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Resurgent nationalism has become an important driver of China's foreign policy, and many countries are concerned about its evident new assertiveness. This article argues that closer attention to the vigorous internal debate among its international relations (IR) experts about their country's future external strategies will add perspective to those concerns. It contends that the views of these experts provide probably the best available window into China's thinking about its international options. China's IR experts have been conspicuously divided about the appropriate balance of strategies for its transition from a previously cautious and inward-looking foreign policy to a more ambitious and proactive agenda. In particular, they differ about the relative emphasis that should be placed on the pursuit of national interests versus the advancement of international interests. This debate reflects contradictory elements in China's foreign policy under Xi Jinping, some of which may potentially lead to confrontation and conflict while others hold out the prospect of continuing constructive engagement. Greater understanding of expert views within China about managing and reconciling these contradictory trends is likely to provide valuable insights for researchers and decision-makers in China and other countries. (J Contemp China/GIGA)

"This book examines the international efforts to regulate violence in Kosovo since 1999 through the United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and covers fifteen years of international presence. The book analyses the process of implementing international policies from a sociological perspective, and looks at the adaptations and arrangements of public policies achieved through the transactions of international actors with local actors, who are at the heart of policy implementation. In particular, it analyses the disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration of combatants (DDR) programme and shows the extent to which it was co-produced with Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) leaders co-opted by international administrators. These analyses take the opposite view to the work that considers ex-combatants as spoilers. In Kosovo, the combatant leaders acted as peace brokers, facilitating demobilisation and exercising disciplinary control over rank-and-file combatants. Their position as brokers helped them to take control of the new state being built under international administration. This book shows the importance of the relationship between ex-combatants and the state and illustrates the multiplicity of their possible trajectories, including political ones. To elucidate the dynamics of co-production in shaping DDR policies and hybridising international policies as well as in state formation, the book relies on around a hundred interviews with ex-combatants of the Kosovo Liberation Army and with international personnel, as well as on the archives of international organisations and observations in the field. This book will be of much interest to students of international statebuilding, peace and conflict studies, Balkan politics and International Relations"--

The study examined the foundations of international relations from the standpoint of the existing situation on the basis of cooperation or conflict, In fact, if there is cooperation it is to serve the pattern of conflict, The Koran has called for humankind in general to establish international relations within the pattern of cooperation far from pure self-interest or any distortions reached for immediate service or interim or so, but it is a collaboration with the cooperation with the human dimension and honored. The study showed the physical and moral factors which determine the effectiveness of country influence in international relations, or guidance or policy-making interactions between foreign countries Centers of interaction, the Quranic context in a speech directly to put the world in front of his responsibility, and determines that the Islamic nation given that responsibility, and community strength lies in interacting positively with others. The study shows that what is provided by the context Quran of mankind directives capable of transferring human to an advanced level of sophistication of social harmony in a format that is integrated with the recognition of the different human society and its diversity, because Islamic law does not stop at obstacles to unity of human as much as it seeks to surpass industry requirements for mercy.

Building on international migration theories and the literature on the dynamics of student mobility, this study sketches a two-dimensional framework and examines its utility to understand the rationales of in-bounding student mobility in Turkey. The empirical part of the study was conducted with 331 international students studying in public universities of Turkey. The results suggest that private rationales are prominent for students coming from Western and economically developed countries. In contrast, economic and academic rationales are prominent for students coming from Eastern and economically developing countries. The study suggests three insights which are instrumental in re-interpreting the position of the countries in the periphery in international student mobility. First, the nature of cultural, political, and historical proximity between home and host countries determines the size and direction of in-flowing student mobility in economically developing countries. Second, for developing countries pre-departure pulling rationales at private level are more prominent than public rationales. Third, despite the general trend that student mobility flows from economically less developed toward economically developed countries, this study suggests that in the periphery there are regional hubs attracting students largely originating from other countries of the periphery.