Suchergebnisse

Major objectives of the press briefing are: To release WEF's Global Competitiveness Report 2017-2018 in Bangladesh. The report is being globally launched September 2017; To report the state of competitiveness of Bangladesh in 2016 and To give voice to concerns as regards business environment in Bangladesh.

This study attempts to provide a broad understanding of the emerging SE sector in Pakistan, alongside the policy and regulatory environment. It has been informed by interviews, focus group discussions and an extensive literature review of international and national research studies. It reviews the context in which SEs have evolved in Pakistan, their ways of addressing different economic, social and environmental needs, the key barriers and enablers to SE development, and explores opportunities on how various stakeholders might effectively engage and develop the regulatory and policy framework for SEs in Pakistan.

A power point presentation of CPD analyses as regards FY17 budget. Five criteria for assessing the FY17 budget has been deployed to assess the efficacy of the recent budget experiences: 1.Clarity and credibility-Was the budget designed within clear and credible limits of fiscal policy? 2.Alignment with medium-term priorities-Was the budget closely aligned with the medium-term strategic priorities of government? 3.Effectiveness of development budget framework-Does the development budget framework meet the national development needs in a cost-effective and coherent manner? 4.Justifying the allocations-Did the budget present a comprehensive, accurate and reliable account of public finances? 5.Quality of prospective management and monitoring plan-Is there a concrete plan to manage and monitor commitments made in the budget?

The Country Opinion Survey in Vietnam assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Vietnam perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Vietnam on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Vietnam; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Vietnam; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Vietnam; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Vietnam.

1. Established in 2007, the Clean Energy Financing Partnership Facility (CEFPF) helps developing member countries (DMCs) improve their energy security and transition to low-carbon use through cost-effective investments, particularly in technologies that result in greenhouse gas mitigation. The CEFPF is composed of the Clean Energy Fund (CEF), the Asian Clean Energy Fund (ACEF), the Carbon Capture and Storage Fund (CCSF) and the Canadian Climate Fund for the Private Sector in Asia (CFPS). The CEFPF's overview and governance structure are provided in Appendix 1. 2. The CEFPF contributes to achieving the scaled up ADB target set in September 2015 of $6 billion annual climate financing by 2020, which consists of $4 billion for climate mitigation and $2 billion for climate adaptation. The energy sector aims to contribute about $3 billion as part of climate mitigation. In addition, the new ADB Strategy 2030 sets the course for ADB's efforts in responding effectively to the region's changing needs including scaling up support for addressing climate change. In line with the new strategy, the CEFPF will support the energy sector in achieving its climate financing target, provide financing and technical support to DMCs to implement their Nationally Determined Contributions, and reduce GHG emissions through clean energy projects and programs. 3. In 2019, the CEFPF provided $5.7 million to 11 projects composed of nine technical assistance and two direct charges. To date, the CEFPF has allocated $264.0 million to 198 projects which contribute to the development and deployment of clean energy in the DMCs. A number of supported projects are highlighted in Appendix 2. 4. This report covers the period 1 January to 31 December 2019 and presents the overall implementation progress and operational results of CEFPF to date measured against the design and monitoring framework (DMF) provided in Appendix 3.

Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (World Health Organization-WHO) di dalam laporannya di tahun 2014 mencatat bahwa di tahun 2012 penyakit kanker telah menjadi penyebab kematian dari 8.2 juta orang. Angka ini kemungkinan jauh lebih rendah dari kenyataannya, mengingat pelayanan medis belum menjangkau sebagian besar penduduk dunia. Berjuta-juta kasus kemungkinan juga tidak terdata keberadaannya. WHO juga merekam adanya 14 juta penderita kanker di tahun yang sama. Jumlah ini diprediksi akan meningkat 70 persen dalam kurun waktu dua puluh tahun ke depan. Organisasi ini tidak bisa menggambarkan bagaimana berbahayanya penyakit ini. Kanker adalah salah satu penyakit yang kompleks yang diinisiasi oleh terjadinya kontak antara tubuh manusia dengan beragam wujud karsinogen (racun), yang mungkin saja terjadi secara alamiah, melalui makanan, atau karena kebiasaan yang menjadi pilihan seseorang secara pribadi, seperti misalnya merokok. Menurut WHO, kontak manusia dengan karsinogen bisa terjadi secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, dalam wujud interaksi fisik (sinar ultraviolet), kimia (zat kimia dalam asap rokok), dan biologis (virus). Walau kita tidak bisa menunjukan penyebab tunggal terjadinya kanker, kontak seseorang dengan bahan atau zat beracun berkaitan erat dengan kualitas lingkungan dimana yang bersangkutan tinggal. Ini menyiratkan bahwa lingkungan harus direncanakan serta dibangun berdasarkan strategi yang berorientasikan pada ide ''anti-kanker.' Sikap ini wajib diambil sebagai bagian penting dari keseluruhan perubahan yang seyogyanya dilaksanakan terhadap lingkungan binaan. Kebijakan dan parktek yang bernafaskan konsepsi ini harus dilaksanakan secara simultan dalam setiap kesempatan dan pada setiap elemen kota. Komponen spasial yang paling penting diperhatikan pada konteks ini termasuk lingkungan perumahan; ruang-ruang kecil dimana kita memarkir kendaraan; taman-taman kota dimana kita memanfaatkan waktu bersama keluarga di akhir pekan; jalan yang kita lewati dalam keseharian; infrastruktur sosial dimana kita berada untuk berbagai kepentingan; ruang publik dimana penduduk kota berinteraksi sebagai sebuah kesatuan komunitas.Bebargai bahaya akan muncul ketika pemanfaatan lingkungan binaan (baik yg ditata maupun tidak), bersama dengan pola tingkah laku warga masyarakat perkotaan, telah memaksa kita menghirup udara yang terpolusi; meminum air yang terkontaminasi; menderita karena taman-taman kota telah disusupi kendaraan bermotor yang menyebabkan terbuangnya gas finil hidrocarbon ke dalam taman. Ruang terbuka ini seharusnya terbebas dari segala wujud gas beracun; meminum air tanah yang dikontaminasi oleh polutan yang dibuang secara sembarangan oleh beragam industri. Kontaminasi ini juga telah merambah ke air yang dimanfaatkan untuk produksi bahan pangan yang kita konsumsi dalam keseharian.Namun, tidak bisa dipungkiri jika keberadaan penyakit kanker pada tubuh seseorang juga tergantung dari gaya hidup yang dijalaninya. Ini berkaitan dengan bagaimana dan kapan kita makan; bagaimana pola istirahat (tidur) yang dimiliki; bagaimana seseorang mengontrol kondisi kesehatan psikologisnya; bagaimana kita bergerak dari satu tempat ke tempat satunya, dan lain-lain. Tetapi ketika kita berkeinginan untuk menangani permasalahan ini secara benar dari kaca mata pengaturan lingkungan binaan, kita harus mempertanyakan "Bisakah perencanaan berkontribusi dalam menciptakan lingkungan yang sehat?" Jika jawabannya adalah "ya," maka metode analisis, kebijakan, cara implementasi dan pengendaliannya, juga harus ditetapkan, jika memang belum ada. Dalam teorinya perencanaan didedikasikan untuk kebaikan masyarakat yang diaturnya, termasuk status kesehatan mereka. Namun di dalam prakteknya, kita harus awas, karena perencanaan merupakan sebuah mekanisme kenegaraan yang kemunculannya seringkali merupakan hasil koalisi dengan para pemilik modal. Seperti diketahui bersama, bisnis (kepentingan ekonomi) lebih sering keluar sebagai pemenang dibanding kebutuhan orang banyak. Namun ketika lingkungan tercemari, bisa dipastikan jika perencanaan memiliki peran serta tanggung jawab yang mutlak. Atau secara gamblang bisa dinyatakan perencanaan tidak melakukan tugas yang seharusnya diembannya. Situasi ini bisa disebabkan oleh beragam alasan, misalnya kurangnya sumber daya finansial; praktek-praktek korupsi dalam proses pengeluaran ijin membangun ataupun ijin operasional lainnya; minimnya pengaturan serta pengendalian; absennya pengaturan densitas (kepadatan) di daerah; tata aturan zonasi yang selalu memberi peluang untuk negosiasi dan tawar-menawar; tidak tepatnya kebijakan yang diberlakukan; tidak adanya perhatian terhadap praktek-praktek perencanaan yang sudah dibuktikan keberhasilannya dan sudah diterapkan di level gobal. Perlu juga dipahami disini jika masyarakat bukan selalu objek pasif. Mereka memiliki pilihan dan bisa memilih. Apakah mereka memilih untuk mengekspose dirinya terhadap beragam polutan? Atau kemungkinan sebagian dari mereka memang tidak memiliki pilihan, selain menerima polusi lingkungan sebagai bagian dari kehidupan kesehariannya. Atau kelompok yang lain lagi memutuskan untuk membuat pilihan, bagaimana berhadapan dengan polutan serta menghindari interaksi dengan cara apapun. Berbagai kota di dunia telah memberi perhatian besar terhadap pembangunan lingkungan yang sehat. Sikap ini secara mendasar merupakan langkah yang tepat, termasuk juga jika dikaji dari perspektif bisnis (ekonomi). Transportasi yang bersih dan efisien serta perencanaan yang sudah mapan, selain berdampak positif terhadap elemen-elemen kota juga akan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi. Oleh karenanya, di negara-negara maju, pola pendekatan semacam ini telah diakomodasi sebagai elemen esensial dan diterima sebagai bagian dari kebijakan perencanaan, serta diprioritaskan sebelum pertimbangan-pertimbangan lainnya. Proses globalisasi yang telah menjadi motor kemunculan dari 'informational class of labour' (Castells) atau yang disebut sebagai the 'creative class' oleh Richard Florida, telah secara jelas mengindikasikan ke kita bahwa kota-kota yang memberi perhatian terhadap lingkungan dan pelestarian kebudayaan menunjukan kesusksesan dalam pembangunannya, sedangkan yang tidak melakukannya berada pada posisi yang sebaliknya. Tidak ada satupun orang di muka bumi ini yang berkeinginan bekerja di lingkungan yang kotor dan terpolusi. Jika sebuah satuan kedaerahan mencanangkan untuk mengundang para pekerja yang berkulitas, rencana ini akan sangat tergantung dari tersedianya lingkungan yang berkualitas, selain adanya proses branding yang menjadi bagian penting dalam berkompetisi di dunia global. Dalam hal ini, beragam pertimbangan penting yang akan berpengaruh, seperti misalnya: dimanakah funsi-fungsi industri akan ditempatkan sehingga karsinogen yang diproduksi akan diserap secara internal dan tidak dibuang ke tanah, udara, dan air yang menjadi sumber kehidupan bagi kita semua?; dimanakah rumah masa dpean akan dilokasikan?; dimana infrastruktur sosial: rumah sakit, sekolah, kantor-kantor publik, dan lain-lain akan direncanakan?; Kapankah pengaturan dan pengendalian kendaraan bermotor akan diimplementasikan, seperti halnya yang sudah diterapkan di berbagai kota di dunia?; Kapankah tata aturan di jalan raya, pemanfaatan jalan raya oleh para pengendara dengan cara yang seolah-olah tidak ada aturan, parkir yang tidak terkontrol, serta pelanggaran-pelanggaran lainnya akan dikendalikan seperti halnya proses pengecekan surat ijin mengemudi? Jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan di atas tidak hanya berkenaan dengan pembangunan serta penataan keruangan fisik semata, tetapi membutuhkan perencanaan yang inklusif yang juga secara bersamaan merangkul pendekatan tingkah laku. Konsepsi terakhir ini sangatlah penting karena kualitas sebuah tempat tidak bisa dipisahkan, baik dari gaya hidup masyarakat lokal yang diakmodasinya maupun komunitas internasional yang menjadi salah satu faktor penentu, khususnya dalam peran mereka sebagai penyedia sumber daya finansial dan investasi. Selain itu, perencanaan semacam ini tidak bisa jika hanya difokuskan pada usaha pengimplementasian pemerintahan kota yang ketat, tetapi juga perlu diatur secara hukum. Dengan kata lain, mekanismenya harus dilengkapi dengan sanksi-sanksi yang jelas, bagaiman pelanggaran yang kemungkinan terjadi akan ditindak. Semua proposisi yang diajukan disini bersifat nyata dan sangat memungkinkan untuk dilaksanakan, dan bukan sesuatu yang hanya bisa digambarkan sebagai angan-angan semata. Dalam edisi Jurnal Ruang-Space ini, dipublikasi 7 artikel. Artikel pertama oleh Wahyudi Arimbawa, yang membicarakan tentang peranan yang berpotensi untuk diampu oleh desa adat dalam mengendalikan pemanfaatan lahan di Desa Jatiluwih. Tujuan akhir studi adalah membangun sistem pengelolaan tataguna lahan untuk desa ini. Artikel kedua ditulis oleh Anak Agung Gde Sutrisna, yang mengevaluasi bagaimana bhisama kesucian pura - kebijakan lokal yang mengatur pembangunan di zona lindung di sekitar pura - telah dilanggar, khususnya dalam kasus Pura Dang Kahyangan di area pariwisata Kuta Selatan, Kabupaten Badung-Bali. Artikel ini juga menginvestigasi dampak positif dan negatif dari beragam pelanggaran yang terjadi. Artikel ketiga disusun oleh Anak Agung Aritama, yang mendiskusikan keberadaan media penanda yang tidak terkendalikan dan telah merusak image kota, seperti yang terjadi di sepanjang Koridor Jalan Hayam Wuruk, Kota Denpasar. Artikel ini fokus pada pemahaman faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi dalam pemunculan permasalahan ini.Artikel keempat disusun oleh Agus Dharmaputra, yang berjalan beriringan dengan ide pengaturan pembangunan fungsi komersial di kota. Sebagai langkah awal, artikel ini menstudi beragam pertimbangan yang diterapkan sebelum lokasi sebuah minimarket (studi kasus yang diambil)- bisa difinalisasi oleh pelaku bisnis, dan juga sebelum berkas ijin mendirikan bangunan diajukan ke pemerintah. Artikel kelima ditulis oleh Doddy Kastamayasa, sebuah studi tentang layout keruangan Banjar Ujung, sebuah kampung nelayan yang terletak di Kabupaten Karangasem, bagian timur Bali, pasca diterpanya komunitas ini oleh beragam bencana alam. Permukiman ini telah mengalami kerusakan, dampak dari meletusnya Gunung Agung di tahun 1963, dan bencana erosi serta abrasi dalam kurun waktu tiga tahun, dari tahun 1997 sampai dengan 1999. Artikel keenam ditulis oleh Anak Agung Mahendra berkenaan dengan konservasi ruang publik, salah satu potensi pengembangan industri kepariwisataan di Desa Kendran, Kabupaten Gianyar. Desa ini ditunjuk sebagai salah satu destinasi wisata desa, proposisi yang disambut dengan antusiasme tinggi oleh Kabupaten Gianyar. Artikel terakhir disusun oleh Ngakan Juliastika, yang mendiskusikan tentang permasalahan terkait pembangunan perumahan oleh para pengembang, dengan memprioritaskan keuntungan ekonomi di atas konformansi terhadap tata aturan yang ada. Beranjak dari situasi ini, penulis merangkum tujuh set strategi penting yang telah diterapkan oleh para pengembang, dan diimplementasikan dalam tujuh kasus pembangunan perumahan yang berbeda. In its 2014 report, the World Health Organisation (WHO) stated that cancers had been responsible for the death of 8.2 million people in 2012. This is probably a massive underestimation, since poverty and medical services are not available to a multitude of people. Millions of cases therefore are likely to go unrecorded. There were 14 million new cases encountered in the same year. This United Nations Agency cannot see this figure reducing any time soon. The number is instead forecast to climb by 70% in twenty years time. While this agency cannot sufficiently stress how life threathening cancer is, nonetheless it is a complex medical condition whose origin can be traced to human exposure to carcinogens, some environmental, some dietary, and some self inflicted such as smoking. In its report, the WHO states that cancer is a result of an excessive exposure to three forms of poisons, both directly and indirectly, including physical, chemical and biological carcinogens. While one cannot determine a singular cause, human contact with those carcinogens is undoubtedly associated with the quality of the environment people inhabit. This implies at least in part, that any environmentally generated cancers must be addressed and overcome by incorporating anti-cancer strategies. These represent essential practice as part of the totality of existing and planned changes to the built environment. Both policies and practices should be rigorously implemented at all scales and urban forms. This of course includes most importantly the immediate environment of housing –the ancillary spaces where we park our cars; spend our family time over the weekend; the roads we commute on daily, the social infrastructures we inhabit for various reasons, and the public spaces where we interact with other members of the community. The danger begins when the organisation of this living environment, together with the patterns of individual behaviour associated with it, forces us to breath polluted air; to drink contaminated water; to suffer the encroachment into public parks by vehicles contributing cancerous phenyl-hydrocarbons into the very spaces people go to avoid them; having to drink groundwater contaminated by the pollution of the earth by industry, and hence the very water deployed in the processes of food production. There is no doubt that cancer is to a large extent dependent upon the life style we choose. How and when we eat, how we sleep, how we manage our psychological state, how we move around etc. But in order to address the problem correctly from an environmental standpoint, we must consider the question "can planning contribute to the creation of a healthy living environment?'' If so, what methods of analysis, policy, implementation, and policing should be set in place, if these are not in place already? In theory, planning works for the good of the people, including preserving their health. In practice we must retain a healthy dose of suspicion, since planning is a servo mechanism of the state, and in most instances the state works for private capital. So business usually triumphs in the face of the popular demands of the people. But when the environment becomes polluted it is unquestionable that planning plays a significant role by default. Bluntly stated it is not doing what it is supposed to do. This situation has many causes – lack of funding, corrupt practices that are always associated with development permissions, inadequate legislation, the absence of appropriate density controls, negotiable zoning regulation, improper policing, or simply ignorance of contemporary planning practices and global best practice. Nevertheless, people are not always passive victims. They also make choices as to whether or not they expose themselves to pollutants. Some may have no other option but to accept environmental pollution as part of their daily life. Others however may make choices as to how to deal with it, and avoid exposure at all cost. Many cities have placed a great stress on the creation of a healthy living environment. Paradoxically, this is also good for business since clean and efficient transport and a highly regulated planning system are good for everyone. The idea is now adopted as an essential and accepted part of planning policies and given priority over many other considerations in the developed world. The processes of globalisation and the rise of an 'informational class of labour' (Castells) or what Richard Florida calls 'the Ceative Class' has demonstrated without a doubt that those cities that stress environment and cultural services succeed where others fail. Nobody wants to work in a polluted and filthy environment. So attracting high quality workers is highly dependent on the production of a high quality environment and the branding process now essential to urban competition. In this context many concerns come to the force, such as: where are all types of industry to be located in order to guarantee that the carcinogens they produce will be internally absorbed and not dumped into the land, air or water that nourish us? Where are future homes to be located ? Where should the social infrastructure: schools, hospitals, public offices, etc be planned? How should existing planning standards be upgraded to accommodate new open spaces and to compenstate for the incredible current lack of provision for the populace? When will the proper policing and management of motor vehicles be implemented as it is in countless other cities? When will the implementation of road rules, reckless driving, uncontrolled parking and other offences be given equal status to checking driving licenses? The answer however is not merely a matter of establishing a sound physical and spatial plan, but rather an inclusive one embracing human behavioural approaches all together. The latter is of paramount importance as the quality of a place cannot be disconnected either from the lifestyles of the community it accommodates or the international community it depends on for finance and investment. How such necessary planning should be imposed not only implies more rigorous urban governance, but the proper and extensive application of the laws that exist today. None of the above is imaginary. In this issue of Ruang-Space Journal 7 articles are published. The first one is by Wahyudi Arimbawa. It talks about the potential roled played by the desa adat institution in controlling land utilization in Jatiluwih Village. The final objective of this study is to develop a system of land use management for this village. The second article is written by Anak Agung Gde Sutrisna. This research evaluates how the bhisama kesucian pura - local guidelines for development within the protective zone surrounding a temple - has been violated, especially in the case of Dang Kahyangan temples located in a touristy area of South Kuta District, Badung Regency-Bali. This article also investigates the impacts such violations have, both negatively and positively. The third article is authored by Anak Agung Aritama. It discusses the uncontrolled presence of urban signage to a level that ruins the image of a town, as is observed when one walks along the Hayam Wuruk Corridor of Denpasar Kota. The article focuses on the comprehension of factors leading to the overall lack of control that generates such chaotic effects. The fourth article is by Agus Dharmaputra. It supports the idea of regulating the development of commercial functions in an urban area. This article offers a preliminary study of considerations used before the location for any minimarket - the commercial functions taken as case studies - is finalized by owners, prior to building permit application to the government. The fifth article is authored by Doddy Kastamayasa. This is a study of a post natural disaster fishing settlement of Ujung Neighborhood in Karangasem Regency on the eastern coast of Bali Island. This settlement was badly hit by the eruption of Mount Agung in 1963. It was then also eroded by significant storms and resultant erosion abrasions over three years from 1997 up to 1999. The sixth article is documented by Anak Agung Mahendra, which is about the conservation of public spaces of Kendran Village in Gianyar Regency. This study is necessary as the village is denoted as the mext rural tourism destination , a proposition which has been accepted with enthusiasm by Gianyar Regency. The last article is written by Ngakan Juliastika. It discusses problems associated with developers decision to focus more on generating profits rather than conforming to the housing development guidelines and policies that have been established. Taking this situation as a point of departure, this paper suggests seven sets of strategies implemented by various developers at seven different housing developments.

Approaching bioelectrochemical systems to real facilities within the framework of CO2 valorization and biogas upgrading -- Water Energy Nexus in the Gulf: A Complex Network of Multi-Level Interdependencies -- A risk assessment approach for water-energy systems -- Estimating the declining discount rate for the economic evaluation of projects in the energy and water sectors -- Towards resilience-informed decision making in critical infrastructure networks -- Short-term forecasting of tank water levels serving urban water distribution networks with ARIMA models -- Energy balance in the water cycle in Italy: state of the art and perspectives -- Water Energy Nexus: evalutation of the enviromental impact in the national and international scenarios -- Water scarcity and shale gas prospects in Tunisia – potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on regional water stress -- "Energy performance of Italian urban water systems" -- Analysis of the Economic Net Benefit of Green Infrastructure by Comparing the Water-retentive Block and the Normal Block -- Levering industry and professional qualifications over water efficiency and water-energy nexus in buildings -- WEFSiM: A Model for Water-Energy-Food Nexus Simulation and Optimization -- Assessment of rain harvesting and RES desalination for meeting water needs in an Island in Greece -- Grounding Nexus Governance: de-nexused developments in Nepal -- Maximizing water-food-energy nexus synergies at Basin Scale -- Visualizing CO2 to Account for Emission Obligation in Power Systems -- Selection of key characteristics for crops to deal with climate change through quality function deployment -- Combined electrodialysis and photo-electro-chlorination for energy efficient control of brine water -- Hydrogen production in electro membrane bioreactors -- Use of high-valent metal species produced by the Fenton (-like) reactions in water treatment -- Photocatalytic oxidation of organic compounds by visible light-illuminated g-C3N4-AQ in combination with Fe(III) -- Microalgae-based processes as an energy efficient platform for water reclamation and resource recovery -- "Ozonation in the Framework of Sustainable Future Water Management" -- Pilot study for Spiral wound -pvdf supported UF membranes for brackish water desalination system -- Energy monitoring of a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Salerno, Campania region (Southern Italy) -- Sulfate radicals-based technology as a promising strategy for wastewater management -- Fluoxetine and pirimicarb abatement by ecofriendly electro-Fenton process -- Diversity and performance of sulphate reducing bacteria in acid mine drainage remediation systems -- Sustainable materials for affordable point-of-use water purification -- Self-forming dynamic membrane: a review -- Influence of membrane flux, ultrasonic frequency and recycle ratio in the hybrid process USAMe -- Using Water-Energy nexus as greenhouse gas emissions mitigation tool in wastewater treatment plants -- Corrosion behavior of carbon steel in the presence of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilm in reclaimed water -- Development of Pilot-Scale Photocatalytic Reactor Employing Novel TiO2 Epoxy Grains for Wastewater Treatment -- Evaluation of fungal white-rot strains for assisting in algal harvest in wastewater -- Event scale modelling of experimental green roofs runoff in a Mediterranean environment -- Advanced technologies for satellite monitoring of water resources -- Tannery wastewater treatment after biological pretreatment by using electrochemical oxidation -- Numerical modelling of integrated OMBR-NF hybrid system for simultaneous wastewater reclamation and brine management -- Climate, soil moisture and drainage layer properties impact on green roofs in a Mediterranean environment -- Orthophosphate vs bicarbonate for buffering the acidification in a bromide enhanced ozonation of ammonia nitrogen -- New approach with fluidized bed reactor using low-cost pyrophillite/alumina composite membrane for industrial wastewater treatment -- Impact of seasonality on quorum quenching efficacy and stability for biofouling control in membrane bioreactors -- Surface modification of RO desalination membrane using ZnO nanoparticles of different morphologies to mitigate fouling -- Nutrient removal and biomass production by immobilized Chlorella vulgaris -- Treatment of printed circuit board wastewater containing copper and nickel ions by fluidized-bed homogeneous granulation process -- Investigation of the synthesis and adsorption kinetics of biochar-supported Fe3-xMnxO4 for imidacloprid pesticide removal -- A kinetic study of calcium carbonate granulation through fluidized-bed homogeneous process for removal of calcium-hardness from raw and tap waters -- Destruction of selected pharmaceuticals with peroxydisulfate (Pds): An influence of Pds activation methods -- Non-destructive in-situ fouling monitoring in membrane processes -- Preparation of TiO2/SiO2 ceramic membranes via sol-gel dip coating for the treatment of produced wastewater -- Multicriteria evaluation of novel technologies for organic micropollutants removal in advanced water reclamation schemes for indirect potable reuse -- Environmental or economic considerations in photo-Fenton processes: what choice has the most notable benefits for large scale applications? -- Optimization of energy consumption in activated sludge process using deep learning selective modeling -- Electrochemical sensors for emerging contaminants: diclofenac preconcentration and detection on paper-based electrodes -- Optimization of the wastewater treatment plant: from energy saving to environmental impact mitigation -- Influence of microalgae-bacteria consortium on the pathogens removal (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) in domestic wastewater -- Fuzzy-assisted ultrafiltration of wastewater from milk industries -- Performance of Electro-Fenton water treatment technology in decreasing zebrafish embryotoxicity elicited by a mixture of organic contaminants -- "An overview of photocatalytic drinking water treatment" -- Solar Light Initiated Photoinactivation of E.coli: Influence of Natural Organic Matter -- Molecular size distribution profiles of organic matrix in reverse osmosis concentrate under oxidative and non-oxidative conditions -- Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of Humic Acids using Copper Doped TiO2 -- Hyperspectral Monitoring of a Constructed Wetland as a Tertiary Treatment in a Wastewater Treatment Plant for Domestic Sewage -- Applicability of WQI and scientific communication for conservation of River Ganga System in India -- Techno-economic feasibility of membrane bioreactor (MBR) -- Electrochemical wastewater treatment with SnO2-based electrodes: a review -- Statistical analysis of the quality indicators of the Danube River water (in Romania) -- Statistical analysis of the water quality of the major rivers in India -- Methane and hydrogen production from cotton wastes in dark fermentation process under anaerobic and microaerobic conditions -- Microalgae production coupled with simulated black water treatment -- Waterborne diseases in Sebou watershed -- Chances and barriers of wastewater heat recovery from a multidisciplinary perspective -- Mine water in the closure of a coal basin: From waste to potential resources -- Water Pollution by Polyclorinated Biphenyls from the Energy Sector of Armenia -- Semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of orange peel waste: preliminary results -- Nonwoven wet wipes can be hazardous substances in wastewater systems – evidences from a field measurement campaign in Berlin, Germany -- Wastewater to energy: Relating granule size and biogas production of UASB reactors treating municipal wastewater -- CO2 bio-fixation by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using different periodic CO2 dosing strategies -- A suggestion on nutrient removal/recovery from source separated human urine using clinoptilolite combined with anaerobic processing -- Niches for Bioelectrochemical systems in wastewater treatment plants -- Degradation of Gaseous VOCs by Ultrasonication: Effect of Water Recirculation and Ozone Addition -- Optimal Chlorination Station Scheduling in an Operating Water Distribution Network Using GANetXL -- Utilization of microalgae cultivated in municipal wastewater for CO2 fixation from power plant flue gas and lipid production -- Techno-economic Assessment of Combined Heat and Power Units Fueled by Waste Vegetable Oil for Wastewater Treatment Plants: a Real Case Study -- Eco-LCA of Biological Wastewater Treatments Focused on Energy Recovery -- Optimization of nutrient recovery from synthetic swine wastewater using Response Surface Methodology -- Enzymatic pre-treatment of chicken manure for improved biogas yield -- Integration of liquid-liquid membrane contactors and electrodialysis for ammonia recovery from urban wastewaters -- Remediation of water contaminated by Pb(II) using virgin coniferous wood biochar as adsorbent -- A simplified model to simulate a bioaugmented anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass -- Dissolved oxygen perturbations: a new strategy to enhance the removal of organic micropollutants in activated sludge process -- PFOA and PFOS removal processes in activated sludge reactor at laboratory scale -- Selectrodialysis and ion-exchange resins as integration processes for copper and zinc recovery from metallurgical streams containing arsenic -- Microalgae cultivation for pretreatemnt of pharmaceutical wastewater associated with microbial fuel cell and Biomass feed stock production -- Embryotoxicity and molecular alterations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in early zebrafish larvae -- Biological Treatment of Municipal Wastewater Using Green Microalgae and Activated Sludge as Combined Culture -- Fouling morphologies on the ion-exchange membranes in reverse electridialysis with effluent from sewage treatment plant -- Co-composting Biosolids and Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste or C

La implantación de modelos de comunidad o ciudad sostenibles, resilientes, neutros en carbono e inclusivos requieren la toma de decisiones en políticas públicas con implicaciones sociales, económicas y/o medioambientales que históricamente se han tomado sin contar con datos o evidencias que las justificaran. El concepto de ciudad inteligente viene a favorecer el despliegue de dispositivos de Internet de las cosas (IoT) cuyos datos obtenidos junto los de sistemas de información administrativos, se depositan en una plataforma urbana de datos. Esta gestión eficiente de los recursos y servicios disponibles requiere no solamente dotar de ¿inteligencia¿ determinadas infraestructuras físicas y lógicas, sino también recolectar y gestionar en tiempo real un volumen de información cada vez más elevado. Como resultado, información de muy diversa índole ha de ser procesada e interpretada, no solamente para monitorizar el funcionamiento de la ciudad, sino también para identificar sinergias y mejorar la eficiencia. Este artículo describe, los aspectos de gobernanza, organizativos y tecnológicos que se han desarrollado en el Ayuntamiento de València desde el año 2014 para mejorar la toma de decisiones políticas y de gestión estratégica de los servicios municipales .Se describirán soluciones de cuadros de mando de ciudadanía y de gestión interna, geoportal municipal, estudios de datos masivos para esta gestión pública basada en evidencias y, por último, dos casos de uso de gestión de datos masivos generados por dispositivos IoT.
Komunitate- edo hiri-eredu iraunkorrak, erresilienteak, karbono-emisioetan neutroak direnak eta inklusiboak ezartzeko, ezinbestekoa da politika publikoetan erabakiak hartzea, eta, noski, erabakiok gizarte-, ekonomia- edo ingurumen-inplikazioak dituzte. Bada, historikoki, justifikatzen dituzten inolako daturik edo ebidentziarik izan gabe hartu dira erabakiok. Hiri adimendunaren kontzeptuak Gauzen Interneteko (IoT) gailuak hedatzen laguntzen du, eta gailuon bidez lortutako datuak, administrazio-informazioko sistemetako datuekin batera, datuen hiri-plataforma batean gordetzen dira. Eskura ditugun baliabideak eta zerbitzuak eraginkortasunez kudeatzeko, ez da beharrezkoa soilik azpiegitura fisiko eta logiko jakin batzuk «adimenez» hornitzea: denbora errealean gero eta informazio-bolumen handiagoa biltzea eta kudeatzea ere ezinbestekoa da. Azken batean, askotariko informazioa prozesatu eta interpretatu behar da, bai hiriaren funtzionamendua monitorizatzeko, bai eta sinergiak identifikatzeko eta eraginkortasuna hobetzeko ere. Bada, artikulu honetan, Valentziako Udalean udal-zerbitzuekin lotutako erabaki politikoak hartzeko eta zerbitzuon kudeaketa estrategikoa hobetzeko 2014tik garatutako gobernatza-, antolakuntza- eta teknologia-alderdiak deskribatzen dira. Hala, herritarrei bideratutako zerbitzuetako zein barne-kudeaketako aginte-koadroekin, udalaren geoatariarekin eta datu-masiboen azterketekin lotuta erabilitako konponbideak deskribatzen dira artikuluan, betiere ebidentzietan oinarritutako kudeaketa publikoa helburu. Azkenik, Gauzen Interneteko gailuek sortutako datu-masiboen kudeaketaren erabileraren bi kasu ere deskribatzen dira.
The implementation of sustainable, resilient, carbon neutral and inclusive community or city models requires decision-making in regard to public policies with social, economic and/or environmental implications which were made in the past taking no account of data or evidence to justify them. The smart city concept fosters the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) mechanisms whose obtained data are uploaded to an urban data platform together with those of the administrative information systems. This efficient management of the available resources and services implies not only endowing ¿intelligence¿ to certain physical and logical infrastructures, but also the real-time collection and management of an increasingly greater volume of information. As a result, a very wide range of information must be processed and interpreted, not only in order to monitor the way the city functions, but also to identify synergies and improve efficiency. This article describes the governance, organisational and technological aspects developed by the Valencia City Council since 2014 with a view to improving political decision-making and on strategic management of the municipal services. A description will be given of dashboard solutions for citizens and internal management, the municipal geoportal, mass data studies for evidence-based public management and, lastly, two cases on the use made of the mass data management generated by IoT mechanisms.

The Ricote Valley is a complex landscape structured by the fluvial course of the Segura River whose evolution through more than two millennia has preserved several cultural witnesses, and which should therefore be preserved by a Special Plan of Water Landscape. This would diversely affect the eight municipalities that make up the area, also known as the Morisco Valley, because it was one of the last strongholds of this ethnic minority in the Iberian Peninsula until the Modern Age. The aim of this work is to release new data about this territory whose cultural and landscape values are linked to its orography, administration and history, and to several built elements, structures, hydraulic systems, wetlands and forms of traditional management that have been neglected hitherto although they are key to recognise the historical continuity of agriculture and traditional irrigation. This is the case of the role that the Military Order of Santiago played in the area evolution and water governance, which have evolved to survive today and are scarcely known among citizens and pubic administrations though being essential to understand and protect this landscape. Our main goal is to disseminate the results of the R + D + I Project of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Analysis of the impact of urban regeneration strategies on the conservation of the cultural heritage of historic industrial areas, developed by the authors since 2016. These results are a fundamental basis to understand some cultural properties, many of which are still functional, that constitute a living Agrarian Heritage which has survived and adapted to new lords, better uses, distributions and transformations and that deserves protection as one of the most important landmarks of the East Iberian Peninsula. ; El Valle de Ricote constituye un paisaje complejo vertebrado por el curso fluvial del río Segura en el Sudeste peninsular que se ha convertido en un espacio singular reflejo de la huella cultural de más de dos milenios, por lo que se debería proteger a través de un Plan Especial del Paisaje del Agua. Ello afectaría en diferente grado a los ocho municipios que componen el también llamado Valle Morisco por constituir uno de los últimos reductos de esta minoría étnica en la Península Ibérica hasta bien entrada la Edad Moderna. Este trabajo pretende aportar nuevos datos sobre un territorio en el que orografía, administración e historia le han otorgado un valor cultural y paisajístico protagonizado además de por una serie de construcciones, estructuras y artilugios hidráulicos, por ramblas y humedales, por tradiciones y sistemas de organización y gobernanza que hasta la fecha han quedado en un segundo plano y que resultan imprescindibles para comprender la pervivencia de la agricultura y regadíos tradicionales. Es el caso del papel que la Orden Militar de Santiago jugó en la trasformación del espacio y la forma de gobierno del agua, sistemas que se han adaptado perviviendo hasta la actualidad, y que a pesar de su importancia en la evolución del territorio son hoy poco conocidos no sólo para sus habitantes sino también para la administración local y regional. El objetivo fundamental es aportar nuevos datos, como resultado de una parte de la investigación, que a través del proyecto de I+D+I del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Análisis del impacto de estrategias de regeneración urbana sobre la conservación del patrimonio cultural de zonas industriales históricas, venimos realizando desde 2016. Todo ello constituye un material básico para entender los bienes patrimoniales, muchos de ellos en uso actualmente, para mostrar la trascendencia que tiene su protección no sólo en su materialidad concreta, sino en el discurso histórico que permite entender desde su pasado por qué constituyen un Patrimonio Agrario vivo que ha podido pervivir y adaptarse a nuevos señores, mejores usos, reparticiones y trasformaciones, hasta constituir una de las más relevantes señas de identidad de todo el territorio del Levante Peninsular.

El Valle de Ricote constituye un paisaje complejo vertebrado por el curso fluvial del río Segura en el Sudeste peninsular que se ha convertido en un espacio singular reflejo de la huella cultural de más de dos milenios, por lo que se debería proteger a través de un Plan Especial del Paisaje del Agua. Ello afectaría en diferente grado a los ocho municipios que componen el también llamado Valle Morisco por constituir uno de los últimos reductos de esta minoría étnica en la Península Ibérica hasta bien entrada la Edad Moderna. Este trabajo pretende aportar nuevos datos sobre un territorio en el que orografía, administración e historia le han otorgado un valor cultural y paisajístico protagonizado además de por una serie de construcciones, estructuras y artilugios hidráulicos, por ramblas y humedales, por tradiciones y sistemas de organización y gobernanza que hasta la fecha han quedado en un segundo plano y que resultan imprescindibles para comprender la pervivencia de la agricultura y regadíos tradicionales. Es el caso del papel que la Orden Militar de Santiago jugó en la trasformación del espacio y la forma de gobierno del agua, sistemas que se han adaptado perviviendo hasta la actualidad, y que a pesar de su importancia en la evolución del territorio son hoy poco conocidos no sólo para sus habitantes sino también para la administración local y regional. El objetivo fundamental es aportar nuevos datos, como resultado de una parte de la investigación, que a través del proyecto de I+D+I del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Análisis del impacto de estrategias de regeneración urbana sobre la conservación del patrimonio cultural de zonas industriales históricas, venimos realizando desde 2016. Todo ello constituye un material básico para entender los bienes patrimoniales, muchos de ellos en uso actualmente, para mostrar la trascendencia que tiene su protección no sólo en su materialidad concreta, sino en el discurso histórico que permite entender desde su pasado por qué constituyen un Patrimonio Agrario vivo que ha podido pervivir y adaptarse a nuevos señores, mejores usos, reparticiones y trasformaciones, hasta constituir una de las más relevantes señas de identidad de todo el territorio del Levante Peninsular. ; The Ricote Valley is a complex landscape structured by the fluvial course of the Segura River whose evolution through more than two millennia has preserved several cultural witnesses, and which should therefore be preserved by a Special Plan of Water Landscape. This would diversely affect the eight municipalities that make up the area, also known as the Morisco Valley, because it was one of the last strongholds of this ethnic minority in the Iberian Peninsula until the Modern Age. The aim of this work is to release new data about this territory whose cultural and landscape values are linked to its orography, administration and history, and to several built elements, structures, hydraulic systems, wetlands and forms of traditional management that have been neglected hitherto although they are key to recognise the historical continuity of agriculture and traditional irrigation. This is the case of the role that the Military Order of Santiago played in the area evolution and water governance, which have evolved to survive today and are scarcely known among citizens and pubic administrations though being essential to understand and protect this landscape. Our main goal is to disseminate the results of the R + D + I Project of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Analysis of the impact of urban regeneration strategies on the conservation of the cultural heritage of historic industrial areas, developed by the authors since 2016. These results are a fundamental basis to understand some cultural properties, many of which are still functional, that constitute a living Agrarian Heritage which has survived and adapted to new lords, better uses, distributions and transformations and that deserves protection as one of the most important landmarks of the East Iberian Peninsula.

Executive Summary After two years, the Hampton Roads Sea level Rise and Resilience Intergovernmental Planning Pilot Project (Intergovernmental Pilot Project or IPP), convened at Old Dominion University, has come to a successful close. Although the conclusion of the project is different than originally imagined by the drafters of the IPP Charter, the process in and of itself brought hundreds of stakeholders together, built lasting and ongoing relationships, and produced many workable recommendations for the region that can be accomplished by a variety of partnerships. The key deliverables include a whole of government mitigation and adaptation planning process and an integrated regional recommendation, both which can serve as a template for other regions. Additionally the IPP demonstrated a new role for an urban campus to act as a community convener, matching focused research and curriculum development with public service across the university and the region. Initiated in June 2014, the IPP was an effort to use the knowledge, skills and expertise of all regional stakeholders to create a framework or template for intergovernmental strategic planning that could be used outside the region; and, to implement that integrated strategy in Hampton Roads, Virginia, creating an effective and efficient method for planning holistically for sea level rise and recurrent flooding. This "Whole of Government and Community" effort would not have been successful without the hundreds of stakeholders and volunteer leaders from across all levels of government, academia, and the community who participated out of a sense of duty to their community and commitment to the collaboration. Knowing water knows no jurisdictional bounds, a high level of intergovernmental collaboration is necessary to develop integrated regional solutions and implement effective sea level rise preparedness and resilience strategies. Additionally, the wider community in Hampton Roads recognizes that they too will be affected by not only sea level rise itself, but also the adaptation strategies implemented in preparation. Executive Summary Phase 2 Report: Recommendations, Accomplishments and Lessons Learned Executive Summary 11 Phase 1 of the project, from June 2014 through June 2015, saw the drafting and signing of a Charter, the recruitment of a steering committee, a host of events, and the development of working group and advisory committees comprised of subject matter experts. Phase 2, from June 2015 through June 2016, included heavy discussion with regard to ongoing strategies for intergovernmental collaboration as well as research, a number of case studies carried out by committees and working groups, and the careful development of recommendations for the region. The IPP concludes successfully with a series of recommendations from each working group and committee as well as a final resolution drafted by the Legal Working Group and containing the consensus views of steering committee members. Though the recommendations vary in specificity and subject area, a few themes are clear. In order to move forward regionally, local stakeholders need to maintain, institutionalize and build relationships with each other in order to facilitate effective collaboration and information sharing. Institutionalizing these relationships and partnerships is key, as people shift positions throughout their careers. Additionally, while more data is needed, the methods by which that data is integrated and shared are equally important. Further, some form of the Whole of Government and Community approach that focuses on the watershed as opposed to jurisdictional boundaries is essential to accomplishing the recommendations set forth in this report. The IPP has been a success because of the dedicated volunteers committed to a resilient Hampton Roads. During the last two years, this project advanced regional adaptation through the evaluation and recommendation of a future governance structure, the development of working group and committee recommendations, building public awareness, building awareness of the need for federal agency involvement locally and building relationships among numerous organizations involved in the Pilot Project. All of this work, which in pieces may be specific only to a unique circumstance or area, when taken as a whole, brings foundational change. It builds on previous work accomplished by other leaders in the Hampton Roads region and should be leveraged in the future to accelerate regional adaptation.

This paper offers a vision of the local structures in Spain, a country with a large number of municipalities (more than 8.110) without any policy addressed to the rationalization and simplification of such fragmentation. The local associationism has proved to be a mostly anarchic movement, where municipalities make arrangements for very different reasons and delivering all kind of services, but without a common pattern. Even more, a large number of "mancomunidades" (voluntary associations of municipalities) actually doesn't work and exists only in theory. This fragmented local map is very unbalanced because almost 40 per cent of the Spanish population lives in a small group of 62 municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, which represent the core of the local power in Spain. The traditionally uniform Spanish local legal framework –based in the French model- has introduced for the first time a specific model for the largest cities in 2003, taking into account the complexity of their government and governance context. Also the two main Spanish cities –Madrid and Barcelona– have special laws approved by the Spanish Parliament in 2006. Nevertheless, the Spanish functional metropolitan areas present a low institutional profile due to the resistance of the Autonomous Communities –the regional level with legislative powers to establish or suppress them– to institutionalize these urban areas as they are perceived mostly as political competitors. Finally, the traditional second local level, the province, has experienced a substantial cutback of its competences after the establishment of the Autonomous Communities in 1979-1983. In theory, the main role of the province is the economical, technical and legal cooperation with the small and medium size municipalities, but actually this role could be implemented by the Autonomous Communities, and the provinces means an arena for the political clientelism and a privileged and comfortable space for the local political elites that could perfectly be suppressed, especially in a context of deep economic crisis and reduction of public resources. ; Este artículo ofrece una visión de las estructuras locales en España, un país con un gran número de municipios (más de 8.110) pero sin una política dirigida a la racionalización y simplificación de esa fragmentación. El asociacionismo local ha acreditado ser un movimiento demasiado anárquico, en el que los municipios celebran acuerdos por razones muy diversas y prestan todo tipo de servicios, pero sin una pauta común. Peor aún, un gran número de mancomunidades realmente no funcionan y sólo existen sobre el papel. Este mapa local fragmentado es muy desequilibrado porque casi el 40 por ciento de las población española reside en un pequeño grupo de 62 municipios con más de 100.000 habitantes, que representan el núcleo del poder local en España. El tradicionalmente uniforme mapa local español, basado en el modelo francés, ha introducido por ver primera un modelo específico para las grandes ciudades en 2003, teniendo en cuenta la complejidad de su gobierno y su contexto de gobernanza. También las dos principales ciudades españolas –Madrid y Barcelona– disponen de leyes especiales aprobadas por las Cortes Generales en 2006. Sin embargo, las áreas metropolitanas funcionales españolas presentan un bajo perfil institucional debido a la resistencia de las Comunidades Autónomas –el nivel político regional con potestades legislativas para crearlas o suprimirlas– para institucionalizar esas áreas urbanas, que son percibidas como potenciales competidores políticos. Finalmente, el tradicional segundo nivel local, la provincia, ha experimentado un sustancial recorte de sus competencias tras la creación de las Comunidades Autónomas en 1979-1983. En teoría, el principal papel de la provincia es la cooperación económica, técnica y jurídica con los municipios pequeños y medios, pero realmente este papel puede ser perfectamente desempeñado por las Comunidades Autónomas y la provincia representa de hecho un terreno para el clientelismo político y un espacio privilegiado y confortable para las élites políticas locales que perfectamente puede suprimirse, especialmente en el contexto de una profunda crisis económica y de reducción de los recursos públicos.

Includes bibliographical references. ; Papers mainly originated from the Seminar on Building a Competitive Pearl River Delta Region: Cooperation, Coordination and planning held on 8 July 2000 at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre ; published_or_final_version ; List of figures vii ; List of boxes, tables and appendices xi ; List of contributors xiii ; Foreword Zhou Ganzhi 1 ; Preface 5 ; Introduction ; Economic development ; Transport ; Environment ; Urban and regional planning ; Conclusion ; 1 The Pearl River Delta: an evolving region Thomas J. Campanella, Ming Zhang, Tunney Lee and Nien Dak Sze Campanella, Thomas J. Zhang, Ming Lee, Tunney Sze, Nien-dak 9 ; 2 Hong Kong and the Pearl River Region - competing together Victor Fung Fung, Victor 27 ; 3 Modernization of the Pearl River Delta Region and the stability and prosperity of Hong Kong Dong Hong Dong, Hong 33 ; 4 Managing the Hong Kong-Guangdong relationship: issues and challenges Peter T.Y. Cheung Cheung, T.Y. Peter 39 ; 5 Further strengthening economic cooperation between Guangdong and Hong Kong : the promotion of an export- oriented economy in the Pearl River Delta Region Yang Qifan Yang, Qifan 59 ; 6 Regionalization of the World economy and economic cooperation in the Pearl River Delta Region Chen Guanghan Chen, Guanghan 65 ; 7 Trade and commerce in the Pearl River Delta Region C.C. Tung Tung, C.C. 75 ; 8 From cross-border manufacturing operations to regional economic integration: evolution of Hong Kong's economy and the Guangdong factor Chyau Tuan and Linda 81 ; 9 Issues on the development and cooperation of Marine technology in the Pearl River Delta region Zhou Houcheng, Li Ping, Zhang Bixiong and Yu Xijun Zhou, Houcheng Li, Ping Zhang, Bixiong Yu, Xijun 99 ; 10 Competition, cooperation and government of airports in the greater Pearl River Delta region James Wang and Cherry Ho Wang, James Ho, Cherry 107 ; 11 Port planning for the Pearl River Delta region: a Hong Kong perspective Alex Fong Fong, Alex 121 ; 12 A study on an integrated cross-border transport network for the Pearl River Delta Xu Xueqiang and Xu Yongjian Xu, Xueqiang Xu, Yongjian 127 ; 13 An overview of environmental protection in Guangdong province Chen Min Chen, Min 145 ; 14 Fighting air pollution in Hong Kong Thomas Chow Chow, Thomas 153 ; 15 Photochemical Smog: An air-pollution problem requiring regional solutions Wang Tao Wang, Tao 159 ; 16 Air pollution considerations in town planning in Hong Kong Johnny C.L. Chan, Andrew Y.S. Cheng, Liu Heping and Andrew Walton Chan, Johnny C.L. Cheng, Andrew Y.S. Liu, Heping Walton, Andrew 165 ; 17 Sustainable development in the Pearl River Delta region: assumptions and parameters for public policy Christine LOH LOH, Christine 183 ; 18 Thoughts on the environment and sustainable development for the Pearl River Delta region Kim A. Salkeld Salkeld, Kim A. 189 ; 19 Guangdong - Hong Kong environmental cooperation: problem, solution and urgency Ma Xiaoling Ma, Xiaoling 193 ; 20 Towards effective regional environmental governance for the Hong Kong - Pearl River Delta border zong: the relevance of some international experiences Yok-shiu F. Lee Lee, Yok-shiu F. 205 ; 21 Towards a shared prosperity through cross-border cooperation Sun Huasheng Sun, Huasheng 237 ; 22 A study on developing the Hong Kong - Shenzhen border zone Shiu Sin-por and Yang Chun Shiu, Sin-por Yang, Chun 245 ; 23 Cross-boundary planning: the interface between Hong Kong and the Mainland Ava Ng Ng, Ava 271 ; 24 The Pearl River Delta region: our economic space, our life space Mee-kam Ng Ng, Mee-kam 283 ; 25 The Pearl River Delta region: future scenarios Tunney Lee, Ralph Gakenheimer, Nien Dak Sze and Ming Zhang Lee, Tunney Gakenheimer, Ralph Sze, Nien-dak Zhang, Ming 301 ; 26 Further cooperation between Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta in creating a more competitive region Anthony Gar-on Yeh Yeh, Anthony Gar-on 319 ; 27 Building a competitive Pearl River Delta Region: future prospects Alex Chan Chan, Alex 347

Alle nachkolonialen Regierungen und Regimes in Madagaskar entzogen sich der freien Wahlentscheidung, der Einflussnahme und der Kontrolle der Gesellschaft. Seit Ende der 80er Jahre befindet sich Madagaskar in einem Prozess der politischen Demokratisierung, der neue Perspektiven der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung und Partizipation eröffnet. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Analyse des Demokratisierungsprozesses in Bezug auf dessen Bedingungen, Ursachen, Verlauf und Ausgang, auf die in ihm agierenden sozialen und politischen Akteure und auf die Blockadeversuche des alten Regimes sowie auf die Perspektiven der Demokratie und der bäuerlichen Partizipation, deren Realisierungschancen erst im Rahmen der Demokratisierung bestehen. Dazu wurden empirische Untersuchungen in Form von Interviews und teilnehmenden Beobachtungen im Rahmen eines Madagaskar-Aufenthaltes Mitte 1995 durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Studie lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: Die Demokratisierung vollzieht sich in Madagaskar unter sehr ungünstigen kulturellen, sozialstrukturellen und -ökonomischen Bedingungen. Das alte Regime ließ kaum Handlungsspielräume für oppositionelle Aktivitäten und gesellschaftliche Selbstorganisation zu und stabilisierte sich durch Repression. Der Demokratisierungsprozess wurde hauptsächlich durch interne Faktoren verursacht. Er wurde durch Liberalisierer aus dem gespaltenen Regimelager und durch den ökumenischen Kirchenbund initiiert. Städtische gesellschaftliche Gruppen mit Mittelschichtcharakter erzwangen die Ablösung des alten Regimes. Am Ende des Regimeablösungsprozesses konnten sich einige wenige politische Akteure im Rahmen der Verhandlungen und einer zwischen ihnen vereinbarten Konvention durchsetzen. Die Ethnizitätspolitisierung gehörte zur Machterhaltungsstrategie des alten Regimes. Es zeigt sich eine intensive Nutzung von negativen Erfahrungen aus der madagassischen Geschichte durch die agierenden politischen und sozialen Akteure. Zudem griffen diese auf demokratiehemmende madagassische soziokulturelle Elemente zurück. Die Gründung neuer Institutionen erfolgte über das Nationale Forum und durch Wahlen im Rahmen einer formellen Transitionszeit. Das neue formal demokratische Regime unter der Präsidentschaft Zafys war durch uneffiziente Regierungsführung und geringe Problemlösungsfähigkeit der neuen Institutionen und regierenden politischen Akteure gekennzeichnet. Es hat die Chance verspielt, Partizipationsstrukturen für gesellschaftliche Gruppen und Akteure aufzubauen und die angeschlagene Wirtschaft wieder zu stabilisieren und in Schwung zu bringen, was für die Demokratie-Konsolidierung in Madagaskar unabdingbar ist. Die Aussichten dafür haben sich mit der Wiedereinführung des Präsidialsystems angesichts der damit in Madagaskar gemachten negativen Erfahrungen eher verschlechtert. Die Implementierung "von oben" der Programme zum Aufbau von Partizipationsstrukturen "für" die bäuerliche Bevölkerung erfolgte ohne deren reale Partizipations- und Selbstorganisationsmöglichkeit und gehörte zur Etablierungs- und Stabilisierungsstrategie der neuen Herrschaftselite. ; Democratisation and perspectives for the peasant participation in Madagascar All of the post-colonial governments and regimes in Madagascar avoid democratic elections, thus evading the exertion of influence and control by the society. Since the end of the eighties, Madagascar has followed a political democratisation process opening new perspectives for development and participation. The aim of this study is to analyse the democratisation process with regard to its conditions, causes, course and outcomes, the social and political actors involved in this process, the ancient regime's attempt to block the democratisation, as well as the perspectives of the democracy and the peasant participation which could have only been possible if a democratic system were established. For this, an empirical study was carried in the form of interviews and participative observation during a stay in Madagascar in the middle of 1995. The results of the study can be summed up as following: In Madagascar, the democratisation process is taking place under extremely unfavourable social, cultural and economic conditions. The ancient regime made use of suppression to stabilize itself and barely allowed room for oppositional activities and self-organization by the society. The democratisation process came as the result of internal factors and had been initiated by the ecumenical church federation as well as by break-away reformers from the camp of the ancient regime. Urban social groups of a middle-class nature forced the dissolution of the ancient regime. Only a few political actors could assert themselves at the end of the dissolution process within the framework of an agreed-upon convention and negotiations. The politicisation of the ethnicity belonged to the strategies of the ancient regime to hold onto power. This shows the intense usage of negative experiences from the Malagasy History by political and social actors. Furthermore, they fell back on Malagasy socio-cultural elements inhibiting the democratisation process. The establishment of new institutions occurred through the "Forum National", as well as through elections within a formal transition period. The new formal democratic regime under President Zafy was characterised by an inefficient governance and an inability in solving problems by the new institutions and the governing political actors. It missed the chance to establish participative structures for social groups and actors. They also failed to stabilize and energize the extremely weakened economy, factors which are inalienable for the consolidation of democracy in Madagascar. The prospects for the democracy have been deteriorated by the reintroduction of the presidential system and the negative results the Malagasy have experienced with it. Programmes have been implemented "from above" in order to establish participative structures "for" the peasant population without really giving them a chance to organize themselves and take part in the process, one of the strategies of the new political elite used to establish and stabilize their rule.

The Country Opinion Survey in Tajikistan assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Tajikistan perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Tajikistan on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Tajikistan; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Tajikistan; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Tajikistan; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Tajikistan.