Suchergebnisse

We reassess the well-known "narrow-but-deep" versus "broad-but-shallow" trade-off in international environmental agreements (IEAs), taking into account the principal–agent relationship induced by the hierarchical structure of international policy. To this end, we expand the modest coalition formation game, in which countries first decide on whether to join an agreement and then decide on emissions by a strategic delegation stage. In the weak delegation game, principals first decide whether to join an IEA, then delegate the domestic emission choices to an agent. Finally, agents in all countries decide on emissions. In countries not joining the IEA, agents choose emissions to maximize their own payoff, while agents of countries joining the IEA set emissions to internalize some exogenously given fraction γ of the externalities that own emissions cause on all members of the IEA. In the strong delegation game, principals first delegate to agents, who then decide on membership and emissions. We find that strategic delegation crowds out all efforts to increase coalition sizes by less ambitious agreements in the weak delegation game, while in the strong delegation game the first-best from the principals' point of view can be achieved.

Il y a dix ans nous avions publié un premier entretien avec Claude Jorda. Force est de constater que ce sujet est toujours d'une brûlante actualité 1 . Le 31 décembre 2017, le Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie a fermé ses portes et définitivement cessé d'exister. Claude Jorda en a été le Président de 1999 à 2003. En mai 1993, le Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies a voté la résolution 827 créant ce TPIY alors que le pays est à feu et à sang depuis plus de deux ans. Membre du Conseil de sécurité, la France devait y être représentée. Directeur des services judiciaires au ministère de la Justice de 1982 à 1985, ce juriste est nommé procureur général près la cour d'appel de Bordeaux de 1985 à 1992 puis de celle de Paris de 1992 à 1993. Il est un des juges du TPIY dès janvier 1994 puis Président de la chambre de première instance d'octobre 1995 à novembre 1999, date à laquelle il préside le TPIY jusqu'en février 2003. Il rejoint alors la Cour pénale internationale. Retraité, il est président honoraire de la Cour nationale du droit d'asile. Cette expérience pourrait-elle un jour servir dans le cas syrien ?

We propose an international comparison of school systems in OECD countries in terms of social mobility in schools based on the PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) test results in mathematics between 2003 and 2015. For each country, we calculate students'interdecile social mobility in schools on the basis of their ranking in the PISA test in mathematics, compared to their social ranking in their country, and compare this new index of equity to those generally used in OECD studies (slope and intensity of social gradient, percentage of resilient students). A new representation, the "Great Gatsby curve of school", in reference to the Great Gatsby curve of income, is proposed: the social mobility of a school system is closely linked to the educational inequality between students and schools. Countries such as Belgium or France with high levels of school inequality also stand out for low social mobility in schools. Inversely, countries such as Finland or Canada are characterised by low school inequality and high levels of social mobility in schools. A second important conclusion of the analysis is that the countries in which social mobility in schools is above average are also most often those with school achievement levels above the average.

Carbon dioxide emissions are the main cause of anthropogenic climate change and play a central role in discussions on climate change mitigation. Previous research has demonstrated that national carbon dioxide emissions are driven mainly by population size and wealth. However, the variation in per capita emissions of nations with similar standards of living and similar population is huge. In this paper we investigate the drivers of national per capita carbon dioxide emissions over and above already known factors. In particular, we extend previous research by taking into account countries' shares of imports and exports, indicators of political interventions such as energy prices, and the use of renewable energy sources. Moreover, we also examine whether international commitments, such as the ones made by many nations at climate summits of the United Nations, matter. We use country-level data from 1980 to 2014 and estimate fixed effects panel regression models. In accordance with former research we find no environmental Kuznets curve with respect to carbon dioxide per capita emission levels. However, higher energy prices and the availability of alternative energy sources both reduce emissions. Furthermore, voluntary international environmental commitments also motivate countries to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Since 2013 the European Union and the United States have been negotiating a Trans-atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). Such a deal would create the world's largest free market and impact significantly on developing countries and the world trade system. Numerous authors discuss the expected effects, with strongly diverging assumptions leading to very different findings. Supporters of TTIP hope for significant prosperity gains, opponents fear grave disruptions in labour markets and the world economy. Overall, there is great concern about negative net effects on third countries not involved in the talks. (author's abstract)

1.introduction -- Labor costs and the competitive situation -- Vertical integration and the management of inputs to production -- Knowledge and competitiveness -- Innovation behavior and innovation management -- Markets, trade and globalization -- Conclusions

The General Agreement on Trade in Service calls for members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to further liberalize and expand opportunities for international trade in services. With legal services included in this mandate, requests for specific commitments and offers have been made by WTO Member States. While services as components of international trade is new to many of the WTO Member States, free movement of services has been addressed by the European Union (EU) since the inception of the European Economic Community. Thus EU directives, declarations, codes and case law serve as valuable resources to WTO Member States as they seek to liberalize the provision of legal services. Within the EU, lawyers from EU Member States can work temporarily or permanently in another EU Member State by complying with the provisions of the Lawyers' Services Directive or the Lawyers' Establishment Directive. The EU, however, proposes handling cross-border practice with lawyers from non-EU Member states who are WTO members through Foreign Legal Consultant recognition, something considerably more restrictive than what is accorded lawyers from EU Member States. In that the EU is looked to as a leader in facilitating the provision of legal services, it seems the EU is missing an opportunity to shape the globabilization of the legal profession by further expanding liberalization opportunities for international trade in legal services.

Housing demand models based on individual consumer's utility function reflect preferences about the structure and lot, neighborhood, and location as related to socioeconomic characteristics of the occupants. As a growing proportion of aging residents in many countries are undertaking late life moves, their preferences will have an influence on destination housing markets. We examine the characteristics, attitudes and preferences about retirement housing among immigrant retirees currently living in traditional housing in a retirement destination in Alicante, Spain. Using results from a survey of German and British retirees living in the region, we find through logistic regression that preference for retirement housing is associated with aging and gaining access to in-home support services. ; REVIcVAL Project. Valencia Government GV048-530.

"Provides detailed information on banking structure, . in each of the 15 European Union countries, as well as in Canada, Japan, Switzerland, and the United States"--Abstract ; "March 1997." ; Cover title ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 36-46) ; Mode of access: Internet.

Internationale Sozialarbeit hat sich in unterschiedlichen Ländern je unterschiedlich entwickelt. Darin formierte sich auch Kritik an der kolonialisierenden Einflussnahme nordatlantischer Konzepte, wie es Theorien der Indigenisierung zeigen. In der Konsequenz muss eine vergleichende internationale Soziale Arbeit Positionen finden, die dies reflektieren. Jenseits der Länderspezifik muss sie aber auch Themen diskutieren, die den Einfluss der Globalisierung spiegeln und darin internationale Soziale Arbeit herausfordern und formen. Diese Debatten werden in verschiedenen Themen in diesem Band erstmalig zusammengetragen.