Suchergebnisse

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama muitinės audito reikšmė, tikslai ir jo vieta audito sistemoje. Muitinės auditas apibūdinamas kaip procesas, kurio metu muitinės pareigūnai atlieka ūkio subjekto veiklos vertinimą, tikrindami muitinės deklaracijose esančios informacijos teisingumą. Pabrėžiami muitinės audito bendri bruožai ir esminiai skirtumai, palyginti su finansinių ataskaitų, valdymo, veiklos ir kitomis audito rūšimis. Tiriamos muitinės audito sritys: importo, eksporto, tranzito ir kitos muitinės procedūros. Akcentuojamas audito proceso nuoseklumas; nagrinėjami pagrindiniai muitinės audito etapai: 1) planavimo ir atrankos,2) pasirengimo, 3) vykdymo, 4) rezultatų įforminimo, 5) peržiūros. Nagrinėjant muitinės audito tobulinimo galimybes ypač pabrėžiamas strateginio audito taikymas vertinant verslo įmonių rizikas.Reikšminiai žodžiai: muitinė, muitinės auditas, audito sritys, audito atlikimo etapai, tobulinimo galimybės.Organization of Customs Audit and Possibilities of DevelopmentDanutė Adomavičiūtė, Jonas Mackevičius Summary The main strategic objective of Lithuanian customs is the defence of the market and society in the field of the foreign trade while implementing the policy of the European Community's taxes and trade. To achieve this objective, one of the main challenges is to imple­ment measures related to the safety and security of the international trade supply and to prevent terrorism, smuggling, organised crime and other criminalities. The focus is placed on the application of the audit-based control measures in order to overcome the lo­gistical barriers that inevitably arise in the process of international trade. The customs audit is of a great importance in the process of the customs inspection. The control based on the methods of the customs audit assures better op­portunities of anti-breaches. Moreover, a faster flow of goods traffic at the external border of the European Union is assured while carrying out most inspections at the companies' residences. Therefore, it is important to improve the customs audit, combining this process with the changing business environment. This also has to do with the ongoing market processes. Recently, the customs of the EUcountries have begun appreciating the activities of the business enterprises, seeking to gain the status of the authorised economic operator (AEO). The customs audit is a highly effective tool ensuring the business enterprise activities' assessment in the financial, legal and security aspects. The main objectives of the customs audit are the following: 1) to check the data accuracy and compre­hensiveness indicated in the customs declarations, 2) to define the breaches on the basis of which duties and other taxes are being counted, and errors of the data in the documents provided by the importers and exporters as well as other persons accepting the cus­toms obligations, 3) to evaluate the entities' activities and compliance with the requirements. A comparison of all types of the audit shows that the customs audit has many features in common with the other types of the audit. There is a special correla­tion between the customs audit and financial, opera­tional and management audit. The customs audit, hav­ing common features with other types of the audit, has also some differences. Its different goal has its own special features. Customs procedures, goods' customs value, goods' classification, origin and other things can become the inspected areas of business enterpris­es' activities and the items to be assessed. Customs' conducted process of the business enterprise activities assessment has a number of procedural aspects aris­ing from the activity's particularity. The assessment of business enterprises' activities in Lithuanian customs is carried out taking into consideration the issuing/non-issuing of the AEO status when the customs au­dit assesses the activities of the economic operator and its compliance with the established criteria.

The decline in the number of enrolment of forestry undergraduate students has caused a concern in the forestry sector in Canada. Some people speculate that the low enrolments trend is attributed to the trend in the larger economy. However, university enrolment and economic statistics data shows that this is not the case. This trend is not a typical cycle; therefore, a different response is needed in dealing with this issue. The possible factors that contributed to this trend are: • the negative perception of the forestry industry as being anti-environmental; • the weak and uncertain job market in the forestry industry; • the mischaracterization of forestry as utilizing low technology and being academically undemanding; and • the lack of diversity in its current workforce. As a result, these factors have made forestry programs unattractive. This has, in turn, affected institutions that teach undergraduate courses as a reduction in funding leads to the decline in the capacity for developing new initiatives. Low enrolment has led to a negative feedback cycle for post-secondary forestry programs. The end result of the cycle is program closure. Only those programs that were able to adapt and evolve with the changing expectations of society were able to break free. This trend causes implications for industry and government as they will face the challenges of filling these professional positions if they want to continue on with their core business. This will be more significant to government than industry due to the predicted sharp increase in retirees. In order to address the issue, recruitment strategies target three main sources: high school students, transfer students and current students. Exposing high school students to forestry at an early age was the main goal for the high school strategy. Science fairs, field trips, and tours should be utilized as effective strategies in sparking youth interest. Transfer and current students who have yet to declare a major were targeted with current forestry courses that can be taken as electives. This strategy could utilize introductory courses to instill an interest in students and to provide a message that forests in Canada are important. Before those strategies can be implemented, several key challenges need to be addressed. One of them is diversifying the workforce. Through diversification, labour supply will be more stable as labour will come from multiple sources. The male dominated industry today needs to include more labour from non-traditional sources such as: aboriginals, females, and immigrants. All three groups are observed to have a potential impact in filling the needs of professionals in forestry. Another key challenge is to counter the stereotypical image of forestry. As such, greater collaboration within the forest sector is needed to send a consistent message about the exciting and fulfilling careers in forestry, and also the message that forestry is concerned with sustainability and stewardship of the forest. Furthermore, modern web-based technology should be used to recruit and connect with today's youth. Further evidence in showing forestry is vibrant and leading edge is needed in order to overcome the mischaracterization of forestry as being low in technology. Many other considerations should be taken into account as post-secondary institutions recruit and educate for the forest industry: • Accreditation to provide ongoing accountability and a consistent high level of education • The use of non-professionals in a professional role • Government, industries, small businesses, employers of post-secondary graduate should take part in the advertising and promoting the profession of forestry. By and large, the forest sector including post-secondary institutions needs to evolve in order to meet with the changing views of society, as well as the demographics in Canada. ; Forestry, Faculty of ; Unreviewed ; Undergraduate

Abstract Today, in modern farming practices veterinary drugs are given to food-producing animals. The generic term "veterinary drugs" covers a broad variety of classes of chemical compounds and the list of drugs is enormous and it is a significant analytical challenge in regulatory control to provide monitoring programmes. The major concerns in veterinary drug usage are the presence of harmful residues that may be introduced into the human food chain. The aim of this research is the development of analytical methods capable of screening and confirming increased numbers of these residues in target matrices by Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The focus is on Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) residues in food of animal origin. The research resulted in the development and validation of methods for the analysis of NSAIDs in milk. The second topic under investigation was in the field of post-mortem forensic toxicology. Forensic toxicological activities are important in society and great efforts to implement rapid analytical procedures in a forensically credible manner is continuous across the globe. The main objectives of the research work in post-mortem forensic toxicology were to address the issues concerning the availability of rapid novel unequivocal confirmatory analytical methodologies for forensically important drugs. The aim of this work was to develop single fast, simple and reliable sample preparation procedures in blood and urine with detection by hybrid LC-MS as analytical strategies in a forensic laboratory for the determination of drugs of abuse in this study which were previously not available. All analytical methodologies developed in blood, milk and urine matrices were validated in accordance with EU legislation; Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. This validation legislation is concerned with the interpretation of results and the performance of analytical methods. Validation criteria were examined using protocols laid down in this legislation. These included specificity, accuracy, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, decision limits (CCa), detection capabilities (CCb) and in addition measurement uncertainty (MU). The methods developed for the NSAIDs residues in milk had accuracies ranging from 73-109 % and the precision for all analytes ranged from 2-30%. The CCa and the CCb values ranged from 0.46-0.79 ng mL-1 and the MU ranged from 9-90%. The methods developed for the forensically important drugs in blood and urine had accuracies ranging from 80-113% and the precision for all analytes ranged from 4-22%. The CCa and the CCb values ranged from 0.005-0.05 ug mL-1 and the MU ranged from 13-47%. To ensure that methods were suitable for purpose the methods were evaluated in international proficiency testing schemes and results were satisfactory. In addition some of the methods were accredited in accordance with ISO17025 guidelines. A number of different analysts were trained on the new methodologies developed in this work thus providing further evidence of the development of rugged analytical methods and satisfactory results were obtained using quality control material. In addition the methods have replaced previous methods in The State Laboratory for the monitoring of NSAIDs and are used routinely at present in theRepublic ofIreland in national monitoring programmes. The methods developed for blood and urine in the forensic toxicology section of this thesis have replaced previous methods in national forensic toxicology monitoring programmes in the past number of years at The State Laboratory and are used in toxicology testing for the law courts in forensic and Coroner's cases in Ireland. The method in this thesis for forensic drugs in blood is submitted for accreditation in 2012 as satisfactory results were obtained using quality control and international proficiency test samples in the past number of years.

АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ: Мужчины, практикующие секс с мужчинами (МСМ), считаются группой высокого риска для инфицирования ВИЧ. Реализация эффективных профилактических мер один из важных путей противодействия эпидемии ВИЧ среди МСМ. Однако в Украине фактически отсутствует политика профилактики ВИЧ среди МСМ, а потому потребность в ее формулировке остается открытой. МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ: Был осуществлен анализ нормативно-правовых актов, национальных отчетов и других официальных документов в сфере профилактики ВИЧ среди МСМ Румынии, Словении, Нидерландов и Швеции. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: В европейских странах используется ряд подходов к профилактике ВИЧ среди МСМ, в частности, институциональный, структурный и подход на уровне СМИ. Рассмотренные страны реализуют меры, полностью соответствующие минимальному стандарту пакета услуг по профилактике ВИЧ среди МСМ. В европейских странах МСМ рассматриваются в качестве приоритетной группы. В рамках общих национальных планов по противодействию ВИЧ/СПИДу четко выделены стратегии, касающиеся группы МСМ, а также пути реализации стратегий (Словения, Румыния, Нидерланды). В Швеции в 2012 году вступит в действие Национальный план противодействия ВИЧ именно среди группы МСМ. В странах, опыт которых изучался, действует принцип социального заказа, при котором правительство через свои профильные структуры в области здравоохранения предоставляет субсидии и гранты для неправительственных организаций (НПО), работающих с МСМ (Словения, Швеция), а иногда и исключительно для одной национальной НПО (Нидерланды). Большинство мероприятий, осуществляемых НПО, основаны на аутрич-модели. В Швеции МСМ могут получить консультирование и тестирование на ВИЧ в специализированной ВИЧ-клинике для МСМ. Представители НПО широко практикуют профилактику ВИЧ среди МСМ через сайты знакомств (Словения, Румыния) а также путем обучения МСМ пропаганде здорового образа жизни ими среди своих друзей. Наряду с мерами, направленными на изменение поведения, действуют антидискриминационные стратегии (Швеция, Нидерланды, Словения). ВЫВОДЫ: Пересмотр нормативно-правовой базы, расширение полномочий неправительственных организаций, внедрение механизмов социального заказа, использование интерактивных методов и обучение МСМ могут стать ключевыми пунктами политики профилактики ВИЧ среди МСМ в Украине. ; BACKGROUND: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a high-risk group for HIV. Implementation of effective preventive activities is an important way to combat HIV among MSM. However, in Ukraine there is no real HIV prevention policy among MSM and the need for its formulation is still open. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of legal acts, national reports and other official documents related to HIV prevention among MSM was carried out for Romania, Slovenia, the Netherlands, and Sweden. RESULTS: European countries use various approaches to HIV prevention among MSM: institutional, structural, and media approach. Countries under consideration have fully specified the minimum standard package for HIV prevention among MSM, who are defined as the highest priority group. Distinct strategies for MSM and ways to achieve them are outlined within the national plans and strategies for combating HIV/AIDS (Slovenia, Romania, the Netherlands). The National plan for HIV prevention among MSM will come into action in 2012 in Sweden. Countries, chosen for this study, use the principle of social contract by which the government provides subsidies and grants to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) working with MSM through its specialized health care units (Slovenia, Sweden), and sometimes only for one national NGO (the Netherlands). Outreach is the most common model of NGO's activities. In Sweden, MSM can get counseling and HIV testing in specialized HIV clinic for MSM. HIV prevention among MSM is run by representatives of NGOs through dating sites (Slovenia, Romania), through educating MSM and further promotion of healthy lifestyles among their friends. Along with the behavior modification activities, anti-discrimination strategies are used (Sweden, the Netherlands, Slovenia). CONCLUSIONS: Review of the regulatory frameworks, empowerment of NGOs, implementation of the social contract mechanisms, using interactive tools and providing education for MSM can be key points of HIV prevention policy among MSM in Ukraine.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama muitinės audito reikšmė, tikslai ir jo vieta audito sistemoje. Muitinės auditas apibūdinamas kaip procesas, kurio metu muitinės pareigūnai atlieka ūkio subjekto veiklos vertinimą, tikrindami muitinės deklaracijose esančios informacijos teisingumą. Pabrėžiami muitinės audito bendri bruožai ir esminiai skirtumai, palyginti su finansinių ataskaitų, valdymo, veiklos ir kitomis audito rūšimis. Tiriamos muitinės audito sritys: importo, eksporto, tranzito ir kitos muitinės procedūros. Akcentuojamas audito proceso nuoseklumas; nagrinėjami pagrindiniai muitinės audito etapai: 1) planavimo ir atrankos,2) pasirengimo, 3) vykdymo, 4) rezultatų įforminimo, 5) peržiūros. Nagrinėjant muitinės audito tobulinimo galimybes ypač pabrėžiamas strateginio audito taikymas vertinant verslo įmonių rizikas.Reikšminiai žodžiai: muitinė, muitinės auditas, audito sritys, audito atlikimo etapai, tobulinimo galimybės.Organization of Customs Audit and Possibilities of DevelopmentDanutė Adomavičiūtė, Jonas Mackevičius
Summary
The main strategic objective of Lithuanian customs is the defence of the market and society in the field of the foreign trade while implementing the policy of the European Community's taxes and trade. To achieve this objective, one of the main challenges is to imple­ment measures related to the safety and security of the international trade supply and to prevent terrorism, smuggling, organised crime and other criminalities. The focus is placed on the application of the audit-based control measures in order to overcome the lo­gistical barriers that inevitably arise in the process of international trade. The customs audit is of a great importance in the process of the customs inspection. The control based on the methods of the customs audit assures better op­portunities of anti-breaches. Moreover, a faster flow of goods traffic at the external border of the European Union is assured while carrying out most inspections at the companies' residences. Therefore, it is important to improve the customs audit, combining this process with the changing business environment. This also has to do with the ongoing market processes. Recently, the customs of the EUcountries have begun appreciating the activities of the business enterprises, seeking to gain the status of the authorised economic operator (AEO). The customs audit is a highly effective tool ensuring the business enterprise activities' assessment in the financial, legal and security aspects. The main objectives of the customs audit are the following: 1) to check the data accuracy and compre­hensiveness indicated in the customs declarations, 2) to define the breaches on the basis of which duties and other taxes are being counted, and errors of the data in the documents provided by the importers and exporters as well as other persons accepting the cus­toms obligations, 3) to evaluate the entities' activities and compliance with the requirements. A comparison of all types of the audit shows that the customs audit has many features in common with the other types of the audit. There is a special correla­tion between the customs audit and financial, opera­tional and management audit. The customs audit, hav­ing common features with other types of the audit, has also some differences. Its different goal has its own special features. Customs procedures, goods' customs value, goods' classification, origin and other things can become the inspected areas of business enterpris­es' activities and the items to be assessed. Customs' conducted process of the business enterprise activities assessment has a number of procedural aspects aris­ing from the activity's particularity. The assessment of business enterprises' activities in Lithuanian customs is carried out taking into consideration the issuing/non-issuing of the AEO status when the customs au­dit assesses the activities of the economic operator and its compliance with the established criteria.

87p.: (pdf); tablas; anexos ; Debido a las emergencias que se están presentando desde el 2010 y que se continúan viviendo con el incremento del invierno en el país, el gobierno destinó recursos para la ejecución de obras civiles mediante el plan de emergencias Colombia Humanitaria, solicitando que las Interventorías las realicen las universidades o el cuerpo de ingenieros de las Fuerzas Militares. Teniendo en cuenta que las entidades del estado contratan la interventoría basados en manuales propios y pliegos de condiciones que tienen en cuenta los decretos sobre contratación existentes; y solicitan requisitos técnicos y criterios de idoneidad del personal que no están regulados actualmente, sino que se hayan respaldados por la experiencia, se quiso hacer una propuesta técnica que enmarque la idoneidad de la actividad a realizar enmarcada dentro del estatuto anticorrupción y otra económica en la que se reflejen los costos mínimos de la interventoría para la ejecución de obras a las que se ha hecho participe la UPB, para evaluar la viabilidad de los proyectos propuestos por el plan de emergencias Colombia Humanitaria. En el desarrollo de esta monografía se revisaron las condiciones que solicita el plan de emergencias Colombia humanitaria en cuanto a idoneidad y cantidad mínima de personal a realizar la ejecución del contrato, comparándolo con los estándares que propone la universidad a través de los estudiantes de postgrado de Interventoría de Obras, teniendo en cuenta que se debe realizar una interventoría que este enmarcada en la reglamentación actual y dar cumpliendo a las recomendaciones del título I de la (NSR-10) en cuanto a los requisitos técnicos 11 e idoneidad del personal solicitado para realizar la interventoría de edificaciones cumpliendo con las especificaciones técnicas, pliegos de condiciones y manual de funciones adoptado por la entidad y que a nuestro juicio sea lo mas cercano al desarrollo de una buena interventoría. ; Because emergencies are occurring since 2010 and they are still occurring with the increase of winter in the country, the government allocated resources for the implementation of civil works through the Emergencies Plan Colombia Humanitaria, requesting that the audits are conducted by universities or the Armed Forces Corps of Engineers. Given that state institutions hire the auditing based on their own manuals and specifications that take into account the existing procurement decrees, and request technical requirements and suitability criteria for the staff, which are not currently regulated, but are supported by experience, it was necessary to create a technical proposal to frame the suitability of the activity to be undertaken, framed within the anti-corruption statute, and an economic one reflecting the minimal costs for the works execution auditing in which the UPB has been incorporated, to assess the viability of the proposed projects by the Emergencies Plan Colombia Humanitaria. In the development of this paper it was reviewed the conditions requested by the emergencies plan Colombia Humanitaria in terms of suitability and minimum number of staff to perform the contract, comparing it with the standards proposed by the university through the Auditing of Works Graduate students, considering that an auditing that is framed within the current regulations should be performed, and comply with the recommendations of (NSR-10) Title I in terms of technical requirements and the requested staff suitability to carry out construction auditing 13 meeting the technical standards, specifications and operating manual adopted by the institution which we believe is the closest to developing a good auditing.

El presente estudio tuvo como propósito demostrar que en el Perú, a lo largo de su vida republicana, ha existido la presencia de actos de corrupción debido a la existencia de vacíos legales, institucionales, así como a la ausencia de control en el manejo del gasto público y de los bienes del Estado, que permitieron la presencia de delitos económicos, vicios culturales o en el solapamiento de acciones antes consideradas normales y ahora tipificadas oficialmente como corruptas. Actualmente la corrupción en el Perú, tiene impacto en el Poder Judicial, Ministerio del Interior, el Congreso de la República, los Gobiernos Municipales, los Sectores Sociales, el Sector Agricultura y las Empresas; presentándose casos de ineficiencia burocrática, manejo discrecional y arbitrario de recursos, abuso de autoridad, procesos de adquisiciones y contrataciones amañados, ocultamiento de negligencias, tráfico de influencias, tráfico ilícito de drogas, prensa amarilla, entrega de licencias a las mineras sin respetar los informes de impacto ambiental y social. Y por último el periodo gubernamental de los años del1990 al 2000 que significó para el Perú la instauración de un régimen político que a poco tiempo de ser elegido socavó el Estado de Derecho, con el autogolpe del 5 de abril de 1992, lo que originó el desplome de los partidos políticos y una profunda crisis socioeconómica, que devino en actos de corrupción a nivel del gobierno central. El gobierno transitorio creó la Iniciativa Nacional de Lucha Contra la Corrupción, implementándose posteriormente por el ex presidente Alejandro Toledo el Consejo Nacional Anticorrupción, el cual fue desactivado en octubre de 2007, reemplazándolo por la Oficina Nacional Anticorrupción que increíblemente no operó ni 10 meses. Con Decreto Supremo Nº 016-2010-PCM, publicado el 28.ENE.2010 en el Diario Oficial El Peruano, se crea la Comisión de Alto Nivel Anticorrupción, que tiene carácter permanente, adscrito a la PCM, ; --- The present study was aimed to show that in Peru along its republican, has been the presence of corrupt due to lack of legal gaps, institutional, as well as the lack of control in public expenditure management and property of the state, allowing the presence of economic crimes, cultural services in the overlap ordinary shares before and now considered officially typified as corrupt. Currently corruption in Peru, has an impact on the Judiciary, Ministry of the Interior, Congress, municipal governments, the social sectors, the Sector Agriculture and Business; with cases of bureaucratic inefficiency and arbitrary discretionary management resources, abuse of authority procurement processes rigged, concealment, negligence, influence peddling, illicit drugs, tabloids, delivery of mining licenses to disregard the reports of environmental and-social-impact. And finally the questionable presidential administration from 1990-2000 in Peru meant the establishment of a political regime to be chosen soon undermined the rule of law, with the coup of April 5, 1992, resulting the collapse of political parties and a deep socioeconomic crisis, which became corrupt central government level. The transitional government created the National Initiative to Combat Corruption implemented later by former President Toledo National Anticorruption Council, the Council was disbanded in October 2007, replacing the National Anti-Corruption Bureau which incredibly does not operate-or-10-months. By Supreme Decree No. 016-2010-PCM, published in the Official Journal 28.ENE.2010 Gazette, establishing a High Level Corruption Commission, which--is-permanent-attached-to-the-PCM. ; Tesis

El presente estudio tuvo como propósito demostrar que en el Perú, a lo largo de su vida republicana, ha existido la presencia de actos de corrupción debido a la existencia de vacíos legales, institucionales, así como a la ausencia de control en el manejo del gasto público y de los bienes del Estado, que permitieron la presencia de delitos económicos, vicios culturales o en el solapamiento de acciones antes consideradas normales y ahora tipificadas oficialmente como corruptas. Actualmente la corrupción en el Perú, tiene impacto en el Poder Judicial, Ministerio del Interior, el Congreso de la República, los Gobiernos Municipales, los Sectores Sociales, el Sector Agricultura y las Empresas; presentándose casos de ineficiencia burocrática, manejo discrecional y arbitrario de recursos, abuso de autoridad, procesos de adquisiciones y contrataciones amañados, ocultamiento de negligencias, tráfico de influencias, tráfico ilícito de drogas, prensa amarilla, entrega de licencias a las mineras sin respetar los informes de impacto ambiental y social. Y por último el periodo gubernamental de los años del1990 al 2000 que significó para el Perú la instauración de un régimen político que a poco tiempo de ser elegido socavó el Estado de Derecho, con el autogolpe del 5 de abril de 1992, lo que originó el desplome de los partidos políticos y una profunda crisis socioeconómica, que devino en actos de corrupción a nivel del gobierno central. El gobierno transitorio creó la Iniciativa Nacional de Lucha Contra la Corrupción, implementándose posteriormente por el ex presidente Alejandro Toledo el Consejo Nacional Anticorrupción, el cual fue desactivado en octubre de 2007, reemplazándolo por la Oficina Nacional Anticorrupción que increíblemente no operó ni 10 meses. Con Decreto Supremo Nº 016-2010-PCM, publicado el 28.ENE.2010 en el Diario Oficial El Peruano, se crea la Comisión de Alto Nivel Anticorrupción, que tiene carácter permanente, adscrito a la PCM, ; --- The present study was aimed to show that in Peru along its republican, has been the presence of corrupt due to lack of legal gaps, institutional, as well as the lack of control in public expenditure management and property of the state, allowing the presence of economic crimes, cultural services in the overlap ordinary shares before and now considered officially typified as corrupt. Currently corruption in Peru, has an impact on the Judiciary, Ministry of the Interior, Congress, municipal governments, the social sectors, the Sector Agriculture and Business; with cases of bureaucratic inefficiency and arbitrary discretionary management resources, abuse of authority procurement processes rigged, concealment, negligence, influence peddling, illicit drugs, tabloids, delivery of mining licenses to disregard the reports of environmental and-social-impact. And finally the questionable presidential administration from 1990-2000 in Peru meant the establishment of a political regime to be chosen soon undermined the rule of law, with the coup of April 5, 1992, resulting the collapse of political parties and a deep socioeconomic crisis, which became corrupt central government level. The transitional government created the National Initiative to Combat Corruption implemented later by former President Toledo National Anticorruption Council, the Council was disbanded in October 2007, replacing the National Anti-Corruption Bureau which incredibly does not operate-or-10-months. By Supreme Decree No. 016-2010-PCM, published in the Official Journal 28.ENE.2010 Gazette, establishing a High Level Corruption Commission, which--is-permanent-attached-to-the-PCM. ; Tesis

Oxidative stress, a redox imbalance between the endogenous reactive species and antioxidant systems, is common to numerous pathological conditions such as cancer, central nervous system injuries, radiation injury, diabetes etc. Therefore, compounds able to reduce oxidative stress have been actively sought for over 3 decades. Superoxide is the major species involved in oxidative stress either in its own right or through its progeny, such as ONOO⁻, H₂O₂, •OH, CO₃•⁻, and •NO₂. Hence, the very first compounds developed in the late 1970-ies were the superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimics. Thus far the most potent mimics have been the cationic meso Mn(III) N-substituted pyridylporphyrins and N,N'-disubstituted imidazolylporphyrins (MnPs), some of them with k(cat)(O₂·⁻) similar to the k(cat) of SOD enzymes. Most frequently studied are ortho isomers MnTE-2-PyP⁵⁺, MnTnHex-2-PyP⁵⁺, and MnTDE-2-ImP⁵⁺. The ability to disproportionate O₂·⁻ parallels their ability to remove the other major oxidizing species, peroxynitrite, ONOO⁻. The same structural feature that gives rise to the high k(cat)(O₂·⁻) and k(red)(ONOO⁻), allows MnPs to strongly impact the activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factors, HIF-1α, NF-κB, AP-1, and SP-1, and therefore modify the excessive inflammatory and immune responses. Coupling with cellular reductants and other redox-active endogenous proteins seems to be involved in the actions of Mn porphyrins. While hydrophilic analogues, such as MnTE-2-PyP⁵⁺ and MnTDE-2-ImP⁵⁺ are potent in numerous animal models of diseases, the lipophilic analogues, such as MnTnHex-2-PyP⁵⁺, were developed to cross blood brain barrier and target central nervous system and critical cellular compartments, mitochondria. The modification of its structure, aimed to preserve the SOD-like potency and lipophilicity, and diminish the toxicity, has presently been pursued. The pulmonary radioprotection by MnTnHex-2-PyP⁵⁺ was the first efficacy study performed successfully with non-human primates. The Phase I toxicity clinical trials were done on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with N,N'-diethylimidazolium analogue, MnTDE-2-ImP⁵⁺ (AEOL10150). Its aggressive development as a wide spectrum radioprotector by Aeolus Pharmaceuticals has been supported by USA Federal government. The latest generation of compounds, bearing oxygens in pyridyl substituents is presently under aggressive development for cancer and CNS injuries at Duke University and is supported by Duke Translational Research Institute, The Wallace H. Coulter Translational Partners Grant Program, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Metal center of cationic MnPs easily accepts and donates electrons as exemplified in the catalysis of O₂·⁻ dismutation. Thus such compounds may be equally good anti- and pro-oxidants; in either case the beneficial therapeutic effects may be observed. Moreover, while the in vivo effects may appear antioxidative, the mechanism of action of MnPs that produced such effects may be pro-oxidative; the most obvious example being the inhibition of NF-κB. The experimental data therefore teach us that we need to distinguish between the mechanism/s of action/s of MnPs and the effects we observe. A number of factors impact the type of action of MnPs leading to favorable therapeutic effects: levels of reactive species and oxygen, levels of endogenous antioxidants (enzymes and low-molecular compounds), levels of MnPs, their site of accumulation, and the mutual encounters of all of those species. The complexity of in vivo redox systems and the complex redox chemistry of MnPs challenge and motivate us to further our understanding of the physiology of the normal and diseased cell with ultimate goal to successfully treat human diseases.

Анализируется малоизученная в историографии тема участия Н.С. Хрущёва как руководителя партии и правительства в разработке и реализации программ и проектов развития топливно-энергетического комплекса. В центре внимания находятся вопросы взаимосвязи формирования новой энергетической политики в СССР с борьбой Н.С. Хрущёва за политическую власть, его инициативами по реформированию управления экономикой, идеями о достижении коммунистических целей советским обществом. ; The article examines a theme insufficiently explored in the historiography of participation of N.S. Khrushchev as the party and government leader in formulating and implementing development programs and projects of the fuel and energy complex (FEC). The urgency of this perspective of the research is due to the close relationship of the issues of forming a new energy policy in the USSR with Khrushchevs struggle for political power, his initiatives to reform the management of the economy, ideas about achieving the objectives of the communist Soviet society. Documents of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee, memoranda addressed to N.S. Khrushchev, materials reports, transcripts of meetings, memoirs clearly confirm N.S. Khrushchevs self-interest to various fields of development of the FEC. High concentration of efforts on development of oil and gas and electricity were sanctioned by N.S. Khrushchev, who personally supervised the most important strategic programs and projects in the area of FEC. During 1955-1957 issues of fuel and energy sector were woven into N.S. Khrushchevs political struggle for power and economic reforms. The defeat of the anti-Party group became a factor speeding up the process of forming the new energy policy. Management of fuel and energy sector became one of the most complicated questions in the discussion of governance reforms in industry and construction in 1957. N.S. Khrushchev, and members of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee supporting him, for example, A.I. Kirichenko, believed that either there is a need in full decentralization of the management of industry and construction, or in general economic councils should not be created. In general, management reform in the energy sector led to its decentralization. N.S. Khrushchev attached great importance to the development of electric power. Under him a longterm program was created of development of the nuclear industry for 1956-1960. At meetings of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee plans were regularly discussed for building nuclear power plants. N.S. Khrushchev said that modernization of the economy is. electrification of the whole country, i.e. economic development, equipping of our nation with energy resources in order to create conditions where we could produce as much as our society needs. That is what communism is. Progress in technologically advanced sectors of energy oil and gas industry, the construction of nuclear and hydroelectric plants were considered as an achievement and an advantage of socialism. At the XXII Congress of the CPSU, N.S. Khrushchev put forward a comprehensive program of energy sector development. General perspective envisaged the implementation of major projects in the electricity and gas industry. The decision of the XXII Congress of the CPSU fixed new priorities in energy policy brought them under ideological justification in the form of construction material and technical base of communism. Nevertheless, the formation of the new energy policy in the second half of 1950s the first half of 1960s did not eliminate the energy imbalance in the Soviet economy. Tensions in providing the economy with fuel and energy existed throughout the period of N.S. Khrushchevs leadership as a current economic problem of the Soviet government.

Показано становление структур гражданского общества в Томске, одном из крупнейших сибирский центров, на рубеже XIX-ХХ вв., охарактеризованы основные формы и способы проявления гражданских инициатив, выявлены факторы, влияющие на их развитие. ; At the turn of the XX-th century all the spheres of life in Tomsk underwent profound changes, influenced by the capitalist modernization. The institutions of the civil society began to take shape. The citizens social activism was materialized in the activities of public organizations and political parties, in publishing activities, in organizing various campaigns. This article tries to generalize, expand (by means of using new sources) and systematize the information about the origins of the institutions of civil society in Tomsk in the late 19th early 20th centuries, to show the dynamics of their formation and functioning. Greater public activism was connected with the development of education and culture. In the 1880s 1890s the Tomsk clergy set up the affiliations of missionary organizations. The developments of the institutions of civil society in Tomsk, as well as in the whole country, was strongly influenced by the First Russian Revolution. The liberal and revolutionary ideologies became wide-spread. A reflection of the democratization of public life was the creation of the branches of liberal political parties, trade unions, the expansion of the network of non-governmental periodicals. The student organizations were represented by scientific and technical study groups and sport clubs, as well as by a number of organizations uniting people from the same areas/ The organizations of national minorities were tightly controlled by the authorities who thwarted every attempt on their part to exceed the limits of the permitted activities. In the war years the womens movement became more active. The major forms of student associations were still the organizations of descendants from the same areas, with a notable increase in the share of those uniting students from Siberian regions (Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk). The activities of the clergy were also touched by the events. The war brought significant changes in the social life of the city and the public conscience. Growing prices on food, clothes, household goods, as well as their shortage since the autumn of 1915, engendered discontent and animosity. In February 1916 the first sugar riot happened in Tomsk. There were rumours of the approaching famine. In August 1916 cards on sugar were introduced in Tomsk, in January 1917 cards on flour, and later on bread. There was growing public resentment against the authorities. Siberian papers reprinted satirical articles against the tsar and his associates from Moscow and Petrograd papers. By the early 1917 here were clear signs of the revolutionary situation in Tomsk, although the economic crisis in the region was much less salient than in the central part of the country. At the turn of the 20th century the capitalist modernization, accompanied by the changes in the social structures, resulted in the development of the elements of civil society. Since mid-19th century till 1917 at least 235 public and 20 cooperative organizations and the branches of all the big Russian parties functioned in Tomsk with varying degree of activism, 81 periodicals were published. The movements of workers, youth, women, national minorities were gaining strength. 19 conventions and conferences were held in Tomsk, the representatives of the city took part in 11 all-Russian conventions. However, the development of the elements of civil society was hindered by the policies of the tsarist regime. The lack of conditions for the full materialization of civil initiatives paved the way for the setting up of illegal organizations and the reinforcement of anti-government sentiments.

For the past few years, the oil stock decrease encourages the different countries to increase their energy independence. Moreover, reducing the environmental impact of transportation became one of the priorities of our society. In this way, European emissions standards are stricter while several pollutants have been identified to have a negative impact on health and the environment. To answer this double problem, the use of alcohols biofuels in spark-ignition engines is one the promising ways. The European Union have already taken a small step in that direction by allowing a maximum of 10% of ethanol into gasoline. As well as ethanol is already marketed, Biobutanol, a 2nd generation biofuel, appears as a serious candidate with a strong potential for a spark-ignition engines use. The objective of this dissertation is to study the potential of the iso-octane/butanol blends use in spark-ignition engines, in terms of performance and pollutants emissions. Moreover, these results are compared to isooctane/ethanol blends. The heat release in spark-ignition engine is piloted for a part by laminar burning velocity. This characteristic was studied experimentally and numerically for different initial conditions (pressure and equivalence ratio) in a constant volume bomb. Then, the early flame kernel growth was studied in a spark-ignition single cylinder engine equipped with optical accesses. Those results were correlated with the results on the laminar burning velocity. Finally, regulated and non-regulated pollutants emissions and engine performance were investigated in a spark-ignition single cylinder engine. A decrease of most pollutant emissions was observed with both alcohols addition. ; Depuis plusieurs années, la diminution des réserves de pétrole incite les différents pays à accroitre leur indépendance énergétique. De plus, diminuer l'impact environnemental de la voiture est devenu l'une des priorités de notre société. En ce sens, les normes Européennes anti-pollution sont devenues plus strictes, tandis que certains polluants sont pointés du doigt pour avoir un impact néfaste sur la santé et l'environnement. Pour répondre à cette double problématique, l'utilisation de biocarburants de type alcools dans les moteurs à allumage commandé est l'une des voies envisagées. Ce virage a déjà été entrepris à petite échelle par l'Union Européenne qui a tout d'abord autorisé l'ajout de 5%, puis de 10% d'éthanol dans l'essence. En plus de l'éthanol déjà commercialisé, le Biobutanol, biocarburant de seconde génération, apparait comme un candidat à fort potentiel pour une utilisation dans les moteurs à allumage commandé. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'étudier le potentiel de l'utilisation de mélanges isooctane/butanol dans les moteurs à allumage commandé, en termes de performances et d'émissions polluantes. De plus, ces résultats sont comparés à ceux de mélanges isooctane/éthanol. Le dégagement de chaleur dans un moteur à allumage commandé est en partie piloté par la vitesse de combustion laminaire. Cette caractéristique a été étudiée de manière expérimentale et numérique pour différentes conditions initiales (pression et richesse) dans une enceinte à volume constant. Puis, une étude sur les premières étapes de la propagation de la combustion a été réalisée dans un moteur monocylindre à accès optique. Ces résultats en moteur ont été corrélés avec les informations laminaires. Enfin, les émissions de polluants réglementés et non-réglementés, ainsi que les performances ont été étudiées dans un moteur monocylindre à allumage commandé. Une baisse de la plupart de ces émissions a été observée avec l'ajout des deux alcools.

Der internationale Emissionshandel wird prominent als Instrument zur Vermeidung der globalen Treibhausgasemissionen diskutiert. Ziel der in dieser kumulativen Dissertation zusammengefassten Artikel ist ein detaillierteres Verständnis der ökonomischen und politischen Implikationen dieses klimapolitischen Instrumentes. Die Dissertation identifiziert fünf plausible Szenarien für die Weiterentwicklung des internationalen Kohlenstoffmarktes und analysiert diese hinsichtlich ihrer Umwelteffektivität, Kosteneffektivität sowie politischen Machbarkeit. Es zeigt sich, dass die Wahl zwischen top-down und bottom-up Ansätzen einen Zielkonflikt zwischen der Umwelteffektivität einerseits und politischer Machbarkeit andererseits aufwirft. Ein umfassendes globales Handelssystem und der Kyoto-Ansatz können sofort einen Großteil der globalen Emissionen abdecken, wodurch größere Emissionsreduktionen und ein besserer Schutz gegen die regionale Verlagerung von Emissionen möglich sind. Doch während eine hohe Teilnehmerzahl aus Sicht der Umwelteffektivität vorteilhaft ist, erschwert sie die politische Koordination. Probleme entstehen hinsichtlich unvermeidlicher Verteilungskonflikte sowie der Notwendigkeit internationaler Koordination von regulatorischen Details. Hinsichtlich der Kosteneffektivität ist die Option der Verknüpfung regionaler cap-and-trade Systeme der beste Ansatz. Die Analyse der Verknüpfung regionaler cap-and-trade Systeme identifiziert eine Reihe von Vor- und Nachteilen aus der Perspektive regionaler Entscheidungsträger. Potentielle Vorteile sind Effizienzgewinne; die Möglichkeit eines globalen Emissionsreduktionseffektes durch Verlinkung sektoral fragmentierter cap-and-trade Systeme mit asymmetrischen Sektoren in Entwicklungsländern durch den internationalen Güterhandel; erhöhte politische Stabilität durch die Einführung einer zusätzlichen vertikalen Steuerungsebene in der Regulierung heimischer Emissionsquellen; Eliminierung der Befürchtung von Wettbewerbsnachteilen auf Grund asymmetrischer Emissionspreise; und das politische Signal einer multilateralen klimapolitischen Initiative. Mögliche Nachteile sind Wohlfahrtsverluste durch verschlechterte terms-of-trade, sowie die Verstärkung negativer Auswirkungen bereits implementierter suboptimaler Politiken; eine Reihe von möglicherweise nachteiligen Verteilungswirkungen; und die Notwendigkeit der engen Koordination der Systemregulierung und der damit verbundene Verlust an Souveränität. Schließlich wird die Option der Einbeziehung der Straßenverkehrsemissionen in cap-andtrade Systeme untersucht. Eine empirische Analyse der Einbindung des Straßenverkehrs in das EU ETS zeigt, dass diese Option keine Gefahren bezüglich der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit europäischer Industrien auf Grund steigender Zertifikatspreise birgt. Die Einbindung der Straßenverkehrsemissionen sollte upstream erfolgen. ; International emission trading is prominently discussed as a policy instrument for mitigating global greenhouse gas emissions. The articles assembled in this cumulative thesis aim at enhancing the understanding of the economic and political implications of this climate policy approach. Five potential future international carbon market configurations are identified and analyzed with regard to their environmental effectiveness, cost effectiveness, and political feasibility. It turns out that the choice between top-down and bottom-up architectures entails a trade-off between environmental effectiveness on the one hand, and political feasibility on the other. The basic reason is that at least initially a full global trading regime and the Kyoto approach promise to cover a larger fraction of global emissions, thus enabling more significant global emission cuts and providing better protection against carbon leakage. But while a high participation rate is beneficial from the global environmental point of view, it complicates political coordination due to the larger number of political parties, especially regarding the inevitable distributional challenges as well as the need for regulatory coordination. Regarding cost effectiveness, bottom-up linking of regional trading systems is the superior approach. The analysis of linking regional cap-and-trade systems from a policymaker's perspective identifies a number of merits and demerits of this approach. Potential benefits include standard gains from trade; the possibility of 'anti-leakage' from linking a sectorally fragmented cap-and-trade system to asymmetric sectors in developing countries; enhanced policy stability by creating an additional vertical layer in the multi-level governance of domestic emission sources; elimination of competitiveness concerns across linked systems; and the political signal of a multilateral climate policy initiative. Potential disadvantages include welfare losses from deteriorating terms-of-trade and intensification of disbenefits from suboptimal policies; a range of distributional concerns; and the need for close regulatory coordination across linked systems and the related loss of souvereignty due to the inevitable spillovers of regulatory decisions. Finally, this thesis examines the option of including the road transport sector into cap-and-trade systems. An empirical analysis of EU ETS road transport inclusion shows that this option does not raise competitiveness concerns from rising EU allowance prices. The point of regulation should be chosen upstream.

Este trabalho consiste em uma análise da responsabilidade social empresarial (RSE) como um meio de supressão da política e esfera de manifestação do dissenso. A atuação de organizações como o GIFE (Grupo de Institutos Fundações e Empresas) e do Instituto Ethos de Empresas e Responsabilidade Social tem contribuído significativamente para a legitimação das ações de RSE como fontes produtoras de soluções para problemas sociais. Nesse sentido, entendemos que o fundamento ideológico dessa situação encontra-se em um discurso que visa a minimizar o papel do Estado como agente promotor de desenvolvimento social e atribuir aos pobres, como indíviduos, a responsabilidade pela permanência ou não na condição de pobreza. Tais práticas promovem o envolvimento dos beneficiados nas soluções de seus problemas, o que parece ser positivo do ponto de vista da criação de uma esfera de tomada mais democrática de decisões, todavia é preciso ter em mente que os saberes desses beneficiados só são considerados a partir de um esvaziamento do caráter de posturas efetivamente dissenssuais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: responsabilidade social empresarial, ativismo social empresarial, sociedade civil, novo associativismo civil, dissenso. THE "SOCIAL ACTIVISM" OF BUSINESSES AND ITS BIAS ANTIDISSENSION Attila Magno e Silva Barbosa This paper consists of an analysis of the business social responsibility (RSE in Portuguese) as a means of suppression of politics as a sphere of dissent manifestation. The performance of organizations such as Group of Institutes, Foundations and Companies (in Portuguese, GIFE) and of the Instituto Ethos de Empresas e Responsabilidade Social (Ethos Institute of Companies and Social Responsability) has been contributing significantly to the legitimation of RSE actions as sources of solutions for social problems. In this sense, we understand that the ideological foundation of that situation lies in the discourse that seeks to minimize the role of the State as promoting agent of social development and to attribute to the poor, as individuals, the responsibility for their permanence in or out poverty. For no other reason, such practices promote the beneficiaries' involvement in the solutions of their problems, what seems to be positive from the point of view of creation of a sphere of more democratic decision-making. However, it is necessary to have in mind that these beneficiaries' knowledges are only considered if emptied of effectively dissentious postures. KEYWORDS: business social responsibility, business social activism, civilian society, new civilian associativism, dissent. L' "ACTIVISME SOCIAL" DES ENTREPRISES ET SON BIAIS ANTI-DISSENSUEL Attila Magno e Silva Barbosa Ce travail analyse la responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) comme moyen de suppression de la politique en tant que sphère de manifestation du dissensus. Le travail des organisations telle que le GIFE (Groupe d'Instituts, de Fondations et d'Entreprises) et de l'Institut Ethos d'Entreprises et Responsabilité Sociale a beaucoup contribué à la légitimation des actions de la RSE en tant que source productrice de solutions pour les problèmes sociaux. Dans ce sens, il semblerait que le fondement idéologique de cette situation se trouve dans un discours qui vise à diminuer le rôle de l'Etat comme agent promoteur de développement social et d'attribuer aux pauvres, en tant qu'individus, la responsabilité du maintien ou non de leur condition de pauvreté. Pour les mêmes raisons, de telles pratiques permettent l'engagement des bénéficiaires dans la solution de leurs problèmes, ce qui semble être positif du point de vue de la création d'une sphère de prise de décisions plus démocratique. Néanmoins, il ne faut pas oublier que les savoirs de ces bénéficiaires ne sont pris en compte qu'à partir d'une perte de postures effectivement dissensuelles. MOTS-CLÉS: responsabilité sociale d'entreprise, activisme social d'entreprise, société civile, nouvelle associativité civile, dissensus. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

Genetic engineering biologicals (GEBs) show promises in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), their efficacy and tolerability have been studied and indications and contraindications defined. However, the extensive application of GEBs is limited due to their high cost. In Russia, GEB therapy is paid by the government. To plan and optimize expenditures, it is necessary to have standardized indications and to know the number of patients who need biological therapy. Objective: To define a need for GEBs (tumor necrosis factor-ƒ (TNF-ƒ) inhibitors) in patients with RA in real clinical practice in Russia. Subjects and methods. The study comprised 2 stages. At Stage 1, the expert method was used to develop a standardized scale to define indications for GEB therapy in patients with RA (StansRA). Disease activity (DAS 28) and duration, progression rate, and tolerability of earlier used basic anti-inflammatory drugs, including methotrexate (MT) in a dose of ≥15 mg/week were considered. Each index was estimated as scores. According to the total scores (min 0, max 0), the patients were divided into 4 groups: 1) GEBs are absolutely indicated (≥7 scores); 2) more likely indicated (5-6 scores); 3) more unlikely indicated (3-4 scores); 4) absolutely contraindicated (5.1) RA activity (27 and 65%, respectively). 69% took MT (mean dose 12.52.5 mg). Results. 4.4% of the 1810 patients had contraindications for GEB therapy. According to the StansRA, GEB therapy is absolutely contraindicated in 6% of cases and 52.7% had indications for GEB use (absolutely and more likely indicated in 9.5 and 43%, respectively). Of them, only 7 (0.5%) patients collected the maximum (9) scores; 33 (2.2%) patients had 8 scores; 101 (6.8%) had 7 scores. Conclusion. The StansRA developed and tested at the population level aids in reducing subjectivism to use these medicines and in optimizing financial expenses on the treatment of patients with RA in real clinical practice in Russia. ; Генно-инженерные биологические препараты (ГИБП) открыли новые перспективы в лечении ревматоидного артрита (РА), изу- чена их эффективность и переносимость, установлены показания и противопоказания. Однако их широкое использование огра- ничивается высокой стоимостью. В России терапию ГИБП оплачивает государство. Для планирования и оптимизации расходов необходимо иметь стандартизованные показания и знать число больных, которые нуждаются в биологической терапии. Цель. Определить потребность в применении ГИБП (в частности, ингибиторов некроза опухоли ƒ - ФНО ƒ) больным РА в ре- альной клинической практике России. Материал и методы. Исследование включало 2 этапа. На первом экспертным методом была разработана стандартизованная шкала для определения показанности терапии ГИБП у больных РА (СташРА). Учитывались активность (по DAS 28) и дли- тельность заболевания, скорость прогрессирования и переносимость предшествующих базисных противовоспалительных пре- паратов, в том числе метотрексата (МТ) в дозе ≥15 мг/нед. Каждый показатель оценивался в баллах. В зависимости от сум- мы баллов (min 0, max 10) больных разделяли на 4 группы: 1- ГИБП абсолютно показаны (≥7 баллов); 2 - скорее показаны (5-6 баллов); 3 - скорее не показаны (3-4 балла); 4 - абсолютно не показаны (5,1) степенью активности РА (27 и 65% соответственно). МТ принимали 69% (средняя доза 12,52,5 мг). Результаты. Среди 1810 пациентов 4,4% больных имели противопоказания для назначения ГИБП. В соответствии со Сташ- РА, среди больных РА в 6% случаев была абсолютно не показана терапия ГИБП, а у 52,7% имелись показания к назначению ГИБП (абсолютно - 9,5%, скорее показаны - 43%). Из них только 0,5% больных (n=7) набрали максимальное количество бал- лов (9); 2,2% больных (n=33) - 8 баллов; 6,8% (n=101) - 7 баллов. Заключение. Разработанная и апробированная на популяционном уровне стандартизованная шкала для определения потребно- сти в терапии ингибиторами ФНО ƒ больных РА (СташРА) способствует уменьшению субъективизма в назначении этих ле- карственных средств и оптимизации финансовых расходов на лечение больных РА в реальной клинической практике России.