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In this paper we analyse the impact of instability caused by the Arab Spring on the co-movements and volatility spillovers of aggregated Financial Stress Indices for eight MENA countries. Using a dynamic frequency connectedness framework, we conclude that stress transmission between markets is higher at low frequencies than at high frequencies, which implies that MENA markets are slow in adjusting to the information they receive. The Global Financial Crisis generated stronger spillover effects between MENA markets than the political turmoil of the Arab Spring. These results are useful for investors with different investment horizons, and have policy implications for the maintenance of financial stability in this region.

This paper analyses the structure and growth of manufacturing industry in Region D of the Southern African economy. The subregions of Region D are: Port Elizabeth/Uitenhage; East London/King William's Town; Queenstown; the Hinterland of the Eastern Cape; Transkei; and Ciskei. The paper analyses and compares the structural characteristics of the manufacturing sector in the Port Elizabeth and East London regions, and then examines the pattern of manufacturing employment growth in Region D in relation to changes observed in the international and inter-regional distribution of manufacturing employment

The Azores archipelago is considered to be an ultraperipheral region of European Union, because some of the characteristics of their development, and some specific politics were applied in these regions. A specific European development program, Azores Rural Development Plan – PRORURAL – for 2007 to 2013, is supported by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and is ongoing at this moment in Azores Archipelago. The objective of this paper is to characterize the type of agriculture curried out in the Azores Region. It starts by a small introduction of the Azores according to the Statistical National Institute (INE) and its brunch SREA – Statistics of Azorean Region - and finally by the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) Then it characterizes the agricultural farms and finally, it shows some relevant researches about Azorean farms, namely; (1) a classification of the Azorean farms and the type of objectives that can influence the decisionmaking of the Azoreans' farmers (2) the efficiency of dairy farms and (3) the analysis of the impact in the incomes' farmers. In the Azores, agriculture is based on dairy cattle productions and the remainder agricultural productions are residual. The Azores' islands produce mainly cow's milk (in 2010 it represented 30% of Portuguese milk production), but also beef. And there products comes from quite different production systems ranging from extensive to intensive grazing systems. The average agricultural area per farm is small (8.5 hectares) and the efficiency of the dairy farms is relatively low due in part to equipment amortization and is highly dependent of subsidies and - farms will not be economically sustainable if the subsidies were eliminated.

Polygonatum Mill. species are found in woods of the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. There are four species growing in Ukraine, the most common of which is Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. In forest and shrub habitats are also widespread Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce., Polygonatum latifolium Desf. and Polygonatum verticillаtum (L.) All. Polygonatum species have rhizomes of the sympodial type. They are of a primary anatomical structure. In the primary growth of the stem, as well as rhizomes, there is the central cylinder (stele) and the cortex. The structure of the leaf blade is related to the performance of basic functions: photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration. The leaves are isolateral with a lighter adaxial and shaded abaxial sides. The leaf is covered with epidermis. Beneath the epidermis is chlorenchyma, which makes up the leaf pulp - mesophyll.
The microscopic structure of Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. was studied. The anatomic description includes the characteristic of rhizomes, leaves and stems structure.

In a resolution adopted on 1 February 2018, the European Committee of the Regions noted that a legislative proposal of the European Commission concerning a Regulation that changes the rules governing the EU regional funds for 2014-2020 did not comply with the principle of subsidiarity. Accordingly, the Committee considered challenging the legislative proposal before the Court of Justice if the proposal was formally agreed upon. Although at a later stage the European Commission decided to take into account the Committee's argument and amended the proposal accordingly, such a context offers the chance to investigate more in detail the role of the Committee of the Regions in the legislative process of the EU and, more in particular, its role as a watchdog of the principle of subsidiarity. This paper aims to shed light on a rather neglected aspect of the EU constitutional practice, such as the potential of the Committee of the Regions to contribute to the legislative process, and answer the question of whether this Committee is the right body to guarantee compliance with the principle of subsidiarity.

Analyzes the structure & imagery of the national anthems of several Western & Eastern European countries. National anthems convey patriotic meaning through the projection of three distinct spiritual themes: (1) establishment of a cognitive relationship between land & nation through delineation of a portion of the physical world as homeland; (2) endowment of time with national meaning, particularly through descriptions of struggles & burdens of the past that convey a sense of the nation being eternal; (3) the people's incessant love of country or national group. The motivating power of anthems is conveyed through descriptions of values such as justice, freedom, & national unity that are worthy of the sacrifice of a person's life. Rules of speech in national anthems are discussed. D. Generoli

Front -- Contents -- On prevention and security policy in Europe -- The Belgian Federal Security and Crime Prevention Policy in the 1990's -- The Politics of Community Safety and Crime Prevention in England and Wales: New Strategies and Developments1 -- Security and Prevention Policies in France in the 1990s French cities and security -- Preventing Crime, Mobilizing new Actors and Tendencies towards a repressive Roll-Back: German Security and Crime Prevention Policies in the 1990s -- Crime Prevention and Security Policy in Greece: Policy, Politics and Social Discipline -- From Democratic Security to a Securitarian Democracy: the Portuguese Example -- Security and Crime Prevention Policies in Spain in the 1990s -- Towards Conclusions -- On the Authors -- Index in Alphabetic Order

"The Covid-19 pandemic could not have come at a worse time, as many countries in the MENA region remain engulfed in vicious internal conflicts or must cope with structural socio-economic distress and popular dissent. In many respects, such a context and many of its problems resemble those that formed the backdrop for the Arab Spring in 2011. Exactly like what happens with humans, who are hit the hardest when presenting pre-existing conditions, MENA states have been impacted because of their own pre-existing conditions. In this sense, the Covid-19 pandemic has laid bare all the vulnerabilities and deficiencies of these states' structures, and has aggravated pre-existing political, social, and economic shortcomings. How has the pandemic impacted state structures? What is its effect on organized protests and spontaneous popular movements? What are the possible long-term consequences?"--Page 4 of cover