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The League of Women Voters of Texas is a non-partisan organization that works to promote political responsibility through active informed participation of all citizens in their government. In 1919, the Texas Equal Suffrage Association evolved into the Texas League of Women Voters, and today is recognized as the League of Women Voters of Texas. Their hallmark activity is the circulation of Voters' Guides through newspapers prior to elections; locally, regionally, statewide, and nationally. The League's intent is dissemination of information on political candidates, and the objective promotion of "political responsibility through informed and active participation of citizens in government." The organization's efforts, however, are by no means limited to politics, but also address issues on water, health care, hazardous wastes, education, energy, and such international concerns as the United Nations. ; The records of the League of Women Voters of Texas also reflect socio-economic changes in the United States with the active organizational membership drives of the mid to late 1970s in response to American society's evolution into a two income family. Collectively, the materials provide researchers with invaluable insight into politics and political concerns on an international, national, statewide, and local basis. ; The collection consists of materials from national, state, and local files, financial materials, photographs, and publications of the National, Texas, and local leagues, as well as other state leagues. Also included are a study of the national league, scrapbooks, memorabilia, vice-presidential program files, and printed materials. The focus of the collection is on state committees and local units. ; Highlights from the donation include the original 1919 minutes from the Texas Equal Suffrage Association authorizing the organizational conversion to the Texas League of Women Voters, films produced by the group on legislative processes, the 104th Congressional recognition given and signed by Texas Senator ...

The League of Women Voters of Texas is a non-partisan organization that works to promote political responsibility through active informed participation of all citizens in their government. In 1919, the Texas Equal Suffrage Association evolved into the Texas League of Women Voters, and today is recognized as the League of Women Voters of Texas. Their hallmark activity is the circulation of Voters' Guides through newspapers prior to elections; locally, regionally, statewide, and nationally. The League's intent is dissemination of information on political candidates, and the objective promotion of "political responsibility through informed and active participation of citizens in government." The organization's efforts, however, are by no means limited to politics, but also address issues on water, health care, hazardous wastes, education, energy, and such international concerns as the United Nations. ; The records of the League of Women Voters of Texas also reflect socio-economic changes in the United States with the active organizational membership drives of the mid to late 1970s in response to American society's evolution into a two income family. Collectively, the materials provide researchers with invaluable insight into politics and political concerns on an international, national, statewide, and local basis. ; The collection consists of materials from national, state, and local files, financial materials, photographs, and publications of the National, Texas, and local leagues, as well as other state leagues. Also included are a study of the national league, scrapbooks, memorabilia, vice-presidential program files, and printed materials. The focus of the collection is on state committees and local units. ; Highlights from the donation include the original 1919 minutes from the Texas Equal Suffrage Association authorizing the organizational conversion to the Texas League of Women Voters, films produced by the group on legislative processes, the 104th Congressional recognition given and signed by Texas Senator ...

5th International Conference on Smart City Applications, SCA 2020 -- 7 October 2020 through 8 October 2020 -- -- 167323 ; 2-s2.0-85101922819 ; More than half of the total world's population lives in urban areas, and it is expected that 66% of all them will live in urban areas by 2050. The population growth and continuing urbanization in the world cause many social, economic, technical, and organizational problems related to transportation, businesses, communication networks, services, and utilities that can risk the cities' economic and environmental sustainability. Recently, a smart city concept has been developed to provide a solution to improve citizens' quality of life in urban areas with the adoption of smart and digital technologies and infrastructure for energy, water, mobility, buildings, and government. The smart city concept considers "zero vision" that refers to the use of smart city technologies, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and Internet of Things (IoT) tools, to minimize negative impacts (i.e., zero traffic accident, zero CO2 emission, zero waste, zero crime) in the cities. However, the research in this zero-vision approach mainly focused on transportation and energy. Urban forestry and urban vegetated areas in the cities inherently provide benefits such as reducing air pollution, urban heat island effects, and flood risk and increasing the water quality, aesthetic value, and value of the property that improve citizens' quality of life. The smart city concept switched towards to sustainable smart city concept that takes into account the services provided by urban forestry and urban vegetation. In this study, the shifts in the smart city concept towards the sustainable smart city, the role of the urban forestry and urban vegetation in this shift was presented. Also, ICTs and IoT tools specifically designed for monitoring, assessing, and managing urban forestry and urban vegetation was reviewed. © 2020 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. All rights reserved.

This research is a qualitative, exploratory study that aims to understand the cultural identity of the Pakistani young adults in relation to Netflix. With a lack of youth centric local media available for Pakistani young adults, it is common for them to be exposed to adult oriented local and international content, both influencing, along with various political and social factors explored in the literature, the cultural identity that they develop. The sample population for this study consists of 15 Pakistani nationals studying at the Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU) who are undergraduates, users of Netflix, and aged between 18-25 years. I conducted semi-structured interviews and made use of the textual analysis methodology to analyze the information collected. There were three main research questions driving the study: how young Pakistani adults view the culture of Pakistan and subsequently their identity, how they navigate their way around the lack of youth centric content, and whether Netflix aids their identity formation, if at all, in a manner contrary to Pakistan's cultural values. Findings show that the participants view their culture and cultural identity in terms of Islam but want to change the conservative air surrounding it, previously preferred third party websites and now Netflix to consume international content, and feel that Netflix has had no impact on their values, although it somewhat influences them in general. This study contributes to the dearth of literature regarding Pakistani identity and Netflix's relationship with identity and benefits government and media personnel, academicians and students, media scholars, psychologists, sociologists, the Netflix team and more. Keywords: Pakistan, Cultural Identity, Netflix, Westernization ; ÖZ: Bu araştırma, niteliksel ve deneysel yöntemler kullanılarak Pakistan uyruklu genç neslin kültürel kimliklerini Netflix ilişkisi üzerinden araştırmayı hedeflemektedir. Yerel/ulusal medyanın genç odaklı olmaması yüzünden Pakistanlı genç nesillerin kültürel ...

Globalisation of the live pet trade facilitates major pathways for the transport and introduction of invasive alien species across longer distances and at higher frequencies than previously possible. Moreover, the unsustainable trade of species is a major driver for the over-exploitation of wild populations. Australia minimises the biosecurity and conservation risk of the international pet trade by implementing highly stringent regulations on the live import and keeping of alien pets beyond its international CITES obligations. However, the public desire to possess prohibited alien pets has never been quantified and represents a number of species that could be acquired illegally or legally under different future legislative conditions. As such, highly desirable species represent an ongoing conservation threat and biosecurity risk via the pet-release invasion pathway. We aimed to characterise the Australian desire for illegal alien pets and investigate potential sources of external information that can be utilised to predict future desire. Using public live import enquiry records from the Australian Commonwealth Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment as a proxy for alien pet desire, we tested for differences in the proportion of species with threatened listings and records of invasions, after accounting for taxonomy. Additionally, we used a United States of America (U.S.) live imports dataset to infer pet demand in another Western market with less stringent regulations and determined whether species highly desired in Australia had higher U.S. trade demand than would be expected by chance. The Australian public desire for alien pets is heavily and significantly biased towards species threatened with extinction, species popular in the U.S. trade and species with a history of successful invasions. Not only does this indicate the potential impacts of pet desire on invasion risk and the conservation of threatened species, but we also highlight the potential role of the U.S. trade as an effective predictor ...

Other date: 2020. ; Abstract: The international student population in the U.S. is rising annually. Upon graduation, the students make postgraduation residency decisions to remain in the U.S., return to their home countries, or move to a new destination. Research on international students' postgraduation plans points to various factors that influence a stay or go decision. However, research on postgraduation plans has not focused on doctorate recipients from sub-Saharan Africa. Consequently, educational, business, and government leaders lack information about this population that is crucial to address the effects of brain drain. This quantitative study adopted Lee's push-pull theory, which explains the push, pull, intervening, and personal factors that influence migration, to examine the postgraduation residency plans based on sex, age, marital status, dependent status, field of study, and economic classification of country. The responses to the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) were analyzed using Chi-square and logistic regression tests to answer the research questions. The results indicate that, on average, 60% of all sub-Saharan African doctorate recipients plan to reside in the U.S. postgraduation. Furthermore, the variables were statistically significantly associated with postgraduation residency plans. Age, marital status, dependent status, and economic classification of the country of origin were significant predictors of postgraduation residency plans of sub-Saharan African doctorate recipients. Leaders in sub-Saharan Africa and the United States can use the results for student support services and employment-related decisions. Future research should consider employing longitudinal research, mixed methods designs, and include other variables that may provide comprehensive knowledge of the factors that influence postgraduation residency plans. ; by Sandra Ayivor. ; College of Education and Professional Studies; Department of Educational Research and Administration ; Dissertation (Ed.D.) University of West Florida 2020 ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Also available in print.

The main purpose of the article is to analyze the reforming process of the corporate governance of state banks in Ukraine. The research is based on the review of existing theories, statistical data and official documents. The article discloses information on financial results and provides the main activity indicators of state banks of Ukraine. It is considered the main risks of Ukrainian banking system stability, among which are the high level of the state share and the presence of poor-quality assets in the state-owned banks of Ukraine. The features of existing corporate governance of state-owned banks in Ukraine were investigated. The results of comparing the international principles of corporate governance in banks with domestic practice have made it possible to highlight the main issues of Ukrainian state banks. It has been shown that the corporate governance system in Ukrainian state banks did not correspond to the best international practices, owning to the fact that legislation determined the status, powers, composition and work principles of the board of directors locally. The consequences of the low level of corporate governance (insider lending for business of individual politicians and their associated individuals, state-owned enterprises with a low level of creditworthiness) were considered. The new approaches for corporate governance in state-owned banks, which were focus on revision of the principles and mechanism of corporate management of state-owned banks and have to change the business and operating models of state banks in order to achieve the highest efficiency of their activities, were considered. The article shows the positive aspects of reforms, as well as possible risks. The findings are useful for practitioners and researchers to gain knowledge of the implementation of corporate governance reforms in state-owned banks.

MOSAiCH stands for "Measurement and Observation of Social Attitudes in
Switzerland" and is a survey conducted under this name since 2005. It integrates
several international repeated surveys, with Swiss data going back as far as 1987. In
practice, a minimum of 1,200 people answer a 1-hour face-to-face interview, with the
survey being conducted every two years. The data offer valuable information about
attitudes and behaviours of the resident population of Switzerland, with strong
analytical power for sociological research.
The questionnaire is structured in five parts: (1+2) At the heart of MOSAiCH stands the
International Social Survey Programme (ISSP). This longstanding survey includes
today 48 countries all over the world. As the fieldwork of MOSAiCH takes place every
two years, two modules of the ISSP are included in each survey. There are currently 12
different modules, regularly repeated for comparisons over time. (3) The
socio-demographic part is designed to meet the ISSP requirements, and is further
elaborated to improve the analytical power. (4) An additional part of the survey takes
over certain repeated parts of the standard Eurobarometer, adapted to the Swiss
context, especially the attitudes toward political and social institutions and issues
related to the European Union. (5) A last part is open for propositions of Swiss
scholars, which have to be related to the topics of the fielded survey.
For the edition in 2013, the ISSP modules will be on the repeated topics "Family and
changing gender roles (IV)" and "National identity (III)".
The questions for the last part have been determined by a call for proposals. The additional questions in the Face-to-Face questionnaire are related to National identity, gender role and work complexity. The drop-off questionnaire is related to family network.

The League of Women Voters of Texas is a non-partisan organization that works to promote political responsibility through active informed participation of all citizens in their government. In 1919, the Texas Equal Suffrage Association evolved into the Texas League of Women Voters, and today is recognized as the League of Women Voters of Texas. Their hallmark activity is the circulation of Voters' Guides through newspapers prior to elections; locally, regionally, statewide, and nationally. The League's intent is dissemination of information on political candidates, and the objective promotion of "political responsibility through informed and active participation of citizens in government." The organization's efforts, however, are by no means limited to politics, but also address issues on water, health care, hazardous wastes, education, energy, and such international concerns as the United Nations. ; The records of the League of Women Voters of Texas also reflect socio-economic changes in the United States with the active organizational membership drives of the mid to late 1970s in response to American society's evolution into a two income family. Collectively, the materials provide researchers with invaluable insight into politics and political concerns on an international, national, statewide, and local basis. ; The collection consists of materials from national, state, and local files, financial materials, photographs, and publications of the National, Texas, and local leagues, as well as other state leagues. Also included are a study of the national league, scrapbooks, memorabilia, vice-presidential program files, and printed materials. The focus of the collection is on state committees and local units. ; Highlights from the donation include the original 1919 minutes from the Texas Equal Suffrage Association authorizing the organizational conversion to the Texas League of Women Voters, films produced by the group on legislative processes, the 104th Congressional recognition given and signed by Texas Senator ...

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Luis, B., Llopis-Lorente, A., Rincón, P., Gadea, J., Sancenón, F., Aznar, E., Villalonga, R., Murguía, J. R., & Martínez-Máñez, R. (2019). An Interactive Model of Communication between Abiotic Nanodevices and Microorganisms. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 58(42), 14986 14990. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201908867, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201908867. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving." ; [EN] The construction of communication models at the micro¿/nanoscale involving abiotic nanodevices and living organisms has the potential to open a wide range of applications in biomedical and communication technologies. However, this area remains almost unexplored. Herein, we report, as a proof of concept, a stimuli¿responsive interactive paradigm of communication between yeasts (as a model microorganism) and enzyme¿controlled Janus Au¿mesoporous silica nanoparticles. In the presence of the stimulus, the information flows from the microorganism to the nanodevice, and then returns from the nanodevice to the microorganism as a feedback. ; B.dL. is grateful to the Spanish Government for her FPU PhD fellowship. The authors wish to thank the Spanish Government (projects RTI2018-100910-B-C41 (MCUI/AEI/FEDER, UE) and CTQ2017-87954-P), the Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEO2018/024), the Comunidad de Madrid (Project IND2017/BMD-7642) and CIBER-BBN (NANOCOM project) for support. ; De Luis-Fernández, B.; Llopis-Lorente, A.; Rincón, P.; Gadea Vacas, J.; Sancenón Galarza, F.; Aznar, E.; Villalonga, R. (2019). An Interactive Model of Communication between Abiotic Nanodevices and Microorganisms. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 58(42):14986-14990. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201908867 ; S ; 14986 ; 14990 ; 58 ; 42 ; Waters, C. M., & Bassler, B. L. (2005). QUORUM SENSING: Cell-to-Cell Communication in Bacteria. Annual ...

International audience ; This paper considers the city as a set of materials implemented as a result of choices made by public and private contractors. These largelyunconscious choices can have lethal consequences on workers f ar from the building sites themselves, particularly in the mining sector. This research aims to expand the choice of options available to contractors in the construction sector by proposing an ethical criterion based on fatal injuries at work. Two kinds of information were gathered: geographical data on the location of the main extraction sites for the minerals studied; and international legislation on the existing figures and ratified conventions allowing assessment of the risk of fatal injuries by sector of activity and country. The results paint an optimistic picture for the future of such work. On the one hand, several countries can supply and process minerals under excellent conditions of health and safety for workers. On the other hand, the stakeholders interviewed seem open to further commitments in the process towards an ecologically and ethically sustainable city that respects everyone's rights. ; Este artículo considera a la ciudad como un conjunto de materiales dispuestos en función de la elección de contratistas públicos y privados. Estas elecciones, en gran parte inconscientes, pueden tener consecuencias letales en las poblaciones de trabajadores alejados de los solares en construcción, especialmente en el sector de la extracción de las materias primas. Este trabajo busca enriquecer las opciones de los contratistas en el sector de la construcción con la propuesta de un criterio ético basado en el riesgo de accidentes laborales mortales en esta industria. La información recopilada se orienta en dos sentidos. En geografía: ¿Dónde se sitúan los principales lugares de extracción de los minerales estudiados? En derecho internacional: ¿Cuáles son las cifras existentes y los convenios ratificados para evaluar el riesgo de accidente mortal por sector de actividad y por país? Los ...

International audience ; Assyriology covers disciplines that concern the study of the ancient Near East, and more specifically the period and the geographic area defined by the use of cuneiform writing. Archaeologists, historians and art historians who conduct research in this field work in countries at war or in countries that do not respect the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They are confronted with situations that affect their daily work. To better understand these situations, it is essential to understand the recent history of these countries, the role played by Western researchers in the rediscovery of antiquity, and the relationship of local politicians and populations to their past. In 2003, Assyriologists created the International Association for Assyriology to better address the situation in the Near East, and since 2014, they have reacted through official statements, before reflecting on the ethical behaviour of researchers. This concerns respect for the laws of the countries under study, cooperation with local scientists, the training of future generations and the well-being of the workforce employed on archaeological excavation sites. It concerns the means to be implemented for the safeguarding and restoration of cultural heritage, without cooperating with dictatorial regimes. Finally, the ethical behaviour of the researcher depends on the transmission of knowledge to the public, and in particular information to potential buyers about the danger of contributing to the trafficking of antiquities. ; Proche-Orient antique, et plus spécifiquement sur la période et la zone géographique définies par l'usage de l'écriture cunéiforme. Les archéologues, historiens et historiens de l'art qui mènent des recherches dans ce domaine, travaillent dans des pays en guerre ou des pays qui ne respectent pas la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme. Ils sont confrontés à des situations qui affectent leur travail au quotidien. Pour mieux appréhender les situations, il est indispensable de maîtriser ...

International audience ; Assyriology covers disciplines that concern the study of the ancient Near East, and more specifically the period and the geographic area defined by the use of cuneiform writing. Archaeologists, historians and art historians who conduct research in this field work in countries at war or in countries that do not respect the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They are confronted with situations that affect their daily work. To better understand these situations, it is essential to understand the recent history of these countries, the role played by Western researchers in the rediscovery of antiquity, and the relationship of local politicians and populations to their past. In 2003, Assyriologists created the International Association for Assyriology to better address the situation in the Near East, and since 2014, they have reacted through official statements, before reflecting on the ethical behaviour of researchers. This concerns respect for the laws of the countries under study, cooperation with local scientists, the training of future generations and the well-being of the workforce employed on archaeological excavation sites. It concerns the means to be implemented for the safeguarding and restoration of cultural heritage, without cooperating with dictatorial regimes. Finally, the ethical behaviour of the researcher depends on the transmission of knowledge to the public, and in particular information to potential buyers about the danger of contributing to the trafficking of antiquities. ; Proche-Orient antique, et plus spécifiquement sur la période et la zone géographique définies par l'usage de l'écriture cunéiforme. Les archéologues, historiens et historiens de l'art qui mènent des recherches dans ce domaine, travaillent dans des pays en guerre ou des pays qui ne respectent pas la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme. Ils sont confrontés à des situations qui affectent leur travail au quotidien. Pour mieux appréhender les situations, il est indispensable de maîtriser ...

1. Phraseologie im Amtsblatt der Europäischen Gemeinschaft/Union (L) www.europa.eu.int 1.1 Benennungen als kognitive Szene 1.2 Vertextung: von Rechtsakt bis Meinungsbildung 2. Phraseologie und Europäischer Konvent (CONV) 2.1 Das zukünftige Europa als sprachliches Aufbauwerk 2.2 Phraseologische Verfahren der Konsens- und Kompromissfindung Aus der Vielzahl von Perspektiven, aus denen das Phänomen Sprache betrachtet werden kann – Humboldt bedient sich dafür der Metapher des Prismas – wählen wir Europa, u. zw. das institutionelle, so wie es den Alltag der Gegenwart mit Blick auf die Zukunft bestimmt. In ihrer rechtlichen und verwaltenden Funktion bedienen sich die demokratisch legitimierten Entscheidungsträger des Mediums der Sprache, um die Europaidee wahrnehmbar zu machen und ihr Wirklichkeit zu verleihen. Eine einschlägige Thematik stand auf den Jahrestagungen der letzten zehn Jahre mindestens zweimal zur Diskussion: 1992 ganz explizit: Sprache und Europa (Born/Stickel 1993), 2001 implizit unter Sprache und Recht (Stickel 1992). Weitere wichtige Informationen kommen von den Jahrestagungen 1989 und 1990 (Stickel 1990, Wimmer 1991 ) und jede Begegnung mit (Fach)Textologie und (Fach)Translatologie (Leipzig und Saarbrücken) ist eine Herausforderung und bringt einschlägige Erkenntnis. "Europäische Perspektive" bedeutet hier, dass Sprachphänomene nach dem Sprachgebrauch bzw. Sprecherverhalten in den Institutionen untersucht und gedeutet werden, konkret anhand der Publikationen der EU-Organe, den Europatexten, wobei die Textsorten im großen Ganzen, trotz ihrer Vielzahl immer mehr der Arbeits- /Rollenteilung innerhalb der Institutionen entsprechen: Beschlüsse, Richtlinien, Urteile der Verantwortung vorwiegend des (Minister)Rats und der Gerichtshöfe; Verordnungen, Empfehlungen den Initiativen und Kontrollen der Kommission; Debatten und Berichte den Stellungnahmen des Parlaments; Abkommen, Übereinkommen, Verträge und Empfehlungen sind die offizielle Ausdrucksform des Europarats. Der institutionelle Rahmen, die Amtlichkeit der Rede und Publikation, sowie der sachliche Inhalt erklären die Fachtextzuordnung dieses Korpusmaterials, immer in den Verwaltungs- und Rechtsbereich, zusätzlich aber auch in die Domänen der jeweiligen Themen. Der EU-Aktionsplan für die nächste Zukunft betrifft ganz entschieden Gesetzes- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit über ein Netz interner und externer Kommunikation zur Gründung einer internationalen Informationsgesellschaft und zur Verbesserung der internationalen Zusammenarbeit. Die Thesen der graduierten Fachlichkeit (Hahn 1980), die Begründung des hohen Stellenwerts der institutionellen Kommunikation (Ehlich/Rehbein 1980), der Integration von Alltags- und Expertensprache (Kalverkämper 1990) treffen besonders gut zu auf den Europadiskurs. Meine linguistische Auseinandersetzung der letzten Jahre mit dem EU-Material (Greciano 1995-2003) hat das auf dieser Tagung thematisierte und glücklich formulierte Sprachphänomen intra- und interlingual so überzeugend als Charakteristikum dieses Sprach- und Textmaterials ausgewiesen, dass phraseologisches Hintergrundwissen Leistungen des Europadiskurses verstehen macht. Die Phraseologieforschung der letzten zwanzig Jahre hat die Terminologie definiert und harmonisiert und die internen Berührungsängste überwunden: Mel'cuk (1995) bestätigt "Phrasem" als Oberbegriff mit schwacher Intension und weiter Extension, der die Termini "Phraseologismus vs Phraseolexem" wegen ihrer reziproken Abgrenzungsschwierigkeiten umgeht. "Wortverbindungen mehr oder weniger fest" stellt schließlich eine konziliante Reformulierung dar, auch weil sie die sterilen und frustrierenden Klassifizierungsfragen erspart. Anhand von Vorkommensanalysen und -erklärungen darf ein Rückblick auf Forschungsergebnisse zur Leistung von Phraseologie im Amtsblatt der EG (1.) zum Ausblick auf ein noch unbearbeitetes Feld, die Texte des Europäischen Konvents anregen (2.).

Since the terrorist attack on 9/11 in the United States, the world sees a superfluity of contributions to the academic debate on the shifting character of terrorism. Huntington argued the new actors in international conflicts are no longer nation-states but civilization. He defines this concept as the highest cultural grouping of people (…) defined both by common objective elements (language, history, religion, customs, institutions) and by the subjective self-identification of people. ISIS is the latest version of terrorism has all of the characteristics of a state without international recognition and legitimacy. From 15 May 2010 to October 26, 2019, ISIS had been led by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, who spent five years in American captivity in the Bucca prison in Iraq. On 5 July 2014, he declared himself as the first caliph of a newly created Islamic Caliphate, known as the Islamic State. Within a short period, ISIS captured a large part of Iraq and Syria and then Baghdadi proclaimed himself with the acronym "Caliph Ibrahim." Current research intends to evaluate the ideology of ISIS and tries to find out the factors that influenced Muslim youths around the world to join the group. The study has applied a qualitative research methodology by collecting data from content review; this includes books, scholarly articles, newspapers, and periodicals. For the reason that statistics would probably not be the answer to understanding beliefs and ideologies, qualitative data would better serve the purpose of this paper. The information will be largely dependent on an examination of scholarly sources that have provided analysis on jihadism in Islam as well as the political situation in Iraq and Syria that had led to the rapid rise of ISIS. The paper concludes by arguing that the extremist ideology of ISIS is a synthesis of counter-terror policy implications and the group's ideology was rejected by Muslim scholars around the world. Article visualizations: