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Journalists and other media personnel perform a crucial role in armed conflicts. In the absence of functioning civil society, which, in peacetime can survey the behaviour of governments and other parties, and report on breaches of law, journalists are often the only parties on the ground able to document and publicise such breaches. Like humanitarian workers, they are often the only group that can bring to the attention of the world breaches of international humanitarian law and the horrific consequences which flow from armed conflict without limits. This article will consider the protections afforded to journalists under international humanitarian law and the practical assistance given to journalists by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

Draws upon the contemporary literature in international relations & policy-relevant work on conflict-related political interventions to analyze international engagements with the Balkan states. The focus is on three eras that are distinctive in terms of motives & means. Differences are pointed out between practices associated with interim administration & those related to the "(hypothetical) end state of affairs" in both conflict & postconflict interventions. The era of 19th century entanglements by France, Austro-Hungary, Prussia, Russia, & GB occurred unilaterally on the basis of Concert of Europe norms. The second era, encompassing the interwar period, WWII, & the Cold War, was characterized by internationalist motives & efforts to reinforce minority rights. The post-Cold War era featured military/political interventions by Great Powers acting together & postconflict administration handled by global multilateral institutions. This information is used to explore the legitimacy & effectiveness of contemporary interventions in the Balkan Peninsula. It is concluded that careful consideration must be given to basic goals & means before international engagement is undertaken in regions of conflict. 35 References. J. Lindroth

Recently, increasing references are made to the international community that is conceptually and analytically useful when distinguished from the international society. Supposedly, the relations of some international agents can be described as a community due to their shared we-feeling, identity or ethos. This article discusses 'thick' and 'thin' international communities and suggests additional criteria that ought to be considered when determining whether a particular actor or agent is or is not a member of the international community. Moreover, the article suggests a dynamic conception of the international community as a context-dependent configuration rather than as some relatively stable subgroup of the international society. In this sense, this article offers an innovative perspective to collectivities through a focus on the international community. On a different level, this opportunity is used to draw attention to the roles beliefs play in and in the study of international politics. Adapted from the source document.

Agri-food Industry, as the sum of the Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry and Fishing and Food Industry (Food, Beverages and Tobacco) is, except some service activities, the highlight industry of the Spanish economy, not only for their GVA (5.3% in 2013) and employment contribution (6.4% on the same date), but above all for its relevant presence in international markets. The importance of Agri-Food Industry in the Spanish economy is much higher than this sector has in the European Union (EU-28) or in the Euro Area (3.8% and 3.7% of GDP, respectively), and its contribution in the EU agri-food production (11.8% in 2012) reaches a similar level of the great European countries (Germany and Italy -11.8 and 12.6 per 100, respectively) and only below the contribution of France -16.2 per 100-. Internationally, Spain is one of the major exporting countries of the world. It is the second largest exporter of Fruits, the third exporter of Legumes and other edible vegetables, the fifth exporter of Animal, vegetable fats and oils, sixth exporter of Meat and seventh of Beverages. The aim of this paper it is to analyze the territorial specialization in the agri-food trade and to study the diversification both in respect of exported products as in regard to customers who purchase those products. The final purpose will be to determine the competitive advantages and weaknesses, both from a sectorial or spatial perspective, to determine which possibilities of expansion shows this trade and what policy measures should be taken to correct the weaknesses of the sector and enhance the strengths of some activities with significant international presence. To perform the analysis, we use information about global imports and exports (annual frequency) from Comtrade Database, United Nations, which uses the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC Rev.3). We work with a disaggregation level of 2 and 3 digits. For certain aspects, we will use information from DataComex, from Ministry of Economy and Finance of Spain; that it is consistent with that provided by Comtrade.

Review-essay of: BUZAN, Barry y SCHOUENBORG, Laust (ed.), Global International Society: A New Framework for Analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2018, 276 pp., ISBN 9781108448352, 20€. ZARAKOL, Ay?e, Hierarchies in World Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017, 320 pp., ISBN 9781108404020, 27,99€. DUNNE, Tim y REUS-SMIT, Christian, The Globalization of International Society, Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2017, 528 pp., ISBN 9780198793427, 75€. ; Review-essay de: BUZAN, Barry y SCHOUENBORG, Laust (ed.), Global International Society: A New Framework for Analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2018, 276 pp., ISBN 9781108448352, 20€. ZARAKOL, Ay?e, Hierarchies in World Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017, 320 pp., ISBN 9781108404020, 27,99€. DUNNE, Tim y REUS-SMIT, Christian, The Globalization of International Society, Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2017, 528 pp., ISBN 9780198793427, 75€.

This Essay addresses the application of international human rights law to women. Most of the cases addressed in this Essay involve alleged discrimination based on sex or marital status. Professor Cook notes that international, regional, and national courts have applied human rights principles to ensure that women's human rights are upheld, although not always to the full extent originally envisioned under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. To illustrate this point, Professor Cook reviews cases arising under international, regional, and specialized treaties, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the extent to which such discrimination interferes with the right to enjoy private or family life, attain resident status, receive social security, and receive equal protection of the law. Professor Cook further analyzes cases involving unmarried women and spousal rights arising under the European Convention on Human Rights, alleging violations of the right of respect for family and private life, or the right to nondiscrimination. Professor Cook then briefly reviews other legal instruments that may provide opportunities to apply human rights principles to the advances of women, including the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, the American Convention on Human Rights, the European Economic Community Treaty, and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. Professor Cook concludes that, despite progress in this area, courts have not yet fully recognized women's human rights. This is due in part to the entrenched perceptions of women's role in society that may cause courts to view discrimination merely as differential treatment based on "objective and reasonable criteria." Professor Cook urges the expanded use of such international, regional, or national fora to ensure that women's actual human rights are consistent with the conception of those rights as expressed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

An insightful survey of the legal issues, both national and international, that affect the cross-border employment relationship today. Essays by practitioners from North America and Europe offer prudent procedures-and warn of pitfalls-in such areas as hiring and firing, expatriate employment issues, the extraterritorial effect of domestic employment laws, corporate codes of conduct, employee benefits in the multinational corporation, and employment issues in international business transactions and trade agreements. Published under the Transnational Publishers imprint

La création de la Cour pénale internationale, instaurée par le traité signé à Rome le 17 juillet 1998 pour punir les responsables de crimes d'agression, de guerre, de génocide et contre l'humanité, a traduit l'émergence de la société civile internationale, assez puissante aujourd'hui pour imposer le jugement de responsables politiques. Seuls 60 États avaient, en avril 2002, ratifié ce statut, permettant l'entrée en vigueur de la Cour à partir du 1 er juillet 2002. Les résistances restent toutefois fortes. Les États les plus puissants de la planète, démocratiques ou non, ne sont pas les moins réticents à accepter le jugement de leurs ressortissants par une Cour dont la compétence est subsidiaire. Le risque de double standard constitue la principale menace pesant sur la juridiction internationale.

This article describes how career development programs became the focus of an international partnership between the United States and Canada. Beginning in 1976 in the United States, the National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee (NOICC) and its State Occupational Information Coordinating Committees (SOICCs) developed training and materials that promote the use of occupational and labor market information. Similarly, in the early 1970s, Canada began to explore the feasibility of creating a computer‐based career information delivery system. What follows is the story of an unusual and significant international collaboration. It concludes with identification of lessons learned.

The aim of the article is to highlight several issues concerning the customary international law status of a number of international humanitarian law (IHL) treaty provisions that arose during the proceedings of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission. Specifically, two key issues will be analyzed, namely the Commission's findings that the Geneva Conventions and some provisions of Additional Protocol I reflected customary international law and that international landmine conventions create only treaty obligations and do not yet reflect customary international law. Also, some more detailed conclusions relating to particular problems, such as the issue of the customary nature of the ICRC's right to visit prisoners of war and its binding character for non-parties to the Geneva Conventions, will be discussed. The 2005 ICRC Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia's jurisprudence will also be included as a point of reference to identify the customary character of certain provisions. The main conclusion is that the Commission has significantly contributed to the emerging consensus regarding the status of certain norms of international humanitarian law as customary norms. Furthermore, it has identified lacunae in the existing standards of humanitarian law and suggested the development of new norms to fill those gaps.