Suchergebnisse

Dr. Denison was a Professor of diseases of the chest and of climatology, Medical Department, University of Denver. There are two fold-out weather maps of the United States illustrating Annual Cloudiness on average, over 10 years. Alice Denison's signature is on the front cover. ; Note on the title page: Reprinted from the "Transactions of the Ninth International Medical Congress," held at Washington, D.C., September, 1887, Vol. V. By order of the Legislature of Colorado. ; "Introduction: The discussion of this most important question of "Climatic influence in Phthisis," to be fair, must be general, with no unworthy prominence given to any one of its many elements. The subject is necessarily complex, and in order to reach right conclusions must be candidly considered, without reference to the convenience of the medical adviser or of the patient."

Each lecture is preceded by a prelude. ; The lectures were given in 1875-1879 and first printed in the Boston daily advertiser. ; Lectures. I.Infidel attack on property. 2.Secret socialistic societies. 3.Rich and poor in factory towns. 4.Mrs. Browning's Cry of the children. 5-6.Sex in industry. 7.Wages and children's rights. 8.Natural and starvation wages. 9.Is justice a peril to capitalists? 10.Are trade-unions a nursery of socialism?--Preludes. 1.Socialistic politics in Massachusetts. 2.The regeneration of Asia. 3.Infidelity and the mails. 4.Professorships on the relations of religion to science. 5.The future of Canada. 6.Fraud in national elections. 7.Drunkenness as a vice and as a disease. 8.Polygamy in Utah. 9.National solvency after civil war. 10.Roman and modern international unity. ; Mode of access: Internet.

A free open access ebook is available upon publication. Learn more at www.luminosoa.org. Multiculturalism as a distinct form of liberal-democratic governance gained widespread acceptance after World War II, but in recent years this consensus has been fractured. Multiculturalism in the British Commonwealth examines cultural diversity across the postwar Commonwealth, situating modern multiculturalism in its national, international, and historical contexts. Bringing together practitioners from across the humanities and social sciences to explore the legal, political, and philosophical issues involved, these essays address common questions: What is postwar multiculturalism? Why did it come about? How have social actors responded to it? In addition to chapters on Australia, Britain, Canada, and New Zealand, this volume also covers India, Malaysia, Nigeria, Singapore, and Trinidad, tracing the historical roots of contemporary dilemmas back to the intertwined legacies of imperialism and liberalism. In so doing it demonstrates that multiculturalism has implications that stretch far beyond its current formulations in public and academic discourse

This volume chronicles the policy challenges and adaptations faced and made by the South Korean government during the post-industrialization and democratization period. Following the model set by the first volume in the series, which covered the economic and social development during the developmental period from the 1960s to the 1980s, this volume examines how and to what extent the South Korean government has adapted to a variety of political, economic and social transformations since the 1990s. The book is divided in two parts. Part I reviews the changing policy environments and government policy paradigms in the wake of industrialization and democratization, focusing on the reorganization and coordination of government ministries and agencies. Part II explores key public policy areas, such as economics, social welfare, and foreign relations, where the South Korean government has successfully adapted to new policy challenges and environments. Drawing policy implications for the future actions of the South Korean government as well as for those countries wishing to replicate South Korea's success and avoid its errors, this book of interest to both scholars and policy-makers concerned with development in the Asia-Pacific. Jongwon Choiis Professor of the Graduate School of Public Administration and Director of the Asia Development Institute at Seoul National University. He graduated from Seoul National University (B.A. in Economics in 1982 and MPA in 1984) and obtained Ph. D. in public policy from University of Michigan in 1989. He was the Dean of Graduate School of Public Administration (2008-2010). Previously he worked for Economic Planning Board (EPB) and Korea Development Institute (KDI). He was a non-standing commissioner of Korean Fair Trade Commission, the Republic of Korea (2008-2011). He also was the chairman of Korean Public Enterprise Evaluation Committee (2012-2013). He is the President of the Korean Society of Public Enterprises since 2009. He was the editor of the Korean Public Administration Review. His research interest is on policy-making and policy implementation theories and empirical studies. His publications include: 'James G. March and Policy Studies in Korea' (Korean Policy Studies Journal, 2014), 'On ICT Governance and Regulation' (ICT Forum, 2014), 'Institutional Leadership and Perceived Performance: Evidence from the Korean Minister Survey' (Korean Journal of Policy Studies, 2011), Consumers and the Rule of Law (Seoul National University Press, 2008, co-author), Korean National Governance System: Challenges and Strategies (Seoul: Nanam, 2008, co-author), and the like. Huck-ju Kwonis Professor of the Graduate School of Public Administration and Deputy Director of the Asia Development Institute at Seoul National University. He is also the Editor of the Korean Public Administration Reviewand Co-editor of Global Social Policy(Sage). His research interest is on comparative social policy in East Asia, international development policy and global governance. He was Director of the Global Research Network on Social Protection in East Asia, funded by the Korea Research Council (2010-2013) and Visiting Scholar at the Harvard Yenching Institute (2013-2014). Previously he worked as the Research Coordinator at the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) (2002-2005). His publications include 'Poverty Reduction and Good Governance' (Development and Change, 2014), Transforming the Developmental Welfare State in East Asia(Palgrave, 2005), The East Asian Welfare Model: the State and Welfare Orientalism(Routledge, 1998, co-author) and The Korean State and Social Policy(Oxford University Press, 2011). Min Gyo Koois Associate Professor of the Graduate School of Public Administration at Seoul National University. His research interests include East Asian political economy and maritime affairs. Among his many publications is Island Disputes and Maritime Regime Building in East Asia: Between a Rock and a Hard Place(2010, Springer). Aside from many book chapters, he has published his research in a wide range of journals, including International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, The Pacific Review, Pacific Affairs, Asian Perspective, European Journal of East Asia Studies, and Journal of East Asian Studies. He has also co-edited (with Vinod K. Aggarwal) Asia's New Institutional Architecture: Evolving Structures for Managing Trade, Financial, and Security Relations(2008, Springer). From fall 2005 to spring 2007, he served as a postdoctoral fellow at the Center for International Studies and as a full time lecturer in the School of International Relations at the University of Southern California. He also taught at Yonsei University in Korea from fall 2007 to spring 2010. He currently serves as Visiting Scholar at the Harvard Yenching Institute (2015-2016).

This book presents novel applications of nanotechnology for the preservation of artistic and historical artifacts. It explains the scientific principles behind numerous nanomaterials and discusses their applications to different types of common movable and fixed artistic substrates. It starts with an overview of the nano-tools developed over the last three decades, such as dispersions of nanoparticles, micellar solutions, microemulsions and gels. Compared to traditional methods, these new tools have the benefit of considerably less impact on both the operators and the environment. Each chapter is dedicated to a specific type of cultural heritage material (wall and easel paintings, stone, paper, canvas and wood) starting with the main degradation paths and discussing protocols for the application of innovative nanomaterials-based tools for cleaning, consolidation, or deacidification, which represent the majority of the case studies encountered in restoration facilities, workshops and ateliers. The book provides step-by-step descriptions that are meant to support conservators in the application of these novel materials and methods. The aim of the book is to equip end-users and conservators with essential information and knowledge on the availability and applicability of different nano-materials and dispersed systems. While the book's focus is on the practical aspects, interested readers will also find references to the relevant advanced colloid and material science literature.Main audience: Expert conservators, restorers and technical staff at conservation institutes and museums, students at conservation and restoration schools, and scientists who are new to the field of conservation of artistic and historical artifacts. Piero Baglioni is a full professor of Physical Chemistry and lecturer of Physical Chemistry at the Department of Chemistry of the University of Florence. He is the Director of the Center for Colloid and Surface Science (Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase - CSGI); he is in the Advisory Board of several international journals, International organizations, and member of several national and international institutions, industries, and learned societies (e.g the European Academy of Science; the Royal Academy of Art and Science in Göteborg, Sweden; the American Chemical Society; the European Colloids and Interface Society; the European Society for Neutron Spectroscopy; Accademia delle Arti del Disegno - the oldest Academy in Italy). Piero Baglioni is author of about 400 publications on books and journals and 26 patents (5 of which in connection with art restoration). He was recipient of international prizes for his contribution to Conservation of Cultural Heritage and to the synthesis of nucleolipids, such as Lifetime achievements for the contribution to Colloids and Interface Science (JCIS), the Caballero Aguila (The most prestigious recognition from National agency for conservation in Mexico), the Gran Prix for Innovation Award and from the European Colloids and Interface Society (ECIS). The methods for the conservation of artistic and historical objects introduced by his group have been widely acknowledged.David Chelazzi received his Master's degree in Chemistry at the University of Florence in 2003, with a thesis work developed at the European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (L.E.N.S.). In 2007 he received his PhD on Science for Cultural Heritage Conservation at CSGI, on the development of physico-chemical methodologies for the conservation of paper and wood works of art. Post-doc experience included a scholarship at the 'Centre de Restauration des Musées de France' (C2RMF) in Paris (Palais du Louvre), on the aging and removal of adhesives used for the lining of paintings. As of 2010 he is a Research Fellow at CSGI - Department of Chemistry of the University of Florence, his research work focuses on the development of nanomaterials for the conservation and preservation of movable and immovable works of art. He is the author of 30 publications in the field of conservation of cultural heritage materials.Rodorico Giorgi received his degree in Chemistry (physical-chemistry curriculum) in 1996, at the University of Florence, and in 2000 his PhD in Science for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage at the same University, with Prof. Piero Baglioni as Advisor. He is currently research fellow at the Department of Chemistry of the University of Florence and CSGI, national Center for Colloid and Surface Science. Giorgi's main research interests are in physico-chemical characterization of materials, investigation of degradation processes and development of nanotechnology for the conservation of different works of art materials, such as wall and canvas paintings, stone, paper, parchment, and archaeological wood. Giorgi is author of about 100 publications in the field of nanoscience application to cultural heritage conservation.

For the time being, public management reform represents the concern of most states, no matter their development level, geographical and strategic position, membership to various supranational structures or political and social organisation systems. This process represents the topic of several papers and publications of outstanding international scientists or specialized structures of international organizations, such as OECD. In the EU Member States or acceding states, an argument for public management reform consists also in the need to bring into line with the national and regional administrations and even European administration. In the reform process, the most visible actors are the public authorities and institutions as well as the academic environment, which at national, regional or European level has structured own levers and mechanisms for debate and action concerning the reform mentioned. In line with the above efforts, it is worth to mention the activity of the European Group for Public Administration (EGPA), the Network of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration in Central and Eastern Europe (NISPAcee), International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS), European Public Law Organization (EPLO), European Institute of Public Administration (EIPA) etc. In this respect, I have oriented my own preoccupations of analysis and research, expressed in theoretical and empirical studies, accepted with interest in prestigious regional, European or Trans-Atlantic scientific events. In the actual context of developing administrative sciences in Romania, I consider that a synthesis of the main themes and outcomes is useful. They benefited of national and international recognition, being accepted at specialised events, being published or quoted. The contents of the current volumes focus on two important fields of research in administrative sciences: fundamental issues and developments of public administration and services, on one hand, and civil service, on the other hand. Within this broad topic, several chapters aim and present relevant, conceptual and empirical issues of the fundamental processes in national and European administration, i.e. decentralisation, setting up and asserting the European Administrative Space or regional cooperation. Romanian experiments and practices for representing the local interests in the governmental decision-making process, partnership and local governance or universal services are in line with the European trends for developing the public services. In fact, Europeanization of national public administrations represents the outcome and the engine of changes in Romanian public management in the context of the European integration. The first volume concludes with a broad comparative study concerning Romanian and Japanese public management. Result of a "Foreign Visiting Professor†programme at the National Institute of Multimedia Education, Japan, the study reveals the core values deriving from the culture and social organisation of two peoples with distinct history and development, that unify and separate the national public administration systems. The conclusions of the first volume are formulated in most studies. They are shaping Romanian public administration as a developing system, open and convergent towards the European values characterising the whole European integration process. The second volume focuses on civil servants' career and training. The Europeanization process, the curricular harmonization of the content and organisation of higher education in the area of administrative sciences are analysed in view of the principles of European Higher Education Area. Basically, the studies describe a new for researching and method evaluating the contents of the Bachelor and Master programmes according to a set of principles, promoted by the European bodies, such as the European Association for Public Administration Accreditation (EAPAA). The studies represent an extension towards the pillars of a European dialogue concerning in-service training and the impact of new technologies in public organisations. Important experiences in management and training of Romanian civil service are approached in the context of promoting meritocratic criteria or developing the democratic mechanism, supporting the Romanian public management reform. Of course, only reading these lines, a concrete and detailed idea about the current paper could not be formulated. For those interested, it will be a major effort to cover all the topics presented. Every topic is subject to appreciations and critics, representing the pillar of new developments. In fact, it represents one of the aims for my approach. The other aims are focused on re-launching the professional and scientific dialogue in specialised academia on the coordinates of research in the field of public management, accepted at European level, ensuring an enhanced internal, national and European visibility for the contributions of the Romanian public management school.

For the time being, public management reform represents the concern of most states, no matter their development level, geographical and strategic position, membership to various supranational structures or political and social organisation systems. This process represents the topic of several papers and publications of outstanding international scientists or specialized structures of international organizations, such as OECD. In the EU Member States or acceding states, an argument for public management reform consists also in the need to bring into line with the national and regional administrations and even European administration. In the reform process, the most visible actors are the public authorities and institutions as well as the academic environment, which at national, regional or European level has structured own levers and mechanisms for debate and action concerning the reform mentioned. In line with the above efforts, it is worth to mention the activity of the European Group for Public Administration (EGPA), the Network of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration in Central and Eastern Europe (NISPAcee), International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS), European Public Law Organization (EPLO), European Institute of Public Administration (EIPA) etc. In this respect, I have oriented my own preoccupations of analysis and research, expressed in theoretical and empirical studies, accepted with interest in prestigious regional, European or Trans-Atlantic scientific events. In the actual context of developing administrative sciences in Romania, I consider that a synthesis of the main themes and outcomes is useful. They benefited of national and international recognition, being accepted at specialised events, being published or quoted. The contents of the current volumes focus on two important fields of research in administrative sciences: fundamental issues and developments of public administration and services, on one hand, and civil service, on the other hand. Within this broad topic, several chapters aim and present relevant, conceptual and empirical issues of the fundamental processes in national and European administration, i.e. decentralisation, setting up and asserting the European Administrative Space or regional cooperation. Romanian experiments and practices for representing the local interests in the governmental decision-making process, partnership and local governance or universal services are in line with the European trends for developing the public services. In fact, Europeanization of national public administrations represents the outcome and the engine of changes in Romanian public management in the context of the European integration. The first volume concludes with a broad comparative study concerning Romanian and Japanese public management. Result of a "Foreign Visiting Professor†programme at the National Institute of Multimedia Education, Japan, the study reveals the core values deriving from the culture and social organisation of two peoples with distinct history and development, that unify and separate the national public administration systems. The conclusions of the first volume are formulated in most studies. They are shaping Romanian public administration as a developing system, open and convergent towards the European values characterising the whole European integration process. The second volume focuses on civil servants' career and training. The Europeanization process, the curricular harmonization of the content and organisation of higher education in the area of administrative sciences are analysed in view of the principles of European Higher Education Area. Basically, the studies describe a new for researching and method evaluating the contents of the Bachelor and Master programmes according to a set of principles, promoted by the European bodies, such as the European Association for Public Administration Accreditation (EAPAA). The studies represent an extension towards the pillars of a European dialogue concerning in-service training and the impact of new technologies in public organisations. Important experiences in management and training of Romanian civil service are approached in the context of promoting meritocratic criteria or developing the democratic mechanism, supporting the Romanian public management reform. Of course, only reading these lines, a concrete and detailed idea about the current paper could not be formulated. For those interested, it will be a major effort to cover all the topics presented. Every topic is subject to appreciations and critics, representing the pillar of new developments. In fact, it represents one of the aims for my approach. The other aims are focused on re-launching the professional and scientific dialogue in specialised academia on the coordinates of research in the field of public management, accepted at European level, ensuring an enhanced internal, national and European visibility for the contributions of the Romanian public management school.

In 1851, the United Kingdom astounded the world with the Great Exhibition—an iconic showcase of innovation, industry, and cultural exchange. Dr Anton Howes of The Entrepreneurs Network has made a case showing how, in the 21st century, a modern-day Great Exhibition has the potential to reaffirm Britain's commitment to new technology and solidify its position as a global leader. By hosting such an event, the UK can harness its strengths, inspire innovation, attract investment, and foster international collaboration.A modern Great Exhibition would serve as a catalyst for innovation, igniting the imaginations of entrepreneurs, scientists, and inventors from across the globe. By providing a platform for showcasing cutting-edge technologies and ideas, the UK can inspire a new wave of innovation and creativity. This exhibition could highlight the country's expertise in areas such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, renewable energy, and advanced manufacturing, encouraging breakthroughs and fostering collaboration between academia, industry, and startups.Hosting a Great Exhibition would enable the UK to position itself as a global leader in new technology. By featuring groundbreaking inventions, research, and development, the UK can demonstrate its commitment to pushing the boundaries of progress. This exhibition could emphasize the UK's prowess in emerging fields, allowing the world to witness firsthand the nation's capacity to embrace technological advancements and drive positive change. As The Entrepreneurs Network puts it:"Visitors would see drone deliveries in action, take rides in driverless cars, actually use the latest in virtual reality technology, play with prototype augmented reality devices, and see organ tissue and metals and electronics being 3D-printed in front of them. They would see industrial manufacturing robots in action, have a taste of lab-grown meat at the food stalls, meet cloned animals brought back from extinction, and themselves perform feats of extraordinary strength wearing the exoskeletons that are already in use in factories and warehouses. Visitors would naturally get to meet the inventors and scientists and engineers who developed it all, too. They would browse the latest in fashion, art, and architecture, seeing them alongside historical examples. And the whole thing would be powered using only the cutting edge of clean energy technology, much like how the great new Corliss Engine drove the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, or how Westinghouse's alternating current powered the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. Visitors might also be able to view air CO2 removal machines in action."A modern Great Exhibition would be a magnet for international investors seeking opportunities in the UK's vibrant technology sector. By showcasing the country's commitment to innovation, the exhibition would demonstrate the potential for lucrative partnerships and investments. It would attract the attention of venture capitalists, industry leaders, and entrepreneurs, fostering economic growth and creating job opportunities. Additionally, by highlighting the UK's thriving research institutions and vibrant startup ecosystem, the exhibition could draw global talent, promoting knowledge transfer and enriching the nation's pool of skilled professionals.A Great Exhibition would provide a unique platform for international collaboration, fostering partnerships between the UK and nations around the world. By inviting countries to showcase their technological advancements, the exhibition would encourage knowledge exchange, cross-cultural learning, and collaboration on global challenges. This shared experience could create lasting networks and partnerships, promoting diplomacy and cooperation across borders.Hosting a Great Exhibition would generate a sense of national pride and confidence in the UK's capabilities. It would remind the world of the nation's rich history of technological progress and innovation, while also signaling a bold vision for the future. By celebrating its achievements, the UK can inspire a renewed sense of purpose and confidence in its ability to shape a prosperous and sustainable future.There is no doubt that a modern Great Exhibition holds immense potential for the United Kingdom. By showcasing its commitment to new technology, the UK can stimulate innovation, attract investment and talent, foster international collaboration, and boost national pride. This exhibition would serve as a testament to the nation's determination to embrace progress, shaping a future where innovation and technological advancement drive economic growth and societal well-being. The time has come for the UK to once again captivate the world's attention by hosting a Great Exhibition that reaffirms its status as a global leader at the forefront of the technological frontier.

A comparative assessment of the dynamics of technological development of Ukraine and Russia for 2014–2019 has been carried out in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. A method for assessing the economic losses of the conflicting parties due to a slowdown in their technological development, under the influence of militarization, based on the parameter of technological progress of the Solow-Tinbergen production function, built according to the World Bank 1991–2019 data, was proposed and tested. It is substantiated that during the Russian-Ukrainian war, starting from 2015, the technological development of the Russian Federation was curtailed and the economy transitioned to an extensive basis, when the parameter of technological progress acquired a negative value. In the case of Ukraine, a deterioration in technological development was detected due to a decrease in the values of the parameter of technological progress during 2014–2019. It has been proven that the economic recession of the aggressor is the worst in comparison with the victim country, but the relative losses of GDP due to the curtailment of technological development caused by the war are much less. In the case of the Russian Federation as an aggressor country, it is substantiated that the main catalyst for the economic recession was the curtailment of the participation of the real sector of the economy in the international transfer of technologies under the influence of international economic sanctions. In the case of Ukraine, as a country-victim of military intervention, it is justified that the replacement of international partnership in the field of technological cooperation ensured a slowdown in the economic recession. The results of the development of methodological support for the process of assessing GDP losses of the parties to a military conflict are universal for use in international comparisons. The proposed methods are relevant in assessing the technological development of countries that are or were in a state of military confrontation, which significantly expands the basis for future research by the authors ; Проведена сравнительная оценка динамики технологического развития Украины и России за 2014–2019гг. в условиях Российско-украинской войны. Предложена и апробирована методика оценки экономических потерь конфликтующих сторон вследствие замедления их технологического развития, под влиянием милитаризации, на основе параметра технологического прогресса производственной функции Солоу-Тинбергена, построенной по данным Всемирного Банка 1991–2019гг. Обосновано, что в ходе Российско-украинской войны, начиная с 2015года, произошло сворачивание технологического развития Российской Федерации и переход экономики на экстенсивную основу, когда параметр технологического прогресса приобрел отрицательное значение. В случае с Украиной обнаружено ухудшение технологического развития из-за уменьшения значений параметра технологического прогресса на протяжении 2014–2019гг. Доказано, что экономический спад агрессора является худшим по сравнению со страной-жертвой, но относительные потери ВВП вследствие свертывания технологического развития, вызванного войной, значительно меньше. В случае Российской Федерации как страны-агрессора обосновано, что основным катализатором экономического спада было свертывание участия реального сектора экономики в международном трансфере технологий под влиянием международных экономических санкций. В случае Украины как страны-жертвы военной интервенции обосновано, что замещение международного партнерства в сфере технологического сотрудничества обеспечило замедление экономического спада. Результаты разработки методического обеспечения процесса оценки потерь ВВП сторон военного конфликта являются универсальными для использования в международных сравнениях. Актуальны предложенные методы при оценке технологического развития стран, находящихся или находившихся в состоянии военного противостояния, что значительно расширяет базу для будущих исследований авторов ; Проведено порівняльну оцінку динаміки технологічного розвитку України та Російської Федерації за 2014–2019рр. в умовах російсько-українського конфлікту. Запропоновано та апробовано методику макроекономічної оцінки економічних втрат конфліктуючих сторін внаслідок сповільнення їх технологічного розвитку під впливом мілітаризації, на основі параметра технологічного прогресу виробничої функції Солоу-Тінберґена. Обґрунтовано, що у ході російсько-української війни, починаючи з 2015року (параметр технологічного прогресу від'ємний), відбулося згортання технологічного розвитку Російської Федерації та перехід економіки на екстенсивну основу. В Україні виявлене погіршення технологічного розвитку через зменшення значень параметра технологічного прогресу упродовж 2014–2019рр. Доведено, що економічний спад агресора є гіршим, порівняно з країною-жертвою, але відносні втрати валового внутрішнього продукту (ВВП) унаслідок згортання технологічного розвитку, спричиненого війною, значно менші. У випадку Російської Федерації як країни-агресора обґрунтовано, що основним каталізатором економічного спаду було згортання участі реального сектора економіки у міжнародному трансфері технологій під впливом міжнародних економічних санкцій. У випадку України як країни-жертви воєнної інтервенції обґрунтовано, що заміщення міжнародного партнерства у сфері технологічного співробітництва забезпечило сповільнення економічного спаду. Результати розробки методичного забезпечення процесу оцінки втрат ВВП сторін воєнного конфлікту є універсальними для використання у міжнародних порівняннях. Актуальними є запропоновані методи в оцінці технологічного розвитку країн, що перебувають або перебували у стані воєнного протистояння, що значно розширює базу для майбутніх досліджень авторів

The paper presents a critical discussion of the CJEU judgment in the JZ case (C 806/18), in which the Court interpreted Article 11 of Directive 2008/115 that regulates entry ban issuance. The author asks a question of whether an entry ban as a measure limiting the right to free movement has a moral and legal ground in international law and EU law. Moreover, the author focuses on the problem of the criminalisation of irregular migration – both in the context of the established line of the Court's case law and in the case of a vague national law standard that penalizes illegal stays – the possibility to apply the criminal law concept of error in law and thus exclusion of criminal liability of an illegal migrant. ; anna.kosinska1@usz.edu.pl ; Anna Magdalena Kosińska is an Associated Professor at the University of Szczecin, Poland. ; University of Szczecin, Poland ; Ad Hoc Query on 2020.81 Umbrella Inform – Covid-19 and Return – Part 2 (REG Practitioners and NCPs). Requested by COM on 21 December 2020. ; Bosworth M., Human Rights and Immigration Detention in the United Kingdom, (in:) M.B. Dembour, T. Kelly (eds.), Are Human Rights for Migrants? Critical Reflections on the Status of Irregular Migrants in Europe and the United States, London 2011. ; Carens J.H., The Ethics of Immigration, New York 2013. ; Chetail V., International Migration Law, Oxford 2019. ; Chin G.J., Illegal Entry as Crime, Deportation as Punishment: Immigration Status and the Criminal Process, "UCLA Law Review" 2011, https://www.uclalawreview.org/illegal-entry-as-crime-deportation-as-punishment-immigration-status-and-the-crim[inal-process/. ; Crosby A., The Political Potential of the Return Directive, "Laws" 2014, no. 3. ; di Molfetta E., Brouwer J., Unravelling the 'Crimmigration Knot': Penal Subjectivities, Punishment and the Censure Machine, "Criminology & Criminal Justice" 2020, vol. 20, no 3. ; Eule T.G., Borrelli L.M., Lindberg A., Wyss A., Migrants Before the Law. Contested Migration Control in Europe, London and Basingstoke 2019. ; European Migration Network (EMN), The Effectiveness of Return in EU Member States. Synthesis Report for the EMN Focussed Study, 2017, https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/european_migration_network/reports_en. ; Grant S., The Recognition of Migrants' Rights within the UN Human Rights System: the first 60 years, (in:) M.B. Dembour, T. Kelly (eds.), Are Human Rights for Migrants? Critical Reflections on the Status of Irregular Migrants in Europe and the United States, London 2011. ; Grey C., Justice and Authority in Immigration Law, Oxford and Portland, OR 2017. ; Kolankiewicz M., Sager M., Clandestine Migration Facilitation and Border Spectacle: Criminalisation, Solidarity, Contestations, "Mobilities" 2012, vol. 16, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17450101.2021.1888628. ; Koronawirus a więzienia. Skargi do RPO – na brak środków ochrony, nieprzestrzeganie zaleceń sanitarnych, dostęp do badań, https://www.rpo.gov.pl/pl/content/koronawirus-a-wiezienia-skargi-rpo-od-osadzonych-i-rodzin. ; Kox M., Boone M., The Pains of Being Unauthorized in the Netherlands, "Punishment & Society" 2020, vol. 22, no. 4. ; Miller D., Strangers in Our Midst, The Political Philosophy of Immigration, Cambridge, MA 2016. ; Motomura H., Immigration Outside the Law, New York 2014. ; Pahladsingh A., The Legal Requirements of the Entry Ban: The Role of National Courts and Dialogue with the Court of Justice of the European Union, (in:) M. Moraru, G. Cornelisse, Ph. De Bruycker (eds.), Law and the Judicial Dialogue on the Return of Irregular Migrants from the European Union, Oxford 2020. ; Sanchez G., Achilli L., Stranded: The Impacts of COVID-19 on Irregular Migration and Migrant Smuggling, "Policy Briefs" 2020, no. 20. ; Strąk M., Polityka Unii Europejskiej w zakresie powrotów. Aspekty prawne, Warsaw 2019. ; Stumpf J.P., The Process is the Punishment in Crimmigration Law, (in:) K. Franko Aas, M. Bosworth (eds.), The Borders of Punishment. Migration, Citizenship, and Social Exclusion, Oxford 2013. ; Szklanna A., Ochrona prawna cudzoziemca w wietle orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka, Warsaw 2010. ; Tsoukala A., Turning Immigrants into Security Threats: A Multi – Faceted Process, (in:) G. Lazardis (ed.), Security, Insecurity and Migration in Europe, London 2016. ; Waasdorp J., Pahladsingh A., Expulsion or Imprisonment? Criminal Law Sanctions for Breaching an Entry Ban in the Light of Crimmigration Law, "Bergen Journal of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice" 2019, vol. 4, no 2. ; Weissbrodt D., Divine M., International human rights of migrant, (in:) B. Opekin, R. Perruchoud, J. Redpath-Cross (eds.), Foundations of International Migration Law, Cambridge 2012. ; Zedner L., Is the Criminal Law Only for Citizens? A Problem at the Borders of Punishment, (in:) K. Franko Aas, M. Bosworth (eds.), The Borders of Punishment. Migration, Citizenship, and Social Exclusion, Oxford 2013. ; 26 ; 6 ; 207 ; 224

2020 is the year of publication of a new military doctrine of the Russian Federation. The document will, undoubtedly, be received as an interesting object of analysis, expected to show not only direct intentions, but also the hinking patterns representative for the Russian political elites. It is, therefore, advisable to process the history of public diplomacy – the leading tool of building soft power – a long-standing component of Russian Federation's capability, which due to the composition of determinants typical for the late-Westphalian international order gained an unprecedented level of meaning (or even can be seen as a leading factor).For these reasons, the author – after adopting a working definition – attempts to retrace the direct and indirect (implied) instances of including public diplomacy into the most important strategic documents and legal acts, issued by Russia in the years 1991-2016. The analysis shows the evolution of Russia's political elites' approach to all of the dimensions of public diplomacy (shift from superficial westernisation and a liberal discourse on the international order, through demonstrations of assertiveness, to a narrative adopotion of the role of one of the poles of the new international order), and provides insight into the composition of the political, social end economic determinants behind the transition. Also discussed are the shifts within the specifics of the methods of public diplomacy – such as the perception of the role of diaspora, or the link between image, economic diplomacy and economic development. These changes are presented on the background of the state of the international system, and the analysis is an addition to the extensive literature on the Russian Federation's informational influence. ; Na rok 2020 przewidziano publikację nowej doktryny militarnej Federacji Rosyjskiej – dokument ten niewątpliwie odebrany zostanie jako interesujący przedmiot analizy, ukazujący nie tylko bezpośrednie zamierzenia, ale również wzorce myślenia rosyjskich elit politycznych. Wskazane jest zatem przypomnienie długiej historii uwzględniania w rosyjskich dokumentach koncepcyjnych wiodącego narzędzia budowy soft power – komponentu potencjału Federacji Rosyjskiej, który posiada co prawda długą tradycję, ale wskutek układu uwarunkowań, charakteryzującego ład późnowestfalski, w XXI stuleciu osiągnął znaczenie wcześniej niespotykane; można wręcz stwierdzić, że w realiach ostatnich dziesięcioleci wybił się on na pierwszy plan.Z tych względów, autor – po przyjęciu roboczej definicji zjawiska – podejmuje się prześledzenia bezpośrednich i pośrednich (dorozumianych) przypadków uwzględnienia dyplomacji publicznej w najważniejszych dokumentach strategicznych i aktach prawnych, przyjmowanych w Rosji na przestrzeni lat 1991-2016. Przeprowadzona analiza ukazuje ewolucję podejścia rosyjskich elit politycznych do wszystkich wymiarów dyplomacji publicznej (przesunięcie od powierzchownej okcydentalizacji i liberalnego dyskursu o ładzie międzynarodowym, poprzez manifestację asertywności, aż do adaptacji kreatywnej i narracyjnego objęcia roli bieguna ładu multipolarnego), a także dostarcza wglądu w skład uwarunkowań politycznych, społecznych i gospodarczych, które stały za tymi przekształceniami. Uwidocznione zostały także przemiany w zakresie charakteru wykorzystywanych metod prowadzenia dyplomacji publicznej – jak chociażby percepcji roli diaspory czy związku działań wizerunkowych z dyplomacją ekonomiczną i rozwojem gospodarczym. Przesunięcia te zostają ukazane na tle stanu systemu międzynarodowego, a ich analiza stanowi dodatek do bogatej historii badań w zakresie oddziaływań informacyjnych Federacji Rosyjskiej. ; На 2020 год запланирована публикация новой военной доктрины Российской Федерации - этот документ, несомненно, будет воспринят как интересный предмет анализа, показывающий не только непосредственные намерения, но и образ мышления российской политической элиты. Поэтому целесообразно вспомнить долгую историю в российских концептуальных документах ведущего строительного инструмента мягкой силы - компонента потенциала Российской Федерации, имеющего давнюю традицию, но в связи с системой обусловленностей, характерной для позднего вестфальского мира, в 21 веке приобретшего как никогда ранее актуальное значение; можно даже утверждать, что в реалиях последних десятилетий он вышел на первый план.В связи с этим, автор, приняв рабочее определение явления, исследует прямые и косвенные (подразумеваемые) случаи, когда публичная дипломатия рассматривалась в важнейших стратегических документах и правовых актах, принятых в России в 1991-2016 годах. Проведенный анализ показывает эволюцию подхода российской политической элиты ко всем измерениям публичной дипломатии (переход от поверхностной западной ориентации и либерального дискурса о международном порядке, через проявление ассертивности, до творческой адаптации и повествовательного описания роли полюса многополярного порядка), а также дает представление о политических, социальных и экономических факторах, которые стали причиной этих трансформаций. Также были показаны изменения в области характера используемых методов публичной дипломатии - например, понимание роли диаспоры или связь между имиджевыми мероприятиями экономической дипломатии и экономическим развитием. Эти трансформации представлены на фоне международной системы, а их анализ является дополнением к богатой истории исследований в области информационных влияний Российской Федерации.

The authors study constructivism from the standpoint of its explanatory processes in relations between countries and elucidate the possibilities of its practical application in foreign relations, in particular Ukraine. The main purpose of the study is to identify the real and potential possibilities of the theory of constructivism in the interpretation of the substantive dynamics of the modern international system and the relations between its subjects. Researchers used classical philosophical and post-classical methods: dialectical, structural-systemic and methodological attitudes of constructivism. This methodology allowed to fully reveal the problem. The novelty of the work is that the authors managed to reveal the research potential of constructivism at the present stage in the age of a combination of crisis conflict factors that affect the functioning of the world system. The article reveals the methodology of constructing foreign policy decisions on the basis of structural elements of the theory of constructivism - identity, interests, ideas and actions. For this purpose, the authors cite examples of the United States as they build their relations with China. Researchers point to elements of political analysis that Ukraine lacks in order to make effective foreign policy decisions. After all, the national energy security strategy needs a flexible response to new challenges from the standpoint of constructivism. The conclusions indicate the condition under which the interest of an external international actor may arise. This is possible when the positioning of the country and its image are congruent, in addition, they are attractive to a foreign partner. The art of diplomacy is to form the necessary image for international relations, in which positioning and interests are harmoniously combined. So, we can create a new reality from the standpoint of constructivism if we convince the world community of our attractiveness and ensure the support of the international community. ; Автори досліджують конструктивізм з позиції його експланації процесів, що відбуваються у відносинах між країнами і з'ясовують можливості його практичного застосування у зовнішніх відносинах, зокрема України. Головною метою дослідження є: виявлення дійсних і потенційних можливостей теорії конструктивізму з інтерпретації змістовної динаміки сучасної міжнародної системи і відносин між її суб'єктами. Застосування класичних філософських і постнекласичних методів: діалектичного, структурно-системного та методологічні установки конструктивізму були використані у дослідженні проблеми. Новизна роботи в розкритті дослідницького потенціалу конструктивізму на сучасному етапі в добу поєднання кризових конфліктогенних чинників функціонування світової системи. На основі структурних елементів теорії конструктивізму – ідентичності, інтересів, ідей та дій стаття розкриває методологію побудови зовнішньополітичних рішень, на прикладі США, а також в реаліях України. Національна стратегія енергетичної безпеки потребує гнучкого реагування на нові виклики з позиції конструктивізму. Висновки вказують на умову, за якої інтерес може виникнути. Це можливо тоді, коли позиціонування країни та її образ конгруентні, до того ж, вони привабливі для зарубіжного партнера. Мистецтво дипломатії полягає в тому, щоб сформувати потрібний для міжнародних відносин образ, в якому позиціонування та інтереси гармонічно поєднані. Отже, з позиції конструктивізму ми можемо створити нову реальність, якщо переконаємо світову спільноту у своїй привабливості і заручимося підтримкою міжнародного співтовариства. ; Автори досліджують конструктивізм з позиції його експланації процесів, що відбуваються у відносинах між країнами і з'ясовують можливості його практичного застосування у зовнішніх відносинах, зокрема України. Головною метою дослідження є: виявлення дійсних і потенційних можливостей теорії конструктивізму з інтерпретації змістовної динаміки сучасної міжнародної системи і відносин між її суб'єктами. Застосування класичних філософських і постнекласичних методів: діалектичного, структурно-системного та методологічні установки конструктивізму були використані у дослідженні проблеми. Новизна роботи в розкритті дослідницького потенціалу конструктивізму на сучасному етапі в добу поєднання кризових конфліктогенних чинників функціонування світової системи. На основі структурних елементів теорії конструктивізму – ідентичності, інтересів, ідей та дій стаття розкриває методологію побудови зовнішньополітичних рішень, на прикладі США, а також в реаліях України. Національна стратегія енергетичної безпеки потребує гнучкого реагування на нові виклики з позиції конструктивізму. Висновки вказують на умову, за якої інтерес може виникнути. Це можливо тоді, коли позиціонування країни та її образ конгруентні, до того ж, вони привабливі для зарубіжного партнера. Мистецтво дипломатії полягає в тому, щоб сформувати потрібний для міжнародних відносин образ, в якому позиціонування та інтереси гармонічно поєднані. Отже, з позиції конструктивізму ми можемо створити нову реальність, якщо переконаємо світову спільноту у своїй привабливості і заручимося підтримкою міжнародного співтовариства.

A comparative assessment of the dynamics of technological development of Ukraine and Russia for 2014–2019 has been carried out in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. A method for assessing the economic losses of the conflicting parties due to a slowdown in their technological development, under the influence of militarization, based on the parameter of technological progress of the Solow-Tinbergen production function, built according to the World Bank 1991–2019 data, was proposed and tested. It is substantiated that during the Russian-Ukrainian war, starting from 2015, the technological development of the Russian Federation was curtailed and the economy transitioned to an extensive basis, when the parameter of technological progress acquired a negative value. In the case of Ukraine, a deterioration in technological development was detected due to a decrease in the values of the parameter of technological progress during 2014–2019. It has been proven that the economic recession of the aggressor is the worst in comparison with the victim country, but the relative losses of GDP due to the curtailment of technological development caused by the war are much less. In the case of the Russian Federation as an aggressor country, it is substantiated that the main catalyst for the economic recession was the curtailment of the participation of the real sector of the economy in the international transfer of technologies under the influence of international economic sanctions. In the case of Ukraine, as a country-victim of military intervention, it is justified that the replacement of international partnership in the field of technological cooperation ensured a slowdown in the economic recession. The results of the development of methodological support for the process of assessing GDP losses of the parties to a military conflict are universal for use in international comparisons. The proposed methods are relevant in assessing the technological development of countries that are or were in a state of military confrontation, which significantly expands the basis for future research by the authors ; Проведена сравнительная оценка динамики технологического развития Украины и России за 2014–2019гг. в условиях Российско-украинской войны. Предложена и апробирована методика оценки экономических потерь конфликтующих сторон вследствие замедления их технологического развития, под влиянием милитаризации, на основе параметра технологического прогресса производственной функции Солоу-Тинбергена, построенной по данным Всемирного Банка 1991–2019гг. Обосновано, что в ходе Российско-украинской войны, начиная с 2015года, произошло сворачивание технологического развития Российской Федерации и переход экономики на экстенсивную основу, когда параметр технологического прогресса приобрел отрицательное значение. В случае с Украиной обнаружено ухудшение технологического развития из-за уменьшения значений параметра технологического прогресса на протяжении 2014–2019гг. Доказано, что экономический спад агрессора является худшим по сравнению со страной-жертвой, но относительные потери ВВП вследствие свертывания технологического развития, вызванного войной, значительно меньше. В случае Российской Федерации как страны-агрессора обосновано, что основным катализатором экономического спада было свертывание участия реального сектора экономики в международном трансфере технологий под влиянием международных экономических санкций. В случае Украины как страны-жертвы военной интервенции обосновано, что замещение международного партнерства в сфере технологического сотрудничества обеспечило замедление экономического спада. Результаты разработки методического обеспечения процесса оценки потерь ВВП сторон военного конфликта являются универсальными для использования в международных сравнениях. Актуальны предложенные методы при оценке технологического развития стран, находящихся или находившихся в состоянии военного противостояния, что значительно расширяет базу для будущих исследований авторов ; Проведено порівняльну оцінку динаміки технологічного розвитку України та Російської Федерації за 2014–2019рр. в умовах російсько-українського конфлікту. Запропоновано та апробовано методику макроекономічної оцінки економічних втрат конфліктуючих сторін внаслідок сповільнення їх технологічного розвитку під впливом мілітаризації, на основі параметра технологічного прогресу виробничої функції Солоу-Тінберґена. Обґрунтовано, що у ході російсько-української війни, починаючи з 2015року (параметр технологічного прогресу від'ємний), відбулося згортання технологічного розвитку Російської Федерації та перехід економіки на екстенсивну основу. В Україні виявлене погіршення технологічного розвитку через зменшення значень параметра технологічного прогресу упродовж 2014–2019рр. Доведено, що економічний спад агресора є гіршим, порівняно з країною-жертвою, але відносні втрати валового внутрішнього продукту (ВВП) унаслідок згортання технологічного розвитку, спричиненого війною, значно менші. У випадку Російської Федерації як країни-агресора обґрунтовано, що основним каталізатором економічного спаду було згортання участі реального сектора економіки у міжнародному трансфері технологій під впливом міжнародних економічних санкцій. У випадку України як країни-жертви воєнної інтервенції обґрунтовано, що заміщення міжнародного партнерства у сфері технологічного співробітництва забезпечило сповільнення економічного спаду. Результати розробки методичного забезпечення процесу оцінки втрат ВВП сторін воєнного конфлікту є універсальними для використання у міжнародних порівняннях. Актуальними є запропоновані методи в оцінці технологічного розвитку країн, що перебувають або перебували у стані воєнного протистояння, що значно розширює базу для майбутніх досліджень авторів

There are different marketing activities generating money for sport subjects depending on their properties which are offered for commercial exploitation. Marketing consists of different tools and ways how to generate money for sport such as selling of broadcasting (TV) and media rights, sponsorship, merchandising, licensing, ticketing, charities, donations, patronages. From the legal point of view, it is interesting to explore how different marketing tools are regulated. Certain parts of marketing matters are covered by legal rules. In 2011 Commission on Marketing and Advertising of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) issued the latest version of the ICC International Advertising and Marketing Communication Code. The document applies to different forms of sponsorship relating to corporate image, brands, products, activities or events of any kind. It includes sponsorship by both commercial and non-commercial organizations. The basic connection represents association between sports property and sponsor brand as a tool how to transfer image of the sport to the sponsor. The nature of the Code implies good governance in the field of sponsorship. Special attention deserves the principle of respecting the sponsorship property. The Code represents a useful opportunity for companies, business, associations, courts of law, public authorities, self regulatory bodies on national and international level and other institutions which are supposed to solve disputes in sponsorship cases. European Union law together with national legislation of EU members have set up rules for advertising sector of TV broadcast. Television without Frontiers Broadcasting Directive consists with the detailed time and other limitations for different situations. As EU directive does not regulate visual coverage of sponsor logos and other insignia visible during sport competition on TV that means that sponsors and other subjects do not need to respect rules of the directive. In the absence of formal legislation on national and international level the ICC Code represent a very useful tool to handle sponsorship agreements and possible disputes which could arise from them. The Code is designed primarily as an instrument for self-discipline. On the other hand it is also intended for use as an interpretative aid for the parties in the clarification of uncertainties arising under the sponsorship, as well as a reference for courts or arbitrators in sponsorship disputes. ; Postoje različite marketinške aktivnosti koje generiraju novac za sportske subjekte, ovisno o njihovim svojstvima koja se nude u komercijalne svrhe. Marketing se sastoji od različitih alata i načina kako generirati novac za sport, poput prodaje radiodifuznih programa (TV) i medijskih prava, sponzorstva, prodaje robe, licenciranja, prodaje ulaznica, dobrotvornih organizacija, donacija, pokroviteljstva. S pravnog gledišta, zanimljivo je istražiti kako su regulirani različiti marketinški alati. Određeni dijelovi marketinških pitanja obuhvaćeni su zakonskim pravilima. 2011. Komisija za marketing i oglašavanje Međunarodne trgovačke komore (ICC) izdala je najnoviju verziju Međunarodnog kodeksa oglašavanja i marketinške komunikacije ICC-a. Dokument se odnosi na različite oblike sponzorstva koji se odnose na korporativni imidž, robne marke, proizvode, aktivnosti ili događaje bilo koje vrste. Uključuje sponzorstvo i komercijalnih i nekomercijalnih organizacija. Osnovna veza predstavlja povezanost između sportske imovine i marke sponzora kao alata za prijenos slike sporta na sponzora. Priroda Kodeksa podrazumijeva dobro upravljanje na polju sponzorstva. Posebna pažnja zaslužuje načelo poštivanja sponzorske imovine. Kodeks predstavlja korisnu priliku za tvrtke, tvrtke, udruge, sudove, javne vlasti, samoupravna tijela na nacionalnoj i međunarodnoj razini te druge institucije koje bi trebale rješavati sporove u sponzorskim slučajevima. Pravom Europske unije, zajedno s nacionalnim zakonodavstvom članica EU, postavljena su pravila za sektor oglašavanja TV emisija. Direktiva o televiziji bez graničnog prijenosa sastoji se od detaljnih vremenskih i drugih ograničenja za različite situacije. Kako direktiva EU ne regulira vizualno pokrivanje logotipa sponzora i drugih obilježja vidljivih tijekom sportskog natjecanja na TV-u, to znači da sponzori i drugi subjekti ne trebaju poštivati pravila te direktive. U nedostatku formalnog zakonodavstva na nacionalnoj i međunarodnoj razini, pravila ICC predstavljaju vrlo korisno sredstvo za rješavanje sponzorskih sporazuma i mogućih sporova koji bi iz njih mogli proizaći. Kodeks je zamišljen prvenstveno kao instrument samodiscipline. S druge strane, također je namijenjen korištenju kao pomoć u tumačenju strana u razjašnjavanju nesigurnosti koje nastaju pod sponzorstvom, kao i referenca za sudove ili arbitre u sporovima o sponzorstvu.

Judgment activity of academy inspectors - regional pedagogical inspectors (IA-IPR) anddevelopment of the professional activity in inspection interviews in the French educational system: rules, language games, and conflicts of a multi-addressed dialogic activity. The international scientific literature shows the reality of active research to address the concerns of governments to improve the quality of education. It highlights research based almost exclusively on the process-product paradigm, which directs the logic of evaluation towards the profitability of teaching practices, despite the negative effects observed. The present research aims precisely to gain access to the language games that govern the judging activity of inspectors in inspection interviews with experienced teachers, and to set the conditions for the development of this activity in order to shed light on the grey area that research in this area constitutes. This study is part of an anthropocultural research program (Bertone, 2011; Chaliès, 2012) whose theoretical presuppositions are borrowed from ordinary language philosophy (Wittgenstein, 2004) and statement theory (Bakhtine, 1984). It has been carried out within the framework of two devices. The first, with an epistemic aim, allows access to the complexity of the inspectors' judgement activity deployed within the inspection interview. It is based on the collection of verbatims from self-confrontation interviews which reveal the language games of a multi-addressed dialogical activity to conduct the inspection interview in a formativedimension. The second system, conducted with a group of inspectors who are not confronted with a peer activity, is designed on the basis of the results of the first system. Following fruitful controversies, it has brought to light interesting alternatives to settle the dialogical conflicts of the activity of judgement in inspection. The main results of the research show the modeling of the inspectors' judging activity, thus contributing to document international and national research on the activity of teacher assessors, little known to date. They show a heterogeneity in the practices of assessors on the ability to conduct formative interviews with experienced teachers. Indeed, the results show the value of making the rules governing their activity intelligible in order to uncover the conflicts they contain. This is a major condition for the development of inspectors' professional activity and the constitution of a self-regulated community of practice. ; L'activité de jugement des inspecteurs d'académie – inspecteurs pédagogiques régionaux (IA-IPR) et développement de l'activité professionnelle en entretien d'inspection dans le système éducatif français : règles, jeux de langage, et conflits d'une activité dialogique pluri-adressée. La littérature scientifique internationale montre la réalité d'une recherche active pour répondre aux préoccupations des gouvernements d'améliorer la qualité de l'enseignement. Elle met en évidence une recherche basée quasi exclusivement sur le paradigme processus-produit, qui oriente la logique d'évaluation au profit de la rentabilité des pratiques enseignantes, malgré des effets négatifs constatés. La présente recherche a précisément pour objet d'avoir accès aux jeux de langage qui régissent l'activité de jugement des inspecteurs en entretien d'inspection avec des enseignants expérimentés, et de poser les conditions du développement de cette activité afin d'éclairer la zone d'ombre que constitue la recherche à cet endroit. Cette étude s'inscrit dans un programme de recherche anthropoculturel (Bertone, 2011 ; Chaliès, 2012) dont les présupposés théoriques sont empruntés à la philosophie du langage ordinaire (Wittgenstein, 2004) et à la théorie de l'énoncé (Bakhtine, 1984). Elle a été menée dans le cadre de deux dispositifs. Le premier à visée épistémique, permet l'accès à la complexité de l'activité de jugement des inspecteurs déployée au sein de l'entretien d'inspection. Il est fondé sur le recueil de verbatims issus d'entretiens d'auto-confrontation qui révèlent les jeux de langage d'une activité dialogique pluri-adressée pour conduire l'entretien d'inspection dans une dimension formative. Le second dispositif, mené avec un collectif d'inspecteurs alloconfronté à une activité de pairs, est conçu à partir des résultats du premier dispositif. À la suite de controverses fécondes, il a permis de mettre au jour des alternatives intéressantes pour régler les conflits dialogiques de l'activité de jugement en inspection. Les principaux résultats de la recherche montrent la modélisation de l'activité de jugement des inspecteurs contribuant ainsi à documenter la recherche internationale et nationale sur l'activité des évaluateurs des enseignants, peu connue à ce jour. Ils témoignent d'une hétérogénéité des pratiques des évaluateurs sur la capacité à mener des entretiens formatifs avec les enseignants expérimentés. Les résultats montrent en effet l'intérêt de rendre intelligibles les règles qui régissent leur activité pour mettre au jour les conflits qu'elles contiennent. C'est une condition majeure du développement de l'activité professionnelle des inspecteurs et de la constitution d'une communauté de pratique auto-régulée.