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One of the most significant challenges to deterring attacks in cyberspace is the difficulty of identifying and attributing attacks to specific state or non-state actors. The lack of technical detection capability moves the problem into the legal realm; however, the lack of domestic and international cyberspace legislation makes the problem one of international cooperation. Past assessments have led to collective paralysis pending improved technical and legal advancements. This paper demonstrates, however, that any plausible path to meaningful defense in cyberspace must include a significant element of international cooperation and regime formation. The analytical approach diverges from past utilitarian-based assessments to understand the emerging regime, or implicit and explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures, around which actor expectations are beginning to converge in the area of cyberspace attack attribution. The analysis applies a social-practice perspective of regime formation to identify meaningful normative and political recommendations. Various hypotheses of regime formation further tailor the recommendations to the current maturity level of international cooperation in this issue area. Examining international cooperation in cyberspace and methods for maturing international cooperation to establish attribution in other domains inform political mitigations to the problem of cyberspace attack attribution. Potential solutions are analyzed with respect to four recent cyberspace attacks to illustrate how improved international cooperation might address the problem. Finally, a counterfactual analysis, or thought experiment, of how these recommendations might have been applied in the case of rampant Chinese cyber espionage inform specific current and future opportunities for implementation. Although timing is difficult to predict, the growing frequency and scope of cyber attacks indicate the window of opportunity to address the problem before some form of cataclysmic event is closing.

In the last years access to research data has made a lot of progress in EU countries. Nevertheless transnational access to confidential microdata - although there are some developments like Data without Boundaries - is still complicated and needs improvement. The first part of the paper describes the (international) access to highly sensitive German administrative labour market data and how this international access is expanded within the research data centre in research data centre (RDC in RDC) approach. In the second part a broader view of international access to official microdata in the EU will be given. Starting with a brief overview of the EU-funded project Data without Boundaries (DwB) a possible roadmap for international access in Europe and beyond is presented.

The "Caroline" incident – an 1837 raid by British Canadian militia across the Niagara River border to sink an American steamboat being used by Canadian insurgents – is well-known to many international lawyers. United States Secretary of State Daniel Webster's resulting correspondence with British representative Lord Ashburton is often cited today as a key authority on customary international self-defense standards. University of Ottawa professor Craig Forcese has produced a valuable new history and analysis of that event, its legal context, and its continuing influence: "Destroying the Caroline: The Frontier Raid that Reshaped the Right to War." As explained in this review, the book corrects some misunderstandings about the incident and shows its continuing relevance to contemporary international legal debates about military force. It also helps in understanding this period of U.S. foreign relations law, especially with regard to powers of war and peace.

This paper explores the governance options surrounding geoengineering—the deliberate, large-scale manipulation of the Earth's climate system to counteract climate change. The authors focus solely on methods that affect the incoming solar radiation to the atmosphere, referred to as solar radiation management (SRM). They examine whether an international governance framework for SRM is needed, how it should be designed, and whether it is feasible. The authors propose a governance regime that initially has small membership and weak legalization, and is flexible in that future institutional reforms allow for broader membership and deeper commitments. The article provides supporting evidence for key aspects of the regime through past international treaties in arms control and environmental protection, including the Antarctica, Outer Space, and Montreal Protocol treaty regimes. For these cases, acting early and treating the respective problems as part of the "regulation of unexplored territory" produced more effective outcomes than the "national appropriation" approach that characterizes arms control.

In this work, Amrita Narlikar argues that, contrary to common assumption, modern-day politics displays a surprising paradox: poverty - and the powerlessness with which it is associated - has emerged as a political tool and a formidable weapon in international negotiation. The success of poverty narratives, however, means that their use has not been limited to the neediest. Focusing on behaviours and outcomes in a particularly polarising area of bargaining - international trade - and illustrating wider applications of the argument, Narlikar shows how these narratives have been effectively used. Yet, she also sheds light on how indiscriminate overuse and misuse increasingly run the risk of adverse consequences for the system at large, and devastating repercussions for the weakest members of society. Narlikar advances a theory of agency and empowerment by focusing on the life-cycles of narratives, and concludes by offering policy-relevant insights on how to construct winning and sustainable narratives.

Researchers and research ethics committees share a common goal of conducting ethically sound research. However, little is known of researchers' experiences in obtaining ethics approval for suicide-related studies. This study aimed to investigate what concerns researchers have received on suicide-related ethics applications and how they dealt with it. Thirty-four respondents, recruited through the International Association for Suicide Prevention, filled out an online survey. The study found that researchers have received important concerns regarding potential harm and researchers' responsibilities to participants. Researchers modified their application and/or consulted their research ethics committee in response to the concerns, which had a positive/neutral impact on their given study. Anticipating concerns and improved collaboration between researchers and research ethics committees should protect the quality of suicide prevention research.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg verzeichnete Deutschland bis heute eine insgesamt positive Wanderungsbilanz. Die Migrantenströme unterliegen erheblichen zeitlichen Schwankungen und offenbaren eine Abhängigkeit von politischen und ökonomischen Entwicklungen, die ihre Ursachen in Deutschland, oftmals aber auch im Ausland haben. Im Verlauf der Jahrzehnte sind die Zusammensetzung der Zuwanderungen nach demographischen, soziokulturellen und ethnischen Beschreibungsmerkmalen sowie die Formen der Migration, z. B. dauerhaft, saisonal oder transnational, deutlich vielfältiger geworden. Integrations- und Migrationsbelange änderten sich, auch weil die räumliche Verteilung der Migrant(inn)en nach Zeitpunkt der Zuwanderung, Staatsangehörigkeit, Bildungsniveau oder Wanderungsmotiv charakteristische Muster von einer ausgesprochenen Konzentration bis zu einer relativ gleichmäßigen Verteilung über das Bundesgebiet aufweist. Maßgebliche Faktoren zur Erklärung der räumlichen Muster differieren von Gruppe zu Gruppe und hängen z. B. mit den migrationspolitischen und ökonomischen Bedingungen in Deutschland zum Zeitpunkt der Zuwanderung, den Motiven für die Migration, mit der Wirksamkeit von Migrantennetzwerken, mit staatlichen Maßnahmen zur Steuerung der räumlichen Verteilung oder mit der Qualifikation der Migrant(inn)en zusammen. ; Since the end of the Second World War Germany has recorded an overall positive balance of migration. The migration flows are subject to significant fluctuations and reveal a dependence on political and economic developments that have their roots in Germany, but often also abroad. Over the decades, the composition of immigrants according to demographic, social, cultural and ethnic characteristics as well as forms of migration, such as permanent, seasonal or transnational, have become more diverse. According to nationality, the migrants have a characteristic, independent spatial distribution compared to the total population as well as to that of other nations. Relevant factors explaining the spatial patterns differ from group to group and depend, for example, upon the migration policy and economic conditions in Germany at the time of immigration, the efficacy of migrant networks, government measures to control the spatial distribution, or migrants' skills.

"Over the next 40 years the number of people aged 60+ in the world, many of whom live in developing regions, will grow by 10 billion. What will old age be like for them? This original book provides an analysis of links between development, population ageing and older people, challenging some widely held misconceptions. It highlights the complexity of international experiences and argues that the effects of population ageing on development are influenced by policy choices. The book will be of interest to a range of academic disciplines, including economics, gerontology, social policy and development studies as well as policy-makers and practitioners concerned with developing countries."--Publisher's description

"Over the next 40 years the number of people aged 60+ in the world, many of whom live in developing regions, will grow by 10 billion. What will old age be like for them? This original book provides an analysis of links between development, population ageing and older people, challenging some widely held misconceptions. It highlights the complexity of international experiences and argues that the effects of population ageing on development are influenced by policy choices. The book will be of interest to a range of academic disciplines, including economics, gerontology, social policy and development studies as well as policy-makers and practitioners concerned with developing countries."--Publisher's description.

For too long scholars have ignored the origins, deliberations, findings and overall significance of the American-British Claims Arbitration Tribunal that operated from 1910 to 1926, which heard a longstanding case involving New York State treaty obligations to the Grand River Cayugas. Also at this time Deskaheh, a Grand River Cayuga sachem, was bringing Hodinöhsö:ni' (Haudenosaunee/Iroquois Confederacy/Six Nations) grievances to the League of Nations. This article traces the connections between these two cases, part of a larger Hodinöhsö:ni' effort over the last century to assert sovereignty and gain international recognition for their nationhood as transnational peoples.

AbstractCurrently there seems to be an increasing interest in and demand for China's mediation in resolving conflict. To a certain extent, such a phenomenon is associated with China's re‐emerging power. But more importantly, it is probably the style and skills of China's mediation that matters, which represents the emerging of a unique mediation culture, with China being its messenger. The paper examines key elements of such a mediation culture, using examples of China's mediation in regional and international affairs. The shaping of such a culture offers good lessons for mediators around the world who strive for effective conflict resolution.

This academic research study addresses some of the social and economic business barriers being faced by Hispanic Business Owners in the field of International Business Management Consulting for multinational corporations MNCs. This research is very significant to the scholarly body of literature because it also highlights the struggles of Hispanic women when it comes to social recognition, political recognition, economic independence, cultural identity, traditional cultural and family values, educational achievement, and entrepreneurial business advancement. However, perhaps the most significant aspect of this research study is the development of the first characteristic model of successful Hispanic Women Business Owners.