Suchergebnisse

Both the causes and consequences of the economic crisis which can be delimited with the period 2008-2010 (with the main emphasis on 2009, however) and the recov­ery from which started in 2010, probably need to be analysed more thoroughly and in more detail, when the duration of the crisis can be more specifically determined (al­though the main positions are generally known). On the other hand it is necessary to take measures everywhere already today to ensure rational steps with respect to the choice of measures of economic policy and orientations in exiting the economic crisis and in achieving the development, without leading national economies to setbacks or unsuccessful (wrong) directions very soon. This is topical today also for the sake of the future.The objective of this paper is to give a brief overview of the recent developments of the Estonian economy, its actions related to economic policy in overcoming and exiting the economic crisis, and the further orientation and problems (which have often been the reasons for aggravation of the economic recession) in the development of national economy as a EU Member State.This paper has been written based on different evaluations, experience of other countries as it concerns Estonia as well, several research studies in analysing the eco­nomic crisis, author's own positions which are based on official statistics and materials and long-term personal assessments of the economic situation, also on years of working with many students in seminars of different subjects related to economic policy.

The publishing industry is in a fundamental transition phase initiated by digitization. This transition involves production processes, communication options, and of course the 'products' themselves. While challenging the traditional assumptions, processes and structures of the book industry, e-books also offer a wealth of new opportunities to producers and readers: lower production and distribution costs, shorter time to market, earlier break-even points, easier vertical marketing strategies that target specific groups, new content features, and social reading as a product feature as well as a means for marketing and content discovery. E-book distribution in most markets of the EU is dominated in particular by an oligopoly of international hardware and software companies as well as digital content distributors with their fenced-off e-book ecosystems. These ecosystems do not only hamper the differentiated bricks-and-mortar bookselling infrastructure and the cultural diversity in Europe, they also restrict the scope of action and the innovative potential especially of small-nation publishers – 'small' in this context relates among other things to the nation's linguistic and economic status. Thus forcing publishers to think anew about innovative business strategies. For this reason, this research project focuses on a theoretical investigation of potential business models for e-publishing, and their relationship to publishing operations, as well as on an empirical analysis of current policy frameworks and e-publishing practices within a number of small nations in the EU.

This article analyses if and in which direction investment tribunal in intra-EU investment arbitration would apply EU law and if it could at least take it into account by decision making process. It considers three approaches in which EU law and its rules could be relevant. First, EU law is a system based on international treaties, and is therefore a part of international law Second, in consequence of the doctrine of direct effect, rules of the EU law automatically become a part of legal orders of member states, and from the point of view of investment tribunal these rules are part of the legal order of host state. Third, EU law can be in international investment arbitration relevant as a fact. ; This article analyses if and in which direction investment tribunal in intra-EU investment arbitration would apply EU law and if it could at least take it into account by decision making process. It considers three approaches in which EU law and its rules could be relevant. First, EU law is a system based on international treaties, and is therefore a part of international law Second, in consequence of the doctrine of direct effect, rules of the EU law automatically become a part of legal orders of member states, and from the point of view of investment tribunal these rules are part of the legal order of host state. Third, EU law can be in international investment arbitration relevant as a fact.

The aging population is a global phenomenon, which has affected almost all the EU states. The consequences are very important since it affects the socio-economic environment usually on the long run. Some of them could consist in increasing the public expenditure on pensions, social security and health services, which will raise the overall burden on the working population. Sometimes, a significant reduction of the labour force will even diminish the growth rate of an economy. Considering these aspects, the present paper intends to analyse the demographic situation from the EU states, the factors that have generated it and to identify the possible future trends. To determine the evolution of the ageing population phenomenon, we have analysed some demographic indicators included in various statistical reports and databases, such as the fertility rate, the median age, the percentage of population over a certain age and the age dependency ratio.