustrative purposes I can mention that the social capital erosion following from the restructuring of the public sector, the rising inequality etc to my mind will have devastating effects on the long term resilience of the institutions. Other contradictions in types of analysis I believe can be deduced from Polanyian concepts such as Reciprocity and retrograde countermovements (see below). The concept retrograde countermovement rests on an interpretation rather than being Polanyian in a strict sense. So is the conceptembedded liberalism which is useful and can be understood in relation to Polanyi. It is, however, doubtful to me whether Polanyi used the term when discussing post-world war II developments. (This is discussed in an illuminating way by Gareth Dale in Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left. See also the review of that book by Robert Kuttner in NYRB 21/12/2017). In relation to the problematique of Trondheim conference I am convinced that the frame I suggest could be very fruitful also for interpreting other Nordic countries than Sweden. I will, however, not have the time to dive deep into this before June. 2) Emerging Concepts for Understanding Nordic-type Models. Useful Polanyian concepts can emerge from sketching the rise and fall of Swedish embedded liberalism. My departure in the main part of the paper will be a chapter where I studied 'The Contemporary Relevance of Karl Polanyi' with Sweden as a vantage point (Hollander 2017 – ). A central aspect was Financialisation.This is a global trend but it has been effected at an extraordinary pace in Sweden. In the 1960s our country was heralded as a paradigm of decommodification. Regulation of financial markets interacted with physical and social capital accumulation, building the Welfare State and (re-) embedding of labour, housing etc. Financial regulations were removed and recommodification tried in the 1980s but the processes started in earnest in the early 1990s. Commodification prepared for pervasive financialisation also in such areas as childcare, schooling, eldercare, health etc. The financialisation of Swedish HEW led me to the idea that Polanyi's list of fictitious commodities might have to be extended with Semi-fictitious Commodities. The logic behind the creation of Semi-fictitious Commodities can be better understood by studying Swedish developments. And the same applies to other fields of study of Polanyian relevance. One example is the importance of focusing a form of economic coordination discussed by Polanyi et.al. (1957)[Polanyi, K., Arensberg, C. M. and Pearson, H. W. (eds.) (1957) Trade and Market in the Early Empires: Economies in History and Theory. Illinois: The Free Press]. I am referring to Reciprocity– the oldest form of human coordination for wellbeing. It has ben largely neglected by economists who have focused instead on two other forms – Market and Redistribution. When studying the centuries' long building of the institutions of embedded liberalismand the contemporary tearing down of them Reciprocity is important. Sweden provides pertinent examples of this and of other aspects of the rise and fall of those institutions. The risks that laissez-faire type disembedding can pave the way for right-wing authoritarianism are also illuminated. Weakened Reciprocity and Redistribution open up for retrograde countermovements. Also the dependency on higher-level developments (higher than the national level) are made clear when this small country is looked at. Bretton Woods in 1944 was important for building of the welfare state. Four decades later Sweden was able to withstand the reemergence of global finance longer than most other countries in the global north but when this ended the consequences were thoroughgoing. As Polanyi argued, the forces unleashed by attempts to make 'money' into a commodity, must be put at centre stage. Important sections of the proposed paper will deal with how the legacies of Swedish embedded liberalism, and some of the lessons from the disembedding, can be used for the future. As examples of the legacies from the golden age of Swedish social democracy I can point to good relative records in areas such as Gender equality, Work-place codetermination, Peer-to-peer-productionand Ecological sustainability. Interpretations of how those traits emerged can provide relevant lessons for the future of work globally. Hollander (2017) is a chapter in Theory and Method of Evolutionary Political Economy: A Cyprus Symposium/ [ed] Hardy Hanappi, Savvas Katsikides, Manuel Scholz-Wäckerle, Abingdon: Routledge. Full name of chapter is "The Contemporary Relevance of Karl Polanyi – a Swedish Case" (pp. 54-72)
ABSTRAK Tesis ini menitik beratkan pada pergantian antar waktu ( PAW) yang selama ini tidak dilaksanakan sesuai aturan yang ada. Partai politik adalah pilar demokrasi. Jika pilar ini tidak lagi dipercaya oleh rakyat, maka hal itu merupakan ancaman serius terhadap keberlangsungan demokrasi di Indonesia. Dengan demikian, mengembalikan partai politik kepada jalur yang benar dalam arus demokratisasi di Indonesia menjadi tanggung jawab kita semua. Partai politik juga bukan sekedar organisasi tempat berkumpulnya politisi, tetapi juga dapat menjalankan fungsinya bagi kepentingan masyarakat. Dengan demikian dalam sistem demokrasi, partai memegang peranan yang sangat penting. Bahwa yang menjadi faktor yang melatarbelakangi terjadinya Penggantian Antar Waktu (PAW) adalah Penggantian Antar Waktu (PAW) menjadi alat efektif untuk menyingkirkan anggota dewan yang berseberangan dengan kepentingan penguasa. Pada saat ini sekarang Penggantian Antar Waktu (PAW) menjadi alat efektif untuk menyingkirkan anggota dewan yang berseberangan dengan kepentingan pengurus partai politik.Akibatnya eksistensi anggota dewan sangat tergantung oleh selera pengurus partaipolitik, sehingga menggeser orientasi anggota dewan menjadi penyalur kepentingan pengurus partai politik.Padahal keberadaan anggota dewan karena dipilih oleh rakyat dalam suatu pemilihan umum yang bersifat langsung, bebas, rahasia, jujur dan adil.Bila suatu partai politik mengajukan calon pengganti menurut nomor urut berdasar daerah pemilihan yang kurang jelas dan menimbulkan banyak penafsiran. Ketidakjelasan seperti ini akan menimbulkan konflik internal dalam partai karena sebagian pengurus partai (khususnya tingkat pusat) lebih memilih nomor urut menurut daerah pemilihan, sedangkan sebagian lagi (khususnya tingkat daerah) cenderung memilih nomor urut menurut wilayah yang diwakili.Untuk mengatasi situasi pada Saat ini sudah seharusnya pihak Partai membentuk satu wadah atau lembaga yang sifatnya permanen untuk menyelesaikan perselisihan partai politik sebagaimana yang diamanatkan oleh Undang-undang Nomor 2 tahun 2011 pasal 32 dan pasal 33 tentang Partai Politik. Bahwa dalam pemahaman Penggugat penyelesaian perselisihan partai politik di tubuh Partai itu sifatnya hanya kasuistik, dalam artian bahwa selama ini proses penyelesaian perselisihan partai politik dalam tubuh Partai tentang pedoman penyelesaian perselisihan internal Partai, dimana dalam ketentuan tersebut (pasal 8 ayat 1) menyebutkan "dalam upaya penyelesaian perselisihan, Dewan Pimpinan Pusat Partai dapat membentuk sebuah Dewan Kehormatan". Padahal dalam amanah UU. No. 2 tahun 2011 maka setiap Partai Politik diwajibkan membentuk suatu wadah/lembaga yang sifatnya permanen untuk menyelesaikan perselisihan partai politik, dengan demikian Dewan Kehormatan itu hanya sewaktu-waktu dapat dibentuk dan dapat pula tidak dibentuk oleh Dewan Pimpinan Pusat Partai, sehingga hal itu dapat menghambat/ memperlama upaya kader baik sebagai pengurus maupun bukan pengurus untuk mempercepat proses penyelesaian perselisihan partai politik. Kata kunci : penggantian antar waktu (PAW) anggota DPRD Kota pontianak, terkait kasus tindak pidana. ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on the recall of legislative members which has not been implemented in accordance with the existing rules. Political parties are the pillars of democracy. If these pillars are no longer trusted by the people, then it is a serious threat to the sustainability of democracy in Indonesia. Thus, restoring political parties to the right path in the dynamics of democracy in Indonesia is our responsibility. Political parties are not only an organization where politicians gather, but they can also perform their functions for the benefit of society. Thus in the democratic system, the party plays a very important role. That the factor behind the occurrence of parliament member recall is an effective tool to get rid of those who are opposed to the interests of the authorities. Nowadays, the recall of parliament members is an effective tool for removing those who are opposed to the interests of political party leaders. As a result, the existence of the members of the parliament depends on the political party's interest, thus shifting the parliament member's orientation into the channeling of the interests of the party's executive board. Whereas the parliament members are elected by the people in a direct, free, confidential, honest and fair elections. When a political party submits a substitute candidate according to the running number based on unclear electoral wards raises many interpretations.Such ambiguity will lead to internal conflicts within the party because some party executives (especially at the central level) prefer running numbers by electoral wards, while others (especially the local level) tend to choose the running numbers according to the region they represent.To overcome such situation, political parties should form a permanent institution to resolve the dispute as mandated by Law No. 2 of 2011 article 32 and article 33 concerning Political Parties. Whereas in the Plaintiff's view, the settlement of political party disputes in the party's body is only casuistic in the sense that during this process the settlement of political party disputes within the Party concerning internal party dispute settlement guidelines, where in the provisions referred to (Article 8 paragraph 1) mention that in dispute resolution efforts, the Party Central Executive Board may establish an Honorary Board ". Whereas in the mandate of the Law No. 2 of 2011 then every Political Party is obliged to form a permanent institution to resolve the dispute of political party, thus the Honorary Council may or may not be established at any time by the Party's Central Executive Board, so that it may impede the cadre's efforts either as party executive board or not to accelerate the process of settling political party disputes. Keywords: Recall of Pontianak City Local Parliament members related to criminal case
Ausgehend von den Debatten über 'Hate Speech' im Netz erarbeitet Jennifer Eickelmann in ihrem Buch 'Hate Speech' und Verletzbarkeit im digitalen Zeitalter ein Konzept über verletzende Sprache, welches insbesondere die Konstitution von Subjekten im Spannungsfeld von Realität und Virtualität in den Fokus rückt. In Anlehnung an Judith Butler, Donna Haraway und Karen Barad kommt die Autorin zu einer Betrachtungsweise, die "Subjekte und ihre Körper […] erst durch performativ wirksame Intraaktionen von Mensch und Technologie im Entstehen" begreift (S. 280). In Bezug auf verletzende Sprache im Netz bedeutet dies folglich, dass "eine machtförmige und potenziell gewaltsame Internetpraxis diese Medienkörper verändern, angreifen, verletzen kann" (ebd.). Grundsätzlich geht die Autorin – performativitätstheoretisch gedacht – von Butlers These aus, dass Subjekte sprachlich konstituiert werden, wodurch Sprache eine Handlungsmacht zugestanden wird. Daran anschließend stellt sie die Frage nach dem konstitutiven Potenzial mediatisierter (Sprech-)Akte. Die Verletzungsmacht mediatisierter Sprache wird dabei auf unterschiedlichen Realitätsebenen gedacht, die in einem komplexen hybriden Verhältnis zueinanderstehen. Um die Frage nach der Materialisierung von mediatisierter Sprache im Netz und damit die Aufhebung der Grenzen zwischen Virtualität und Realität bearbeitbar zu machen, nutzt Eickelmann die Konzepte von Barad sowie Bruno Latour, "da beide Ansätze für sich beanspruchen, die oben aufgeworfene Trennung zu unterlaufen und Prozesse der Materialisierung entsprechend jenseits klassischer Dualismen diskutieren zu können" (S. 31). Eickelmann nimmt in ihrer Arbeit eine Differenzierung von Begrifflichkeiten wie 'Hate Speech', 'Cybermobbing', 'Trollen' oder 'Shitstorm' vor und erarbeitet in der Folge ein Konzept der "mediatisierten Empörung", die sich bei verletzender Sprache zur "mediatisierten Missachtung" transformiert. Die Ausarbeitung dieser mediatisierten Missachtung im Kontext von souverän gedachten Subjekten sowie ihre materiellen Effekte stehen im Zentrum ihrer materialreichen Analyse. Eine grundlegende These ist dabei, "dass internetbasierte Dienste und Diskurse einen noch zu diskutierenden Effekt auf die Materialisierung des Lebens insgesamt haben" (S. 17). Dieses konstitutive Moment medientechnologisch bedingter Kommunikation ergibt eine Denkweise nicht von den Subjekten her – Adressierende und Adressierte –, sondern aus den Effekten selbst heraus. Die damit angedeutete Abkehr von einem "Konzept souveräner Subjektivität" (S. 23) – die als zentraler Punkt der Arbeit zu verstehen ist – verbindet die Autorin mit der Methode des diffraktiven Vorgehens (Kapitel 2), das verschiedene Relationalitäten und Ebenen ineinander verschränkt, statt sie (im Gegensatz zur Reflexion, vgl. S. 25) neben- und getrennt voneinander zu verstehen. Dies entspricht dem dualismuskritischen Ansatz, indem vermeintliche Gegenpole wie "Gender und Medien, das Menschliche und das Technische" (ebd.) aber auch Virtualität/Realität und später Opfer/Täter_in als Interferenzen betrachtet werden. Eingebunden wird hier auch Butlers Performativitätstheorie, die ähnlich wie Barads Konzept des 'Agentiellen Realismus' Gleichzeitigkeiten und Prozesse in den Vordergrund rückt, die wiederum Brüche, Widersprüche und Neuaneignungen einer widerständigen Praxis zulassen. Inhaltlich setzt sich das darauffolgende Kapitel mit den "Prozesse[n] der Subjektivierung im Netz" (S. 25) auseinander. Dabei betrachtet Eickelmann Subjektkonstitutionen "im Spannungsfeld von Mensch und Technologie" (S. 26) ohne medienspezifische Phänomene wie Dauervernetzung, Distanzlosigkeit, gesteigerte Mobilität und die stetige Veränderbarkeit des Datenmaterials unberücksichtigt zu lassen. Genau hier siedelt die Autorin die Frage nach der Konstitution von Geschlecht an, da "Gender und Medientechnik in einem konstitutiven relationalen Verhältnis zueinander" stehen (S. 85). Damit zusammenhängend wird die performative Herstellung von Subjektivität mittels der Hypermedialität des Internet herausgearbeitet: Entgegen gängiger Annahmen von Selbstpräsentations- und Dauersichtbarkeitskonzepten erzeuge die digitale Vernetzung eben kein autonomes Subjekt, weshalb sich die Wirkmacht eines Sprechaktes "aus der Prozessualität, Historizität wie Diskursivität" (S. 96) des Aktes selbst heraus konstituiert. Dennoch ist die hier angebrachte Analyse nicht techno-pessimistisch zu verstehen. Eickelmann denkt die Möglichkeitsräume und das handlungsmächtige Potenzial der User_innen stets mit – angelehnt an Foucaults differenzierten Begriff der Macht (vgl. S. 112) und durch Butlers Denkweise der Wiederholung statt Determinierung, die ebenfalls Möglichkeitsräume einer widerständigen Praxis eröffnet. Diese Auffassung steht einer souveränitätskritischen Perspektive deshalb nicht widersprüchlich gegenüber, da die Autorin die Materialisierungen nicht von den Sprechenden, sondern von den Effekten her denkt. Ob also mediatisierte Missachtung funktioniert, ist nicht durch die Intention der Sprechenden garantiert. Ebenso wenig kann vorhergesagt werden, ob und welche Art der widerständigen Praktik gegen mediatisierte Missachtung Erfolg haben kann. In Folge wird das oppositionelle Konzept von 'Hate Speech' und 'Free Speech' hinterfragt. Mithilfe Derridas différance-Begriff hält Eickelmann fest, dass beide Positionen "konstitutiv aufeinander angewiesen" (S. 141) sind, also das Eine aus dem Anderen hervorgeht und somit keine gegensätzlichen Pole darstellen können. Die Gemeinsamkeit beider Diskurse besteht im behaupteten Souveränitätsphantasma (vgl. S. 142). Butlers Betrachtungen der Prozesshaftigkeit von Subjektivationen folgend distanziert sich Eickelmann von der Souveränitäts-Annahme, indem sie Subjektivitäten eingebunden in "komplexe[] politische[], historische[], medientechnologische[] und ökonomische[] Entwicklungen" sieht (S. 144). Aus diesem Grund versteht sie mediatisierte Missachtung nicht – dem Hate Speech-Diskurs entgegensetzt – als illokutionäre, sondern als perlokutionäre Sprechakte, "deren Effekte nicht im Vorhinein festgelegt werden können" (S. 144). Diese souveränitätskritische Perspektive ermöglicht es mediatisierte Missachtung sowie Subjekte als Ergebnisse "diskursive[r] Aushandlungsprozesse zu begreifen" (S. 145). Dies schlägt sich auch in der Ausdifferenzierung der Diskurse dreier unterschiedlicher Figurationen mediatisierter Missachtung im Netz nieder, nämlich jenen des Trollens, des Cybermobbings und des Shitstorms, die auf unterschiedliche Weise vergeschlechtigte sowie vergeschlechtigende Dualismen evozieren. Konsequent werden hier die drei aufgeworfenen Figurationen nicht als etwas Feststehendes verstanden. Eickelmann arbeitet die Intraaktionen innerhalb der "wechselseitigen performativen Herstellung von Gender und Internet" (S. 151) heraus, wodurch der prozesshafte Charakter beider immer mitgedacht wird. Alle Figurationen werden dabei von ihr als Normen und Souveränitäten stabilisierend beschrieben. Die diffraktive Methode findet konsequenterweise auch im Bereich der Fallanalysen Anwendung, die in ihrer Strukturierung selbst einen Mehrwert darstellen. Die Beispiele werden in unterschiedliche Diskursformationen eingebunden und zugleich zergliedert, wodurch Zusammenhänge in der performativen Herstellung von (Geschlechter-)Positionen sowie die spezifische Medialität resp. die spezifischen Diskurse nachvollziehbar gemacht werden. So wird der 'Fall' um Anita Sarkeesian nicht auf ihre Person individuell zugeschrieben, sondern in einen größeren Kontext diskursiver Formationen wie die Spielenden, die Entwickler_innen, Journalist_innen, wissenschaftliche Disziplinen und das Produkt selbst (das Spiel), aber auch den medientechnologischen und -kulturellen Raum (z. B. Image Boards) eingebunden und ihre jeweiligen Intraaktionen herausgearbeitet. Auch in Bezug auf die Frage nach widerständigen Praktiken nutzt Eickelmann das Potenzial der diffraktiven Lesart, indem sie das dialektische Verhältnis von Medienöffentlichkeiten betont, das die Verletzbarkeit konstitutiv mitbestimmt, zugleich aber "im Sinne der Herstellung von Zeugenschaft und damit die Ermöglichung von Komplizenschaft zentral für die Frage nach den Möglichkeiten zur Rekonfiguration von Relationalitäten" ist (S. 228). Die zweite Fall-Analyse, die sich mit dem YouTube-Video der 15-jährigen Amanda Todd befasst, erfolgt aus einer Lesart über Diskursformationen des Bekenntnisses und des Sentimentalen. Eickelmann argumentiert hieraus die Konstitution eines "weibliche[n] Opfertypus […], der als verletzungsoffen gilt" (S. 244), wie er innerhalb des Diskurses über Geschlechterdualismen verhandelt wird. Ob hierfür die Analogie zur filmtheoretischen Figur des Melodrams tatsächlich ausschlaggebend war, bleibt zu hinterfragen. Abschließend argumentiert Eickelmann schlüssig, inwiefern die Erfahrung der Adressierten aufzeigt, dass eine vorher als widerständige Praxis beschriebene Möglichkeit der Wiederholung nicht zwingend eine Rekonfiguration mediatisierter Missachtung darstellt, sondern, "dass Wiederholungen je nach Öffentlichkeit und Kontext immer auch riskant sind, da keineswegs sichergestellt ist, dass jene Wiederholung verschiebende Effekte zur Folge haben wird" (S. 275). Die Relevanz dieses Buchs ergibt sich zweifelsohne aus dessen thematischer Aktualität, insbesondere aber durch die differenzierte und differenzierende Herangehensweise der Autorin. So wird die spezifische Medialität des Internets, die sich vor allem über die multimediale Hybridisierung vieler Medienformate und Zeichensysteme definiert, in die Gedanken über mediatisierte Missachtung im Netz eingeschlossen. Diese wiederum wird in einen Zusammenhang von Geschlechterkonstitution gestellt und demnach als "wirklichkeitskonstituierend" (S. 22) verstanden. Dies evoziert ein Denken über Intraaktionen von Realität und Virtualität und ermöglicht das Erarbeiten der realweltlichen Effekte mediatisierter Missachtung. Für eine gute Leseorientierung in dieser doch komplexen Denkstruktur sorgt die kurze Einführung aller zentralen Begriffe theoretischer und methodologischer Art (mediatisierte Missachtung, Diffraktion, Intraaktion u. a.); eine Vorgehensweise, die sich konsequent im gesamten Analyse-Verlauf widerspiegelt, wodurch sich Eickelmanns Denkweise äußerst präzise strukturiert. Der Verständlichkeit zuwider läuft leider das auffällig häufig gegen den Lesefluss gerichtete Layout. Zudem hätte man sich – der Komplexität des Themas sowie dem präzisen Sprachgebrauch der Autorin angemessen – ein aufmerksameres Lektorat seitens des Verlags gewünscht. Doch diese Formalitäten schmälern den inhaltlichen Wert des vorliegenden Buchs keineswegs, so dass damit ein bedeutsamer Beitrag zu sowohl aktuellen als auch zukünftigen Debatten und Diskursen über 'Hate Speech im digitalen Zeitalter' geliefert wird.
How do postcolonial regimes manage the sudden urbanization of surplus populations in the years following democratization? In post-apartheid South Africa, the government has delivered more free, single-family homes than any other democracy in modern history; yet over the same quarter century, the number of informal settlements has grown more than nine-fold. During the apartheid period, the South African state could simply shift populations at will. But the post-apartheid state does not have this option, as it must simultaneously resolve its housing crisis and reproduce its own legitimacy as a democracy in the eyes of its newly integrated, racialized subjects. As new informal settlements emerge – what I call land occupations – city governments must manage the rapid urbanization of surplus populations without appearing authoritarian. My dissertation explores municipal strategies for managing land occupations in post-apartheid Cape Town. I conducted 17 months of fieldwork combining participant observation, interviews, and archival research in two such occupations in Mitchell's Plain, Cape Town's second largest township. Through a careful study of eviction targeting, I demonstrate empirically how squatters' informal politics affect the outcome of municipal urban policies.One of these occupations, Rivenland, began with a thousand Colored squatters erecting shacks on a publicly owned field far from any major thoroughfare. They did so in a Colored area, and many of them were supporters of the majority political party in Mitchell's Plain. No nearby neighbors demanded their removal. By contrast, a second occupation, Holfield, began just a couple of kilometers down the road on two contiguous plots of private property. After a few dozen squatters built shacks, hundreds more arrived every day until there were soon 6000 residents. Most of them were Black in a Colored area, and many of them were presumed to be hostile to the ruling party. Holfield sits along the road connecting one of Mitchell's Plain's middle class neighborhoods to the city center, and this neighborhood's residents mobilized continually to demand Holfield's eradication. After a year, Rivenland was evicted, but Holfield was allowed by the High Court to stay put. Today it contains more than 8000 people by the City's count. How should we understand this counterintuitive outcome?This is where I turn to residents' own politics as a means of explanation. In Holfield, residents were able to organize a coherent settlement committee prior to their eviction hearing. This largely had to do with the way that their leaders framed the occupation as a social movement, with unified action articulated as the most strategic approach to obtaining official toleration. By contrast, the Rivenland occupation was mired in factionalism, with residents aligning with outside organizations – charities, NGOs, political parties – and competing with one another for access to their lawyers and the court. They did this because their occupation was framed as the distribution of plots of land to potential homeowners; this is what I call the politics of petty proprietorship. The extent of this infighting prompted judges to view the Rivenland occupation as opportunistic. The same court ruled the Holfield occupation legitimate, describing the occupiers as "homeless people in need."In order to explain this contrast, I develop the concepts of struggles over representation and struggles over recognition. Without the resolution of struggles over representation and the formation of a unified settlement committee, factionalism will persist, and this, I argue, means that eviction is the most likely outcome. But these factions do not merely reflect preexisting divisions along lines of race, religion, or neighborhood; it is precisely through the formation of representative committees – through the process of representation – that divisions emerge and are concretized. Struggles over representation directly impact how occupations are viewed by the municipal government and High Court judges. When struggles over representation are resolved, judges are likely to recognize occupiers as part of a legible and legitimate population. But when struggles over representation are left unresolved as in Rivenland, judges will fail to recognize occupiers as having any legitimate moral claim to the land. Instead, they will likely view them not as a coherent population, but as individual opportunists attempting to bypass the government's housing distribution program. In short, the moralizing distinction between homeless people in need on the one hand, and opportunistic queue jumpers on the other, emerges from struggles over representation.In bringing the insights of political sociology to bear upon urban studies, I break with the prevailing explanation that evictions are most likely in sites planned for development and are driven solely by profit motive. Instead, I conceive of the state not as a coherent institutional entity that simply enacts policies upon populations, but instead as a social relation. The government did not simply design eviction policies and then implement them upon populations; it was through complex relations with residents that eviction outcomes were determined. Only in this way – that is, by seeing the state as a relation, as the condensation of a relationship of forces – can we begin to understand how it was that squatters were evicted from Rivenland and not from Holfield.
การศึกษาเอกลักษณ์เครื่องประดับไทย 4 ภาค เพื่อประยุกต์ใช้ในการออกแบบเครื่องประดับเงินที่สอดคล้องกับความต้องการของกลุ่มผู้ใช้เครื่องประดับร่วมสมัยมีวัตถุประสงค์ 1) เพื่อศึกษาเอกลักษณ์เครื่องประดับไทย 4 ภาค ได้แก่ จังหวัดเชียงใหม่จังหวัดสุโขทัย จังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช และจังหวัดสุรินทร์ 2) เพื่อศึกษาลักษณะเฉพาะและรสนิยมของผู้ใช้เครื่องประดับร่วมสมัย 3) เพื่อนำข้อมูลเอกลักษณ์เครื่องประดับไทย 4 ภาค มาประยุกต์ใช้ในการออกแบบเครื่องประดับเงินร่วมสมัยจำนวน 4 ชุด ใน 1 ชุดประกอบด้วย แหวน จี้ ต่างหู 4) เพื่อประเมินความพึงพอใจของกลุ่มเป้าหมาย ที่มีต่อรูปแบบเครื่องประดับเงินร่วมสมัยที่ออกแบบขึ้นใหม่ผลการวิจัยสรุปตามวัตถุประสงค์ได้ดังนี้ 1) การศึกษาเอกลักษณ์เครื่องประดับไทย 4 ภาค ได้แก่ จังหวัดเชียงใหม่ จังหวัดสุโขทัย จังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช และจังหวัดสุรินทร์ ผลการวิจัยสรุปว่า 1) เครื่องประดับจังหวัดเชียงใหม่มีรูปร่างรูปทรงเรขาคณิตและดอกไม้ มีสีเงินและมีการลงยาสีดำในบางชิ้น มีอัญมณีประดับในบางชิ้น ลวดลายเป็นลายโบราณ เช่น ลายกนก ลายดอกพิกุล ลายนก ลายช้าง กรรมวิธีการผลิตเป็นการขึ้นรูปด้วยมือมีเอกลักษณ์ที่เด่นชัดในการดุนลาย 2) เอกลักษณ์เครื่องประดับจังหวัดสุโขทัย รูปร่างรูปทรงเลียนแบบสิ่งที่พบเห็นตามธรรมชาติ เช่น ใบไม้ ดอกไม้ สัตว์ ของใช้ในชีวิตประจำวัน และรูปร่างรูปทรงอิสระตามความคิดสร้างสรรค์ของช่างและตามความต้องการของลูกค้า และบางส่วนเป็นรูปร่าง รูปทรงเรขาคณิต สีเป็นสีเงินและตกแต่งลวดลายด้วยการลงยาสีต่างๆ เช่น สีแดง สีเหลือง สีน้ำเงิน สีเขียว ไม่นิยมใช้อัญมณีประดับ ลวดลายของเครื่องประดับจะเรียนแบบมาจากของใช้ในชีวิตประจำวัน เช่น ลูกปี๊บ ลูกหมอน ลูกประคำ ลูกกลอง ลูกสุ่ม ลูกกระเช้า ลูกตะกร้อ ลายเครือวัลย์ หรืออีกส่วนหนึ่งที่นำมาจากโบสถ์ วิหาร ก็จะเรียกชื่อตามโบราณสถาน เช่น กำไลนางพญา ซึ่งนำมาจากผนังวัดนางพญา กรรมวิธีการผลิตเป็นการขึ้นรูปเครื่องประดับด้วยมือโดยการรีดเป็นแผ่นและรีดเป็นเส้นขนาดตามต้องการ ความโดดเด่นคือ เส้นเงินที่ถูกรีดแล้วจะนำมาพันเป็นเกลียวแล้วนำไปดัดเป็นลวดลายและนำไปลงยาสีต่อไป 3) เครื่องประดับจังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช รูปร่างรูปทรง เรขาคณิต สีมีสีเงินและสีทอง โดยมีการถมเงินและถมทอง ด้วยยาถมสีดำสนิท ลวดลายเป็นลายไทย ได้แก่ ลายกนก ลายใบเทศ ลายประจำยาม ลายพุ่มข้าวบิณฑ์ ลายกระจัง ลายก้านขด ลายบัวควํ่าบัวหงาย ลายเม็ดบัว กรรมวิธีการผลิตเป็นการขึ้นรูปเครื่องประดับด้วยมือ และขั้นตอนสุดท้ายมีการแรเงาชิ้นงานเพื่อเพิ่มความสวยงามและความละเอียด และเป็นการเพิ่มมูลค่าให้กับชิ้นงานซึ่งถือเป็นเอกลักษณ์ของเครื่องถมนคร 4) เครื่องประดับจังหวัดสุรินทร์รูปร่างรูปทรง มีลักษณะ 2 รูปแบบ คือ 1) ตะเกา หรือต่างหู มีรูปร่างรูปทรงกลมเลียนแบบดอกไม้บาน 2) ประเกือม หรือประคำ มีรูปร่างรูปทรงเรขาคณิต และเลียนแบบสิ่งที่อยู่รอบตัวหรือของใช้ ตะเกาจะใช้สีของเนื้อเงินล้วนไม่มีการชุบสีอื่นหรือลงยา ไม่มีอัญมณีประดับ ส่วนประเกือม มีการแกะลวดลายแล้วลงยาสีดำเพียงสีเดียว ไม่มีอัญมณีประดับ ลวดลายตะเกามีทั้งหมด 13 ลาย และลวดลายของประเกือมมีทั้งหมด 13 เช่นกัน กรรมวิธีการผลิตเป็นการขึ้นรูปเครื่องประดับด้วยมือผลิตแบบดั้งเดิมตามที่ได้รับการถ่ายจากบรรพบุรุษ 2) ศึกษาลักษณะเฉพาะและรสนิยมของผู้ใช้เครื่องประดับร่วมสมัย ผลการวิจัยสรุปว่า จากผู้ตอบแบบสอบถามจำนวน 100 คน คิดเป็นค่าร้อยละมากที่สุดตามรายข้อดังนี้ เพศหญิง (ร้อยละ 85) อายุช่วง 30-40 ปี (ร้อยละ 41) มีอาชีพเป็นข้าราชการ (ร้อยละ 61) มีรายได้ 30,001บาทขึ้นไป (ร้อยละ49) และระดับการศึกษาปริญญาตรี (ร้อยละ 60) ชื่นชอบรูปร่างรูปทรงเลียนแบบธรรมชาติมากที่สุด (ร้อยละ 56) ชื่นชอบอัญมณีสีขาวมากที่สุด(ร้อยละ 38) อยากให้ปรากฏลวดลายบนเครื่องประดับเป็นลวดลายใหม่โดยลดทอนรายละเอียดแต่ยังคงเอกลักษณ์เดิมมากที่สุด (ร้อยละ 65) และชื่นชอบกรรมวิธีการผลิตแบบแฮนเมคมากที่สุด (ร้อยละ 55) 3) นำข้อมูลเอกลักษณ์เครื่องประดับไทย 4 ภาค มาประยุกต์ใช้ในการออกแบบเครื่องประดับเงินร่วมสมัยจำนวน 4 ชุด ใน 1 ชุดประกอบด้วย แหวน จี้ ต่างหู ผลการวิจัยสรุปว่า การออกแบบใช้หลักการออกแบบเครื่องประดับเน้นให้เห็นผลด้านความสวยงามความคิดสร้างสรรค์ และประโยชน์ใช้สอย ผสมผสานเอกลักษณ์เครื่องประดับในแต่ละภาคด้านรูปร่างรูปทรง สี ลวดลาย และกรรมวิธีการผลิตตามรสนิยมผู้ใช้เครื่องประดับร่วมสมัย 4) ประเมินความพึงพอใจของกลุ่มเป้าหมาย ที่มีต่อรูปแบบเครื่องประดับเงินร่วมสมัยที่ออกแบบขึ้นใหม่ ผลการวิจัยสรุปว่า มีการประเมินความพึงพอใจของกลุ่มเป้าหมายจำนวน 200 ราย ค่าเฉลี่ยรวมของรูปแบบเครื่องประดับทั้ง 4 ภาค อยู่ในระดับมาก (= 4.12) ; A Study of Thai Jewelry Uniqueness to Apply for Silver JewelryDesign Conforming to Contemporary User's Need has objectives to 1) Studyof 4 regionals identities of Thai Jewelry including Chiang Mai Province,Sukhothai Province, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province and Surin Province2) Study Thai Jewelry Uniqueness and Jewelry User's taste in Contemporarydesign style 3) Gathering data in 4 regionals identities of Thai Jewelry toApply for Silver Jewelry Design Conforming to Contemporary design stylewhich has rings, pendants, earrings 4) Satisfaction target group Assessmentthat cause to designing new style of Contemporary Silver Jewelry Design.The result of research following the objective including1) Studying 4 regionals identities of Thai Jewelry including ChiangMai Province, Sukhothai Province, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province and SurinProvince, The research concluded that 1) Chiang Mai Province Jewelery hasstyle of shape and form comes from Geometry and flowers. Coloring silverand enamel black in some part of decorating gems and its has ancientpattern such as Kanok, Dok-Pikul, Chang. Manufacturing process is moldingby hand which can shows nudge style. 2) Sukhothai Province Jewelery hasstyle of shape and form comes from nature imitation such as leaf, flower,animal, daily user tool which has free form to create depends on needs ofcraftsman or customer. Some of pieces has Geometry form, silver coloringand many colors of enamelling such as red, yellow, blue, green. rarelydecorate with gems. Naming and adding pattern by using reference of dailyused tool such as Look- Peep, Look-Morn, Look-Prakham, Look-Klong,Look-Suum, Look-Krachao, Look-Trakor, Lai-kruewan. It's comes with formof Citadel or Sanctuary will call in ancient name as Kumlai-Nang-phaya whichcomes from wall of Wat Nang-Phaya. Manufacturing process is molding byhand which can shows pressing style to spiral and bend to pattern thenenamel for the last process 3) Nakhon Si Thammarat Province Jewelery hasstyle of shape and form comes from Geometry fill with silver and goldenamel in black and Thai style pattern such as Kanok , Bai-Tate, Pra-Jumyarm,Phoom-Khaobin, Krajung, khon-khod, Buakwum, Bua-Ngari, Med-Bua.Manufacturing process is molding by hand which can shows enamel blackstyle and last shading to artwork adding more beautiful in details and morevaluable cost to make it known as "Krueng-Thom-Na-Korn" 4) Surin ProvinceJewelery has 2 styles such as 1) Ta-Kao or Earrings which has circle form ofblooming flower 2) Pra-Guerm or Pra-Khum are in Geometry form and imitatedaily used tool . Ta-Kao will coloring silver solid none of others color orenameling. Ta-Kao has 13 patterns and Pra-Guerm has 13 patterns the same.Manufacturing process is molding by hand in ancient style techniques fromthe past predecessor. 2) study of specific characteristic and taste of contemporaryaccessory user, result of research shows that 100 people who answering questionnaire evaluate most valuable each category following; female (85percentage), ages 30-40 years old (41 percentage), government officer career(61 percentage), income more than 30,001 baht (49 percentage), Bachelordegree education (60 percentage), most impress to natural emulated shapeand form (56 percentage), most impress to white color gem (38 percentage),most wanted new pattern exist on accessory with reducing detail styled butstill have old identity (65 percentage) and most impress to hand make inproduction process (55 percentage)3) Gathering data in 4 regionals identities of Thai Jewelry to Applyfor Silver Jewelry Design Conforming to Contemporary design style whichhas rings, pendants, earrings. The research concluded that Designing useJewelery design principle to shows in Beautiful result, Creativity andfunctional blending with each regional Jewel identities design in term ofShape, Form, Color, Pattern and Manufacturing Process following taste ofjewelry users.4) Satisfaction target group Assessment that cause to designing new style of Contemporary Silver Jewelry Design The research concludedthat 200 of Satisfaction target group Assessments from 4 regionals hasaverage in Very Good level ( = 4.12)
Diesel vehicles are widely used for transportation of people and goods, which is responsible for a significant consumption of diesel, and the associated release of mainly CO 2 , but also pollutantssuch as CO, hydrocarbons, soot particles and NO x (x = 1,2). These pollutants threat the health of humans and negatively affect the environment, and therefore, abatement is enforced by legislation, which is practically handled by installation of exhaust after treatment systems in passenger cars aswell as in heavy-duty vehicles. A crucial component of the after treatment systems is the catalystfor selective catalytic reduction of NO x with NH 3 (NH 3 -SCR). Current state-of-the-art SCR catalysts are zeolite-based Cu-CHA materials, which is mainly due to their unmatched low temperature activity. Unfortunately, the presence of 0.5-2 ppmv of SO 2 in diesel exhaust significantly inhibits the low-temperature activity Cu-CHA catalysts, which diminishes the NO x removal efficiency. In order to comply with current and future NOx emission limits, development of more SO 2 resistant Cu-CHA catalyst systems is necessary, which requires a better fundamental understanding of the deactivation of Cu-CHA catalysts by SO 2 . In this work, Cu-CHA catalysts have been produced and exposed to SO 2 in various gas mixtures at different temperatures (200-550 °C), and exposure times, to investigate the effects of SO2 at the various conditions of an after treatment system. The uptake of S, determined from elemental analysis and adsorption/desorption measurements, has been compared to the impact on the catalytic performance in the NH3-SCR reaction after the different SO 2 exposures, and after regeneration at 550 °C in SO 2 -free gas. In parallel, characterization with scanning transmissionelectron microscopy – energy dispersive X-ray (STEM-EDX) spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy have been used to assess the location of S, and densityfunctional theory (DFT) calculations have been carried out to determine possible Cu,S species. The deactivation is established to be the result of formation of Cu,S species, and not a consequence of ammonium sulfate precipitation, since the S/Cu ratio has not been observed to significantly exceed 1. Some Cu,S species decompose below 550 °C (reversible), while a more stable Cu sulfate species (irreversible) that decomposes around 650 °C, can form on a restricted fraction of the Cu. Formation of the different Cu,S species is dependent on several conditions such as the oxidation state of Cu, the temperature, and the presence of H 2 O and SO 3 . DFT calculations suggested that SO 2 adsorbs more stably on CuI, while SO 3 preferably reacts with CuII, which was consistent with experimental data. At 200 °C it was observed that the formation of Cu,S species is enhanced by co-feeding SO 3 , whereas at 550 °C there is no measurable impact. In the same experiments, the presence of H 2 O enhanced the formation of irreversible Cu sulfate at both 200 and 550 °C, but had no impact on the formation of reversible Cu,S species. While there is no apparent impact of the chemical composition of the CHA framework (H n Al n Si1-nO 2 vs H n SinAlP1- n O 4 ), the CuII sites associated with one or two framework Al centers, Z-CuO Hand Z2-Cu, respectively, have different resistance towards SO 2 , as indicated by DFT calculations.The EPR characterization indirectly showed that mainly Z-CuOH reacts with SO x to formation of the reversible Cu,S species, whereas certain Z2-Cu sites were directly seen to participate in the formation of irreversible Cu sulfate. Finally, other Z2-Cu sites were inert to SO 2 exposure, whichexplains why a 100% deactivation has not been observed. In terms of the impact of reversible and irreversible Cu,S species on the NH3-SCR activity, the deactivation inferred by the reversible Cu,S species was always disproportionately larger than theS/Cu ratio, and caused a lowering of the apparent SCR activation energy with increasing S/Curatio. In contrast, the remaining irreversible Cu,S species after regeneration exhibited a 1:1correlation between the deactivation and S/Cu ratio, as well as the apparent activation energieswere restored to the same level as the fresh catalyst. The deactivation occurs by exposure to 1.5ppmv SO 2 , and by increasing the SO 2 concentration and simultaneously decreasing the exposuretime correspondingly, similar deactivation levels are reached. Hence, it appears to depend on theproduct of the SO2 concentration and exposure time. Accelerated SO2 exposures showed that the deactivation occurs fast, reaching at least 80% before 5% of the lifetime SO 2 exposure. However, the deactivation could at all times be lowered to about 20%, which is probably dependent on thespecific Cu-CHA catalyst. Thus, the application of Cu-CHA catalysts in aftertreatment systems iscontingent on regeneration. A new method to quantify the active amount of Cu in Cu-CHA catalysts by measuring the NO consumption during a temperature-programmed reduction in NO+NH 3 has been developed (NOTPR). The method is applicable on regenerated catalysts, and potentially also on SO 2 exposed catalysts.
