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This volume presents papers focusing on politico-economic reforms in Africa and their impact on different groups of rural poor; and on the role that access to assets can play in addressing poverty issues. The volume also covers IFAD's twenty years of experience, new challenges and opportunities in smallholder development in East and southern Africa, and knowledge creation and dissemination in the context of strategic partnerships and alliances.

Cover title: The new House of Commons 1911. ; 'Pall Mall Gazette extra, January, 1911' - p. [1]. ; Mode of access: Internet.

En las últimas décadas del siglo xx, se dio una transformación notable del sistema de creencias básicas del pensamiento político mexicano. Lo que puede percibirse es el abandono más o menos general del discurso de la Revolución Mexicana y la adopción de ideas, argumentos y modelos más convencionales, propios del liberalismo continental y de la tradición pluralista norteamericana. Se trata de un cambio que coincide con la crisis del arreglo político posrevolucionario. Dos son los temas dominantes: la democracia y la liberalización económica; y dos las «fantasías»: la omnipotencia del Presidente y la «gran confrontación» entre la Sociedad y la clase política del PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional). ; In the last decades of the 20th Century, there is a profound trans-formation in the system of basic beliefs of Mexican political thought. What can be perceived is that the discourse of the Mexican Revolution has been left behind, in general terms, and that more conventional ideas, arguments and models have been adop-ted, pertaining mainly to continental liberalism and to the North American pluralist tradition. This change coincides with the crisis of the Mexican postrevolutionary political arrangement. This paper deal with two overarching themes: democracy and economic libe-ralization; and two the main «fantasies»: the omnipotence of the Pre-sident and the «great confrontaron» between Society and the political class of the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party).

Recent efforts to change the teaching profession and teacher preparation include a number of innovations to use portfolio assessment, value added measures (VAM), accountability metrics and other corporate education reform ideas. These approaches may provoke considerable potential legal consequences. Traditional constitutional and civil rights issues will continue to be important considerations. In addition, because education is increasingly seen as a consumer product, new types of legal issues are arising from the way evidence about performance is gathered and used and about the privacy of data. Legal claims more familiar to a business context are being asserted and can be expected to increase. Whistle-blower claims concerning fraud in government-funded programs have been filed, as well as claims of breach of contract and defective products. Finally, criminal prosecutions are being utilized to address systemic cheating in evaluation systems. ; Los recientes esfuerzos para cambiar la profesión docente y formación del profesorado incluyen una serie de innovaciones como la utilización de evaluación de portafolios docentes, medidas de valor agregado (VAM), métricas de rendición de cuentas y otras ideas de reforma de la educación corporativas. Estos enfoques pueden provocar potenciales consecuencias legales de gran consideración. Además, dados que la educación es vista cada vez más como un producto de consumo, nuevos tipos de problemas legales surgen de la forma en la evidencia sobre rendimiento es recogida y usada y cuestiones sobre la privacidad de los datos. Las demandas legales más familiares en un contexto de negocios se están afirmando y se puede esperar que aumenten. Reclamos relativos a fraudes en programas financiados por el gobierno se han presentado, así como las reclamos de incumplimiento de contrato y productos defectuosos. Por último, se están utilizando los procesos penales para hacer frente a las trampas sistémicas en los sistemas de evaluación. ; Os recentes esforços para mudar a profissão docente e a formação de professores incluem uma série de inovações, tais como a utilização de carteiras de avaliação de professores, as medidas de valor agregado (MVA), métricas de prestação de contas e outras ideias para reformar a educação corporativa . Estas abordagens podem causar potenciais consequências jurídicas de uma abrangência séria. Além disso, dado que a educação é cada vez mais vista como um produto de consumo, novos tipos de problemas jurídicos surgem da forma como evidências sobre o desempenho é recolhida e usada e sobre a privacidade dos dados. As demandas judiciais mais familiares a um contexto de negócios estão sendo afirmadas e pode ser esperado um aumento. Créditos sobre a fraude em programas financiados pelo governo foram apresentados, bem como as reivindicações de violação de contrato e produtos com defeito. Finalmente, demandas judiciais estão sendo usadas para resolver fraudes sistêmicas dos sistemas de avaliação.

The objective of this research was to describe the compensation system for occasional teachers and professors at public universities in the city of Palmira- Valle del Cauca- 2017. The reference, the internal regulations of the universities, legislation and concepts were taken into account, contrasting them with information obtained from a primary source. It is a research of a mixed character, with a transversal design. The sample consisted of 143 teachers, of which 48 belong to the Universidad del Valle, 51 to the Open and Distance National University and 44 to the National University of Colombia. The designed survey inquired about aspects of the compensation and hiring system. The results show that the compensation systems of participating universities are framed within the current regulations, are governed by different statutes and laws stipulated by the national government and the internal regulations of each university, which focus on rights, duties, working conditions that have occasional teachers, however, there are aspects that only benefit the career staff and not the occasional teachers, do not have promotions, calls for teachers, incentives which makes a big difference with teachers of career and should be subject of review by those involved. ; Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo describir el sistema de compensación de los docentes ocasionales y catedráticos de las universidades públicas de la ciudad de Palmira- Valle del Cauca– 2017. Como referente, se tuvo en cuenta la normativa interna de las universidades, la legislación y conceptos, contrastándolos con la información obtenida de fuente primaria. Es una investigación de carácter mixto, de diseño transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 143 docentes; 48 docentes de la Universidad del Valle, 51 de la Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia y 44 de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. La encuesta diseñadaindagó aspectos del sistema de compensación y contratación. Los resultados evidencian que los sistemas de compensación de las universidades participantes, están enmarcados dentro de la normatividad vigente, se rigen por diferentes estatutos y leyes estipulados por el gobierno nacional y la normativa interna de cada universidad, los cuales se enfocan en los derechos, deberes, condiciones de trabajo con que cuentan los docentes ocasionales, sin embargo, hay aspectos que solo benefician al personal de carrera y no a los docentes ocasionales, no cuentan con promociones, convocatorias para planta docente, incentivos, lo que hace una gran diferencia con los docentes de carrera y debe ser tema de revisión por parte de los involucrados. ; Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever o sistema de remuneração para professores e professores de universidades públicas na cidade de Palmira ocasionais - Valle del Cauca2017. No que diz respeito, os regulamentos internos das universidades foi tida em conta, legislação e conceitos , contrastando-os com as informações obtidas da fonte primária. É uma pesquisa de natureza mista, com um design transversal. A amostra foi composta por 143 professores; 48 professores da Universidad del Valle, 51 da Universidade Nacional Aberta e à Distância e 44 da Universidade Nacional da Colômbia. A pesquisa projetada investigou aspectos do sistema de remuneração e contratação. Os resultados mostram que os sistemas de compensação das universidades participantes estão enquadrados nos regulamentos atuais, são regidos por diferentes estatutos e leis estipulados pelo governo nacional e os regulamentosinternos de cada universidade, que se concentram em direitos, deveres , condições de trabalho que têm professores ocasionais, no entanto, há aspectos que só beneficiam a equipe de carreira e não os professores ocasionais, não têm promoções, chamadas para professores, incentivos que fazem uma grande diferença com os professores de carreira e deve ser objeto de revisão pelos envolvidos.

The information found in the Lithuanian periodicals of the first half of the 20th century (1905–1940) reveals a variety of traditions for celebrating Shrovetide in Lithuanian cities and villages. Lithuanian ethnographers have only used a portion of this material in their research studies, namely, the ethnographic descriptions of Shrovetide. Nevertheless, the press abounds in interesting reports on how Shrovetide or "the happy season" was celebrated among the townspeople of different social classes, youth, political organizations, corporations, students. The periodicals also contain descriptions of carnivals in foreign countries, which made a significant influence on the emergence of more varied forms of celebration. The study aims to reveal Shrovetide customs in Lithuanian cities in the early 20th century and their relationship with Shrovetide customs in the village.

The information found in the Lithuanian periodicals of the first half of the 20th century (1905–1940) reveals a variety of traditions for celebrating Shrovetide in Lithuanian cities and villages. Lithuanian ethnographers have only used a portion of this material in their research studies, namely, the ethnographic descriptions of Shrovetide. Nevertheless, the press abounds in interesting reports on how Shrovetide or "the happy season" was celebrated among the townspeople of different social classes, youth, political organizations, corporations, students. The periodicals also contain descriptions of carnivals in foreign countries, which made a significant influence on the emergence of more varied forms of celebration. The study aims to reveal Shrovetide customs in Lithuanian cities in the early 20th century and their relationship with Shrovetide customs in the village.

The starting point for further consideration is that climate change and humanity's contribution to this process is an indisputable global fact. The article puts forward the thesis that certain provisions of the Labour Code—either existing since its enactment (i.e. since 1974) or introduced later but before 2000 (the title labour law of the 20th century)—show a visible "pro-climate potential". This potential should be understood in that they can become an effective instrument in the fight against climate change.

The analysis examines: 1) the employer's obligation to respect the dignity and personal rights of employees, 2) the employee's duty to respect the interest of the work establishment and 3) the employer's obligation to contribute to shaping the principles of social coexistence in the workplace and the related employee's obligation to respect these principles. The option to use multiple legal constructions and protective mechanisms in parallel when determining the responsibility of the employee or the employer reinforces the importance of pro-climate behaviour in the workplace. Nevertheless, not all of the mentioned legal instruments will always be able to be applied when categorising a specific event.