Identity is an interactional phenomenon: the identity an individual presents to others must be accepted by them; & identification by others must be endorsed by the individual. Modes of identification are discussed on three levels: (1) identifying the environment; (2) being identified, ie, subjective awareness of self; & (3) identifying with one's environment in a variety of symbolic ways, eg, role modeling & value assimilation. Different processes of identification that may lead to various forms of identity are also discussed, eg, individual, group, & collective identification, & the horizontal & vertical aspects of multiple identity. 24 References. S. Karganovic.
Philosophers at school. The philosophy dissertation is officially defined as the condition and sign of «free», «personal» thinking but it derives a number of its features from the constraints bearing on the scholastic discipline. On the one hand, there are internal constraints of self-reproduction, on the other, the external constraints of adjustement to a large audience of lay readers. This scholastic exercise is the most economical way of reaching the higher levels of the cultural hierarchies. Its main characteristics are a «meaning effect» and a «supersession effect».
Argues that community residences for small groups of people, and the provision of day activity programs designed to increase functional levels, is the only viable, humane alternative to institutionalization of severely multiply handicapped persons with visual problems. Living in a highly structured, home environment where individual needs are addressed by caring and qualified staff can and should be provided to those without self-preservation skills. Opportunities to participate in suitable prevocational activites are also necessary. The cost of such programs is the same as for insitutional care, and funding can be secured.
Cost-effectiveness studies require one to estimate overall program effectiveness using multiple outcome measures. However, one must first establish the relative importance of the different outcomes. Using an iterative process of group discussion, voting, and feedback of results, subjects ranked nine outcome scales in priority and assigned importance weights. Improvement in client ability to be self-supporting was judged the most important outcome, with symptom reduction second. Involvement with friends and substance abuse were judged the least important outcomes. The group achieved a high degree of consensus, as measured by convergence towards increasingly precise and distinct importance weights.
Economic historians are accustomed to treating 1930 as a landmark date in the development of Latin America. The onset of the Great Depression was an abrupt external shock to every country in the region, cutting off traditional export markets and making it exceedingly difficult to secure consumer goods, replacement parts, and new capital equipment in return. Many countries began experiments in national self-sufficiency, turning to policies that came to be identified, especially after World War II, as import substitution industrialization (ISI). Although these experiments were sometimes disappointing, they represented a watershed in the evolution of national economic systems.
The italian cultural centres abroad, an impossible mission, Sergio Romano. After the second world war, Italian cultural policy abroad was radically changing by discontinuing to serve political window-dressing purposes while upholding, nevertheless, the general trend towards recuperating the great literary and artistic tradition for determining and upbuilding Italian cultural presence worldwide as inherited from the Unità movement. As the authors States, this policy is dictated both by its past and by parallel endeavours by its rivais, in particular the French and German Cultural Centres whose performance is taken as a yardstick for self-evaluation purposes.
The breakdown of Marxism's revolutionary self-confidence can be understood as a result of its theoretical weaknesses. The works of Claus Offe, Jurgen Habermas, & Alain Touraine attempt a more adequate critical theory, one that can deal with the problems of contemporary society. However, each of their approaches can be shown to be incomplete. What is essential to a critical stratification theory is a theory of civil society, which would show a means to the creation of a socialist & pluralist civil society able to transform society & the state. W. H. Stoddard.
General reflections on the challenges, opportunities, & tasks confronting the social sciences in the Third World are presented. In the 1960s & 1970s, the shortcomings of traditional, Europe-centered social science were increasingly recognized, especially its inadequacy for describing processes of change. Certain groups revived Marxist approaches, but the new generation of indigenous social scientists in Africa, Latin America, & Asia are faced with four progressively radical options: (1) adaptation of Western theories; (2) decolonization of the social sciences (eliminating traces of neocolonialism); & (3) indigenization, leading to (4) national & collective self-reliance. 16 References. C. Waters.
AbstractNotorious scientific scandals leave the impression that a line between ethical and unethical research can be drawn, but routine examples show that an ethical penumbra exists. Breaches of ethics in science rarely surface. Most collegial charges of unethical conduct can be dismissed as being partisan; outsiders'ethical questions are more threatening, because they imply that violations are widespread. Such implications can be neutralized by "self‐regulation." Unethical behavior must be purposive. Technical violations can be attributed to ignorance. The downplaying of ethics preserves the "community‐of‐scholars" myth; highlighting the ethics issue would destroy this myth.
Short-term group therapy, using social group work, was utilized to treat the psychosocial problems of two groups of elderly low-vision clients and one group of young adult clients with low vision (N = 24). Group members showed psychosocial movement in three phases: shock, reactive depression, and readjustment. Evaluations measured the change in attitudes before and after group therapy. At the end of therapy, 17 persons, compared to none before the therapy, were at the point of self-acceptance and readjustment. Clinical examples illustrate the interplay of intrapsychic and group-experience factors leading to readjustment.
Die jahrzehntelangen Bemühungen der Industriestaaten, den Ländern der Dritten Welt die Integration in die Weltwirtschaft zu erleichtern und auf diese Weise zu einer Beschleunigung ihrer Entwicklung beizutragen, sind im Ergebnis unbefriedigend: Die außenwirtschaftliche Verflechtung der Entwicklungsländer ist - gemessen an ihrem Anteil am Welthandel - relativ gering, die Einkommensunterschiede zwischen armen und reichen Ländern nehmen sogar zu. Angesichts dieser Tatbestände verlieren Konzepte zur Integration der Entwicklungsländer in die Weltwirtschaft an Überzeugungskraft, während die Überlegungen über eine "Abkoppelung" und über die Chancen der "Self-reliance" vielen entwicklungspolitischen Zielsetzungen angemessener erscheinen. Der Autor stellt die einschlägigen Entwicklungsmodelle vor: Das liberale Modell, das am Entwicklungsgang der jetzigen Industriestaaten orientiert ist und eine Zwei-Stufen-Folge von Wachstum und Verteilung im Auge hat; zweitens das Konzept einer "neuen Weltwirtschaftsordnung" und die Überlegungen zum Einbau planwirtschaftlicher Elemente, durch die das überkommene Ungleichgewicht in den Handelsbeziehungen abgebaut werden. Schließlich stellt der Autor Überlegungen vor, die ihren Ursprung in der negativen Einschätzung der vorherrschenden Wachstumskonzepte haben. Erfolgversprechend erscheint dem Autor eine Kombination von Elementen der verschiedenen Veränderungsansätze. (KA)
The transfer of hard technologies from developed rich countries in the North is seen to encourage the emergence & growth of elites & dictatorial regimes in the developing poor countries of the South. These elites & dictators obtain, maintain, & promote their privileges by exploiting the larger poor populations in the country. In the process, the human rights of the poor populations are debased. Concepts of technology are developed, describing the technological worldview. The transfer of technology follows from the confluence of interests between national elites, who perceive their self-interest in technology, & multinationals, who find profits in such transfers. 3 Tables. Modified AA.
Guatemala, a Central American country with a relatively small mestizo ruling class & a large Indian majority, has known outbursts of intense violence between the rulers & their subjects since its inception. Discussed is the role of the spatial & political segregation of the Indian ethnic stock in the preservation of its culture & traditions & -- most importantly -- its ethnic self-consciousness. Cultural, linguistic, economic, & social factors in the perpetuation of a distinctly Indian culture in Guatemala, & some of the advances in gaining rights for Indians that this ethnic solidarity had made possible are reviewed. S. Karganovic
Drawing on the experience of the Association for the Blind in Victoria, Australia, gives practical advice on how to organize the various details that need attention in order to ensure a successful and happy vacation for elderly blind people. Such vacations are not only enjoyable in themselves, but are also an excellent tool for rehabilitation. Blind people are challenged to practice and learn in new environments their mobility techniques, daily living, and personal care skills. The holiday makers function as a self-help group, while spouses and other sighted guides gain new insights into helping blind people.
A nationwide questionnaire was sent to all residential schools for the deaf in order to obtain information about (a) the extent of teacher training with respect to reading instruction, (b) the current methodology employed in teaching reading to deaf children, and (c) the teachers' self-assessment of how well prepared they were to use a variety of methods to teach reading. The data revealed that teachers have relatively little formal training in reading instruction and continue overwhelmingly to use the basal reader for a large percentage of the instructional time spent teaching reading.
