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The fundamental problem in developing a theory of international business ethics, without imposing ethnocentric assumptions, lies in the inherent conflict between the need for universal ethics and the reality of diverse national cultures. Integrative social contracts theory holds an intermediate position between ethical universalist and relativist positions — recognizing universal hypernorms on the one hand and moral free space on the other. We argue that all businesses share a common objective of sustaining long-run economic value for their stakeholders. We develop this argument using an evolutionary logic into a hypernorm along three propositions: First, the firm influences, and is influenced by, members of the society (social context proposition). Second, managers maximize profit subject to joint constraints of technical feasibility and ethical norms (managerial decision proposition). Third, ethical norms evolve from interactions among the stakeholders without a central authority. Natural selection favors norms that maximize long run economic value for the society (natural selection proposition). We show that the hypernorm can spawn widely agreed authentic ethical norms. However, moral bounded rationality when interpreting the hypernorm generates different authentic norms in the moral free space. The evolutionary logic is testable along the dimensions of variation, inheritance and selection of ethical norms.

PurposeUsing a stakeholder perspective, this paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of sponsorship as a business investment by assessing the impact of sponsorship announcements on the shareholders' reactions of the sponsoring firms. These reactions are examined in two different occasions: in an international mega sport event such as the Olympic Games and in sport organizations such as sport federations/associations.Design/methodology/approachEvent study analysis by using multiple regression models and bootstrapping techniques were employed to study the effects of sponsorship announcements. The sample consisted of sponsors of the 2004 Olympic Games and sponsors of national sport federations.FindingsOverall, the results of the study did not indicate any significant effects of sponsorship announcements on the stock prices of sponsoring firms, suggesting that shareholders' reactions to this business activity are limited.Originality/valueThis is the first research initiative that utilizes a stakeholder approach in examining sponsorship effectiveness. The findings provide evidence that shareholders do not perceive sport sponsorships as business investments due to limited information provided by the sponsoring firms. In addition to theoretical and practical implications, the study proposes a new methodological approach in evaluating the impact of sport sponsorship. Multiple regression models applying bootstrap techniques to avoid data distribution and small sample problems are recommended.

The most frequently used bases for comparing international health care resources are health care expenditures, measured either as a fraction of gross domestic product (GDP) or per capita. There are several possible reasons for this, including the widespread availability of historic expenditure figures; the attractiveness of collapsing resource data into a common unit of measurement; and the present focus among OECD member countries and other governments on containing health care costs. Despite important criticisms of this method, relatively few alternatives have been used in practice. A simple framework for comparing data underlying health care systems is presented in this article. It distinguishes measures of real resources, for example human resources, medicines and medical equipment, from measures of financial resources such as expenditures. Measures of real resources are further subdivided according to whether their factor prices are determined primarily in national or global markets. The approach is illustrated using a simple analysis of health care resource profiles for Denmark, France, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the USA. Comparisons based on measures of both real resources and expenditures can be more useful than conventional comparisons of expenditures alone and can lead to important insights for the future management of health care systems.

Preface -- Introduction -- Context A Headquarters-driven venturing : a strategic direction for internal capabilities -- Context B Subsidiary-driven venturing : unleashing peripheral capabilities -- Context C Headquarters-driven venturing : accessing strategic external capabilities -- Context D Subsidiary-driven venturing : local embedding to drive change -- Across the contexts : strategic integration and leading the firm in international venturing -- Conclusions -- Appendix: cases of venturing in international firms -- References -- Index

Le 21 Août 1915 le Comité international célébrait le premier anniversaire de la fondation de l'Agence internationale des Prisonniers de guerre, et pour commémorer cette date, son Président offrait aux dévoués collaborateurs une collation sous les ombrages de sa merveilleuse propriété au bord du lac.

Part I – Introduction -- 1 Jerome A Cohen, William P Alford, Chang-fa Lo. Introduction – How the Story Began – Background to the Present -- 2 Jerome A Cohen.Taiwan's Political-Legal Progress: Memories of the KMT Dictatorship -- Part II – Human Rights Transition from Broader Perspectives -- 3 Nigel Li.Asian Values, Confucian Tradition and Human Rights -- 4 Brad R Roth. Human Rights and Transitional Justice: Taiwan's Adoption of the ICCPR and the Redress of 228 and Martial-Law-Era Injustices -- 5 Chun Hung Chen, Hung Ling Yeh. The Battlefield of Transitional Justice in Taiwan: a Relational View -- 6 Cheng-Yi Huang. Frozen Trials: Political Victims and Their Quest for Justice -- 7 Chien-Chih Lin. Towards an Analytical Framework of Constitutionalism in East Asia: The Case of Taiwan -- Part III – Institutional Setting and Voluntary Compliance of Human Rights Treaties -- 8 Mab Huang.A National Human Rights Commission for Taiwan? -- 9 Fort Fu-Te Liao. Establishing a National Human Rights Institution -- Taiwan in Global Trends -- 10 Ernest Caldwell. The Control Yuan and Human Rights in Taiwan: Towards the Development of a National Human Rights Institution? -- 11 Jacques deLisle. "All the World's a Stage": Taiwan's Human Rights Performance and Playing to International Norms -- 12 Yu-Jie Chen. Isolated but Not Oblivious: Taiwan's Acceptance of the Two Major Human Rights Covenants -- 13 Wen-Chen Chang. Taiwan's Human Rights Implementation Act: A Model for Successful Incorporation? -- 14 Yean-Sen Teng. The Problems of Incorporation of International Human Rights Law in Taiwan -- 15 Chang-fa Lo. The Approach of Introducing International Human Rights Treaties into the Interpretation of Constitutional Provisions in Taiwan -- 16 Yen-tu Su.Rights Advocacy through Simulation: The Genius of the Constitutional Court Simulation in Taiwan -- 17 Song-Lih Huang, Yibee Huang.The Role of NGOs in Monitoring the Implementation of Human Rights Treaty Obligations -- 18 Manfred Nowak. Personal Reflections on the Taiwan Human Rights Review Process -- Part IV – Protection of Civil and Political Rights -- 19 Ming-Sung Kuo, Hui-Wen Chen. Killing in Your Name: Pathology of Judicial Paternalism and the Mutation of the "Most Serious Crimes" Requirement in Taiwan -- 20 Rong-Geng Li. A Silent Reform of the Death Penalty in Taiwan (R.O.C.) -- 21 Chao-Chun Lin. A Core Case for Judicial Review-Protecting Personal Liberty in Taiwan -- 22 Hui-chieh Su. From Suppression to Real Freedom of Expression in the Open and Plural Society of Taiwan – The Constitutional Court's Role in This Progress -- 23 Jeffrey Li. Freedom of Movement in Taiwan – A Local Development to Meet International Standards -- 24 Chih-hsing Ho. Configuration of the Notion of Privacy as a Fundamental Right in Taiwan – A Comparative Study with International Treaties and EU Rules -- 25 Margaret K Lewis. Who Shall Judge? Taiwan's Exploration of Lay Participation in Criminal Trials -- Part V – Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights -- 26 Chuan-Feng Wu. The Right to Health in Taiwan: Implications and Challenges -- 27 Chun-Yuan Lin. The Evolution of Environmental Rights in Taiwan -- 28 Wen-chen Shih. Human Rights and Climate Finance—How Does the Normative Framework Affect Taiwan? -- 29 Ching-Fu Lin. Constitutional and Legal Dimensions of the Right to Food in Taiwan: A Long March Toward Normative Internalization and Realization -- 30 Tsai-yu Lin. Tobacco Investment and Human Rights: A Challenge for Taiwan's Implementation of ICESCR in Its Foreign Investment Policy -- 31 Su-Hua Lee. Human Rights and Intellectual Property Protection: Their Interplay in Taiwan -- Part VI – Protection of Specific/Vulnerable Groups -- 32 Chang-fa Lo. When Women's Rights Encounter Tradition in Taiwan -- 33 Hsiaowei Kuan. LGBT Rights in Taiwan – The Interaction Between Movements and the Law -- 34 Awi Mona (Chih-Wei Tsai), Seediq Tgdaya. National Apology and Reinvigoration of Indigenous Rights in Taiwan -- 35 Amy Huey-Ling Shee. Local Images of Global Child Rights: CRC in Taiwan -- 36 William P Alford, Charles Wharton, Hu Qiongyue.People over Pandas: Taiwan's Engagement of International Human Rights Norms with Respect to Disability -- 37 Nai-Yi Sun. On the Road to Equal Enjoyment of Human Rights for Persons with Disabilities: The Development of Domestic Laws in Taiwan and Their Dialogue with the CRPD -- 38 Yi-Li Lee. Constitutional Dynamics of Judicial Discourse on the Rights of Non-Citizens: The Case of Taiwan -- Index

Dort, wo hilfsbedürftige Menschen institutionelle Beratungs- und Hilfsangebote nicht für sich beanspruchen, setzt die Aufsuchende Soziale Arbeit an, um Hilfe vielerlei Form zu den Klient*innen zu bringen. Diese Vielfalt zeigt sich in den unterschiedlichen Zielgruppen, Ansätzen und Methoden, Herausforderungen und Ergebnissen verschiedenster Studien und Übersichtsarbeiten. Das hier vorliegende systematische Review verfolgt das Ziel, Erkenntnisse des aktuellen nationalen und internationalen Forschungsstandes von aufsuchenden Beratungs- und Hilfeformen im Zeitraum von 2015 bis 2022 abzubilden