: Energy is the most important source for production and development. On the one hand energy has become key factor on economical development; on the other, it also has become dominant element in world politics. Russia, as one of the most important oil and gas producer in the world, and with regional and global activity has started to play dominant role in international relations. In this context Russia develops relations with EU diplomatically and economically. This "compulsory" ties lines EU's energy need. Russia is one of the most important gas suppliers for EU. Because of this fact EU has to get fine relations with Russia under the global economic crises. Russia also tries to emphasize her affect to region and global arena via energy with pipe-lines. This "bilateral" relation has been revising together Russia and EU in conjunction of energy
This writing is explaining about studies of Malaysia Foreign Politics prior tothe decision of International Court for Justice (ICJ) in 2002 regardingSipadan-Ligitan islands. Malaysia continues their initiatives policy of whatthey called "Peta Baru (New Map) 1979". Malaysia did unilateral act inislands Ambalat, Bintan and Sebatik. The problem is why Malaysia is doing theinitiatives policy of their 1979 New Maps. To explain the problem of thisresearch we use Foreign Politics theory by Graham T. Allison by usingbureaucratic politics model. The conclusion of the research is "There is arelation between the decision of ICJ in 2002 regarding Sipadan-Ligitan islandswith Malaysia policy of foreign politics through their unilateral act in Ambalat,Bintan and Sebatik islands. The ICJ – 2002 decisions become a strength forMalaysia to do unilateral act to obtain their sea territorial boundary
International audience ; Morocco represents an interesting study case of proactive policy of touristic counting planning, based in particular on air transportation development. The object of this study is to understand the process of opening to the market of the airline field, to analyse the strategies of the companies, more especially of the low cost companies, and to understand the consequences on tourism activity and their territorial organization. ; Le Maroc présente un cas intéressant de politique volontariste d'aménagement touristique faisant la part belle au développement du transport aérien comme vecteur de croissance du trafic. L'objectif de cette analyse est de comprendre les mécanismes d'ouverture à la concurrence du secteur aérien,d'analyser les stratégies des compagnies aériennes, notamment les low cost (à bas coûts) et de saisir les conséquences sur les arrivées touristiques et leur organisation spatiale.
The radio journalist James Wood has described the high power shortwave transmitter as the weapon of the Cold War.1 There is a reason for this: both superpowers sought constantly throughout the Cold War to expand their transmitting power to reach even the most distant places and provide ever more language services to nations they wished to influence. Radio broadcasting became the way to contact foreign populations and convey the message of the foreign government. Yet, while messages never went through in such a mechanistic way, radio broadcasting emerged as an extremely important part of Cold War strategy for both warring parties. However, while there have been numerous studies about western Cold War broadcasting to the Soviet Union, there are practically no studies that would tackle the issue of Soviet international broadcasting. [Continues, please see the article] ; peerReviewed
Corporate power reaches beyond land frontiers and holds sway over the lives of billions of individuals throughout communities and living environments all over the world. Regrettably, this power is not always exercised in a responsible manner when we look at the amount of violations of human rights in which corporations have been involved through their international business affairs. In order to prevent an abuse of corporate authority to the detriment of human rights, the impact of corporate power should be balanced with a matching responsibility towards all members of society. This article examines how corporate power and the protection of human rights are currently out of equilibrium. Subsequently, it explores solutions in the field of corporate law and best practices such as the emergence of social entrepreneurship to restore this equilibrium.
AbstractThe first part of this article situates the Euro-crisis in the larger context of the world economic crisis 2008/9 and then looks at the imbalances between creditor and debtor countries within the Euro-zone. These imbalances predate the introduction of the Euro, but sharpened massively since the start of European Monetary Union. These imbalances are the economic core of the Euro-crisis. The second part of the article looks at economic policies and argues that the austerity measures prescribed by the EU Commission, European Central Bank, and International Monetary Fund (IMF) deepened the economic crisis and led to the outbreak of an already looming crisis of legitimacy in the Euro-zone and the EU at large. This latter crisis fosters economic nationalism and thus impedes any kind of EU-level response to the Euro-crisis.
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EinleitungHeidi ist nicht mehr nur das kleine, unschuldige Waisen-Mädchen aus den Schweizer Bergen. Sie ist inzwischen Botschafterin einer touristischen Region in der Nähe von Maienfeld, vermarktet eine eigene Lebensmittellinie bei der Migros, bietet das Design für ein modisches T-Shirt-Label und repräsentiert ausserdem die Schweiz im Ausland als das Land der Berge und der Natur. Heidis Erfolg ist unbestreitbar. Johanna Spyris Romane Heidis Lehr- und Wanderjahre und Heidi kann brauchen, was es gelernt hat erzählen vom kleinen Waisenmädchen, welches von seiner Tante Dete zuerst zu ihrem Grossvater, dem Alp-Öhi und später als Spielgefährtin der gelähmten Klara nach Frankfurt gebracht wird. Dort wird sie jedoch vor Heimweh krank und kommt schliesslich zurück in die Berge. Bereits kurz nach ihrem Erscheinen 1880 und 1881 genossen die beiden Bücher grossen Erfolg. Bald darauf wurde Heidi in verschiedene Sprachen übersetzt und erzielte international hohe Auflagen. Zahlreiche Adaptionen in Form von Theaterinszenierungen, Singspielen, Opern, Musicals, sowie Verfilmungen folgten. Der Heidi-Stoff wurde zunehmend umgestaltet und verändert. Nach und nach löste sich Heidi von ihrer literarischen Vorlage und verselbständigte sich insbesondere zu einer vielverwendeten touristischen Vermarktungsfigur der Schweiz. Wie aber wurde die Romanfigur Heidi aus Johanna Spyris Büchern zu diesem vielverwendbaren Symbol? Wie kann Heidis Erfolgsgeschichte erzählt werden?
Cet article analyse les réformes récentes engagées dans l'éducation préscolaire suédoise. L'educare suédois serait-il tenté par des idées centrées surtout sur la préparation scolaire et l'employabilité future ? Cet article analyse les changements d'objectifs, d'instruments politiques et de contexte, à partir d'une perspective historique. La conclusion est que la réforme engagée doit être interprétée tant au regard des idéaux nationaux que des idées défendues par les organisations internationales. L'application des critères de Peter A. Hall (1993) pour le changement de paradigme révèle des changements de premier et de second ordres, plutôt qu'une modification simultanée des objectifs, des instruments politiques et du contexte. Il faudra une nouvelle recherche pour mieux comprendre ce qui est réellement en train de se passer dans le contexte local, car il est rare que les politiques et les pratiques se superposent totalement.
The phenomenon of travelling religious traditions has attracted the attention of various scholars, but a differentiated understanding of its nature and impact is still lacking. This essay addresses the transnational and transregional impact of educational traditions in Islam in the South-South direction. It traces the impact of two education networks based in South Asia on Islamic learning in South East Asia. Both the modernist institutions of the International Islamic University and the conservative Deoband schools together with the affiliated Tablighi Jama'at have made significant headway in Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and beyond. The case study argues that the impact is far from unidirectional and more multifaceted than often assumed. It is largely shaped by the social and cultural experience of local society and driven by its needs, rather than by a transnational agenda.
Objective: the objective is to characterize the profile of child victims / targets of bullying, as well as perform the same SAE, using both the Diagnostics and Nursing Intervention CIPESC® resulting from the experience of Curitiba. Method: This is a reflective study, funded by research in databases BDENF, LILACS, SciELO and MEDLINE and other sources. We used the descriptors bullying; nursing process, public health nursing, professional practice and primary health care. Results: Were defined four diagnoses and thirty-eight interventions, all guided by the recommendations of this International Classification of Nursing Practice in Collective Health. Conclusion: it is understood that the SAE, articulated the CIPESC® is an invaluable tool for the professional nurse since strengthened its autonomy, nursing as a science and, above all, allows the consolidation of resolutive shares.
Current issues in international human resource management include global careers that differ from traditional expatriate assignments. A number of foreign executives have in recent years been appointed to positions in the headquarter operations of culturally distant organisations. These appointments of foreign executives in local organisations (FELOs) can be viewed as a specific form of self-initiated expatriation (SIE), with several distinct types of FELOs found in fieldwork studies. This article offers typologies of the individuals and organisations involved in the FELO phenomenon. These typologies elucidate that FELO appointments do not necessarily indicate a geocentric hiring approach, and assist in identifying which FELO workplaces produce successful outcomes as well as those which are likely to fail. The applicability to other country contexts, implications for theory on diversity in management teams, and key criteria for FELO hiring practices are discussed.
Mit Beginn des Jahres 2010 ist die Eurasische Zollunion formal aus der Taufe gehoben worden. Bereits zwei Jahre später, im Januar 2012 wurde die Gründung eines Einheitlichen Wirtschaftsraumes von Belarus, Kasachstan und Russland verkündet. Damit dieser, wie geplant, im Januar 2015 funktionsfähig ist, wird bereits jetzt an einer kohärenten und transparenten Gesetzesgrundlage der Union gearbeitet. Auf dieser Grundlage soll bis zum 1. Mai 2014 der Vertragsentwurf für die Union ausgearbeitet werden, um die rechtzeitige Unterzeichnung des Vertrags und die Ratifizierung durch die nationalen Parlamente sicherzustellen, damit die Union bis Anfang 2015 gegründet werden kann. Diese neue supranationale Konstruktion baut zum einen auf der über Jahrzehnte gewachsenen Vernetzung der beteiligten Volkswirtschaften während der Sowjetunion auf. Zum anderen sind auch schon mit der Einrichtung der GUS wesentliche politische und auch rechtliche Vorarbeiten geleistet worden, auf denen die Kernländer der Zollunion aufbauen können. Mit dem Beitritt Russlands in die WTO ist das Interesse an einer Assoziierung mit der Zollunion international gewachsen. Da auch Belarus und Kasachstan beim Handel mit Gütern bereits jetzt de facto die WTO-Kriterien erfüllen, und angesichts der zügigen Konsolidierung der Eurasischen Zollunion wird sich auch die Europäische Union einer Annäherung nicht verschließen können. Noch ist es zu früh, die durch die Eurasische Zollunion entstehenden wirtschaftlichen Folgen abzuschätzen. Gleichzeitig ist bereits jetzt deutlich geworden, dass sowohl Belarus als auch Kasachstan lediglich eine wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit anstreben. Ein erweitertes Aufgabengebiet für die Union, das von Russland angestrebt wurde, ist zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt nicht vorgesehen.
Abstract Recent evidence suggests that aid induces migration. This result is nevertheless not very informative from a policy perspective since what counts in terms of welfare consequences is the composition of migration. In this paper we focus on education and study which of skilled or unskilled migration is more sensitive to aid. More specifically we investigate the possible channels through which aid might affect self-selection among international emigrants and find that aid induces positive selection by easing the movement of highly qualified workers. Interestingly, we find that technical cooperation and bilateral aid have a significant influence on skilled migration but do not seem to affect unskilled migration significantly. On the other hand, aid targeted to development enhancement affects both categories but seems to have a larger effect on the former.
