Suchergebnisse

Характерной особенностью системы международных отношений современных государств является многообразие ее факторов, а также форм их взаимодействия. Регионы все активнее становятся субъектами международной деятельности в условиях глобализации мирового хозяйства. Вместе с тем этот процесс не свободен от противоречий. Очень показательны современное состояние и перспективы развития регионального сотрудничества Российской Федерации и Республики Казахстан нашего главного партнера в Евразии. К настоящему времени сложились два типа международных связей регионов: приграничное и межтерриториальное сотрудничество. Основными отраслями приграничного сотрудничества являются инфраструктура, связь, промышленная, сельскохозяйственная и логистическая кооперация, охрана окружающей среды, приграничный туризм, борьба с преступностью и т. п. Формы приграничного сотрудничества различаются в зависимости от отношений между странами. Существует три модели приграничного сотрудничества: преференциальная (предоставление преференций приграничным регионам, в том числе особый налоговой и таможенный приграничный режим), партнерская (основана на принципах экономической и политической децентрализации, т. е. более высокая степень самостоятельности регионов), традиционная (ограничивается обслуживание внешнеэкономических связей и внешней торговли). Приграничное сотрудничество России и Казахстана осуществляется в рамках традиционной модели. Межтерриториальное сотрудничество (между территориями, не имеющими общих границ) развивается в рамках побратимских связей городов России и Казахстана. Создание Таможенного союза и ЕЭП России, Казахстана и Белоруссии заставляет по-новому взглянуть на вопросы приграничного сотрудничества. Приграничные регионы как бы сдвигаются к периметру Единого экономического пространства. Наряду с потенциальным позитивным экономическим эффектом это открывает возможности для различных злоупотреблений, а также требует оперативной гармонизации налоговых режимов стран-участниц. Таким образом, межрегиональные отношения являются производными как от типа и характера социально-экономических режимов соседних стран, так и от уровня их взаимодействия. ; The contemporary system of international relations is known for the variety of its factors, as well as forms of their interaction. Globalized economy helps regions get increasingly involved in international cooperation as its subjects. At the same time, this brings about a number of contradictions. The current state and development of regional cooperation between the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan its main partner in Eurasia proves a good example in this respect.т Two principal types of international relations between regions cross-border and inter-territorial cooperation have arisen so far. Cross-border cooperation mainly focuses on such factors as infrastructure, communications, industrial, agricultural and logistical cooperation, environmental protection, cross-border tourism, police and security affairs, etc. The particular forms cross-border cooperation takes depend on specific relations between the two states. All in all, there are 3 models of cross-border cooperation: the preferential model (granting preferences to border regions, including special customs and tax regimes); partnership (based on economic and political decentralization, it thus presupposes a more advanced stage of regional autonomy); and the traditional model (limitation of external economic relations and trade). Cross-border cooperation between Russia and Kazakhstan takes the traditional form. Inter-territorial collaboration between regions which do not have common borders) develops within the framework of twin cities. The Customs Union and the Common Economic Space set up between Russia, Belorussia and Kazakhstan predetermines a new approach to cross-border cooperation issues. The border regions 'veer' towards the perimeter of the Eurasian Economic Space. Alongside with potential positive economic effect, it can lead to various abuses. Tax regimes in EEU member states require urgent harmonization. Thus we can conclude that inter-regional cooperation is determined both by socio-economic fundamentals of neighbor states and by the existing level of their interaction.

The main factors and prerequisites ofUkraine's cooperation are enlightened; the role of Black sea region forUkraineand other international actors is reviewed. Therefore, the importance ofBlack seacoastal area is growing nowadays because of its natural resource potential and transit position. There are lots of factors and prerequisites forUkraine's cooperation with countries of Black sea region, among them historical, social-economic, political, cultural and religious factors, conflict situation and transit position ofUkraine. Historical factors and prerequisites are in common historic background, which influence on present development and cause common problems.Economic-social diversity of region causes lots of problems, but also a background for mutual cooperation between countries ofBlack searegion. Different levels of economic-social development, different international specialization of countries (agriculture, industry, fuel and energy) create basis for economic and trade cooperation. Also states have common social problems. Due to economic-social cooperation,Ukraineis able to resolve existing problems. Politically this region is also diversified. Some states pursue policy directed at Euro-Atlantic integration, moreover, 3 of them are members of EU and NATO (Greece,Bulgaria,Romania). Simultaneously, some countries have opposite political vector (Armenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia).Ukrainehas special interests in this field of cooperation in the case of adopting practice of EU integration and democratic standardization.Conflict situation is a very special common feature of most countries of Black sea region: Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria, Abkhazia,South Ossetiaconflicts, the Kurdish problem.Ukraine's territory also suffered from external aggression (Donbas,Crimea). All these facts raise up the issue of mutual cooperation betweenUkraineand countries of region aimed at settlement of all disputes and solving conflicts. Cultural and religious factors and prerequisites are in great cultural and religious multitude among countries of region andUkraine. All states are multi-national and multi-religion. There is a clash of civilization in the region, between western and orthodox,Turkeyis separate civilization. According to such cultural and religious variety, there is a field for cooperation betweenUkraineand other states of region targeted to monitoring and prediction of possible crisis.The Black sea region is situated on crossroads of transport routes andUkrainehas a special role in the region. However, despite some shortcomings in transit service ofUkraine, its importance is in a central position within the transport and energy sector and the interest of international actors in cooperation with it in this regard. That is whyUkraine's cooperation with countries of the region in the transport and energy sectors is important and necessary nowadays. ; Изучено современное геополитическое значение Черноморского региона для Украины и других государств мира. Рассмотрены предпосылки и факторы сотрудничества Украины в Черноморском регионе, в частности влияние социального и экономического развития, исторического прошлого, культурно-религиозных факторов и особенностей, географического и транзитного положения на состояние современных межгосударственных отношений в пределах Черноморского региона и роли этих отношений для Украины. Проанализированы перспективные направления международного сотрудничества Украины в Черноморском регионе в процессе реализации национальных интересов. ; Вивчено сучасне геополітичне значення Чорноморського регіону для України та інших держав світу. Розглянуто передумови та чинники співробітництва України у Чорноморському регіоні, зокрема вплив соціального та економічного розвитку, історичного минулого, культурно-релігійних факторів та особливостей, географічного та транзитного положення на стан сучасних міждержавних відносин у межах Чорноморського регіону та ролі цих відносин для України. Проаналізовано перспективні напрями міжнародного співробітництва України у Чорноморському регіоні у процесі реалізації національних інтересів.

ÖZETSOSYO-EKONOMİK GÖSTERGELER BAĞLAMINDA TÜRKİYE'NİN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ'NE ÜYELİĞİ: BİR BULANIK İŞBİRLİKÇİ OYUN MODELİDevletler de bireyler gibi kendi çıkarlarını maksimize etmek için stratejik kararlar verirler. Türkiye'nin AB'ye üyeliği uluslararası bir konudur. Oyun teorisi, birbirlerinin kararlarını etkileyen karar vericilerin davranışlarını inceler. İşbirlikçi oyun; karar vericilerin ortak çıkarlarını maksimize etmek amacıyla birlikte hareket etmeye karar verdikleri ve bu kararlarını da birbirlerine verdikleri taahhütler, anlaşmalar veya sözlerle bağlayıcı kıldıkları oyun türüdür. Uluslararası ilişkilerde genelde uluslar birçok kriter ve değişkeni dikkate alarak karar verirler. Bu çalışmanın sınırları 2016-2023 yılları arasındaki dönem ile Birleşmiş Milletler İnsani Gelişme Endeksi, Sağlık Endeksi, Eğitim Endeksi ve Gelir Endeksi ile kişi başına düşen Gayrisafi Yurtiçi Hasıla, kişi başına düşen gayrisafi milli hasıla olmak üzere altı sosyo-ekonomik göstergedir. Bunun sonucu olarak, bu çalışma 2016-2023 yılları arasındaki hangi yılda Türkiye'nin Avrupa Birliğine üye olabilme ihtimalinin Nash denge noktası ile ilintili çözümünü vermektedir. Buna ek olarak, tez uluslararası konularda karar vericilere yeni bir bulanık işbirlikçi oyun modeli sunmaktadır. Modelde 2004 yılında Avrupa Birliği'ne üye olan 10 ülkenin verilerinden Türkiye'nin getirileri, 2004 yılından önce AB'ye üye olan ülkelerden de AB'nin getirileri hesaplanmıştır. Her bir sosyo-ekonomik göstergeye göre kurulan dinamik problemler çözülmüştür. Her bir sosyo-ekonomik gösterge için kurulan problemin çözümünden sonra çözümler bulanıklaştırılmış ve hepsini içeren final problemi bulanık işbirlikçi problem olarak çözülmüştür. Anahtar Kelimeler :Yöneylem Araştırması, Oyun Teorisi, Avrupa Birliği, İşbirlikçi Oyun, Bulanık Oyun GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ABSTRACTIN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS TURKEY'S EUROPEAN UNION ACCESSION: A FUZZY COOPERATIVE GAME MODELNations give strategic decisions to maximize their interests as individuals. Turkey's EU membership is an international issue. Game theory studies the behavior of decision-makers whose decisions affect each other. A cooperative game is a game in which commitments, agreements, promises are fully binding and decision-makers decided to act together to maximize their mutual interests. International relations, in general, are fuzzy environments that nations take into account a lot of criteria and variables while they make decisions. This study investigates Turkey's membership to the European Union with fuzzy cooperative game theory. The study includes the time period between the years 2016-2023 and the six socio-economic indicators which are the United Nations Human Development Index, Health Index, Education Index and Income Index and Gross Domestic Product per capita, Gross National Product per capita. Hence; this study gives a solution to Turkey's membership to EU between 2016 and 2023 by considering the socio-economic indicators and reaching the Nash Equilibrium of Turkey's membership's benefits to both parties. In addition, by offering a new approach to fuzzy cooperative game theory, it gives a model for decision-makers about international issues. In the model, the benefits (payoffs) of Turkey's membership to Turkey and EU are forecasted by using the data of ten countries which were become members of EU in 2004 and fifteen countries which were already member of EU before 2004, respectively. The dynamic game problems are solved for each socio-economic indicators followed by fuzzification of the solutions, the final problem that contains all of solutions for the socio-economic indicators is solved as a fuzzy cooperative game problem. Keywords :Operations Research, Game Theory, European Union, Cooperative Game, Fuzzy Game

After Woodstock and the Isle of Wight, some attempts to organize some pop music festivals took place. In 1970, four festivals were launched : Le Bourget in March, then another one in Valbonne (06) from July, 23rd to July, 25th, then the "festival de musique progressive" in Aix-En-Provence from the August, 1st to August, 3rd and "Popanalia" in Biot (06) from August, 5th to August 6th. Being inscribed in a momentum of international music pop festivals, this birth is also explained by the success of pop music. The program is composed of worldwide musicians. As a matter of fact, this project is fuelled by a will to imitate the Anglo-Saxons. Festivals, which are different from concerts, set out several artists. It is also set in a place where people come to live together for several days. They are influenced by the hippy movement and the wish to live in community. "Eté chaud" and two out of four festivals are banned by authorities. May 68 and students riots still have an impact. Excesses may happen. Moreover, festivals are social phenomena that embody the generation gap between young people and adults. However, this success has to be qualified since these festivals have not been renewed. What's more, they are shortened and the press is very sceptical. To be sure, the historical context is not the same as in the United States or in Great Britain. Not every festival can compare to Woodstock. The issue that we will have to study the stakes of the festivals, society in the 70s and pop music as a festival phenomenon and we will have to tackle the issue of the music festivals in France as a transnational movement. ; Après Woodstock et l'île de Wight, des premières tentatives de festivals de pop music français ont lieu. En 1970, quatre festivals voient le jour : le Bourget en mars, puis durant l'été à Valbonne (06) du 23 au 25 juillet, à Aix-en-Provence le « festival de musique progressive » du 1er au 3 août et à Biot (06) « Popanalia » du 5 au 6 août. S'inscrivant dans un élan de création international de festivals de musique pop, cette naissance s'explique aussi par le succès de la musique pop. La programmation est internationale et la volonté d'imiter les voisins anglo-saxons est omniprésente. Le festival, différent du concert, propose un défilé d'artistes et est un lieu où l'on vient pour vivre ensemble pendant quelques jours. Ils sont très influencés par le mouvement hippies et l'idéal des communautés. Été pop mais aussi « Été chaud » puisque deux des quatre festivals sont interdits par les autorités. Mai 68 et les révoltes étudiantes marquent encore les esprits et les débordements sont craints. De plus, les festivals sont des phénomènes sociaux qui cristallisent la rupture générationnelle entre les jeunes et les adultes. Premières tentatives où le succès est à nuancer puisque les festivals sont écourtés, finissent en déficit et ne font pas l'objet d'autres éditions. Il faut dire que le contexte n'est pas le même qu'aux États-Unis ou qu'en Angleterre. N'est pas Woodstock qui veut. Il s'agira pour nous de comprendre les enjeux politiques, sociaux et culturels des festivals, d'analyser ces festivals comme événements médiatiques et de saisir la dimension transnationale des festivals de musique pop.

After Woodstock and the Isle of Wight, some attempts to organize some pop music festivals took place. In 1970, four festivals were launched : Le Bourget in March, then another one in Valbonne (06) from July, 23rd to July, 25th, then the "festival de musique progressive" in Aix-En-Provence from the August, 1st to August, 3rd and "Popanalia" in Biot (06) from August, 5th to August 6th. Being inscribed in a momentum of international music pop festivals, this birth is also explained by the success of pop music. The program is composed of worldwide musicians. As a matter of fact, this project is fuelled by a will to imitate the Anglo-Saxons. Festivals, which are different from concerts, set out several artists. It is also set in a place where people come to live together for several days. They are influenced by the hippy movement and the wish to live in community. "Eté chaud" and two out of four festivals are banned by authorities. May 68 and students riots still have an impact. Excesses may happen. Moreover, festivals are social phenomena that embody the generation gap between young people and adults. However, this success has to be qualified since these festivals have not been renewed. What's more, they are shortened and the press is very sceptical. To be sure, the historical context is not the same as in the United States or in Great Britain. Not every festival can compare to Woodstock. The issue that we will have to study the stakes of the festivals, society in the 70s and pop music as a festival phenomenon and we will have to tackle the issue of the music festivals in France as a transnational movement. ; Après Woodstock et l'île de Wight, des premières tentatives de festivals de pop music français ont lieu. En 1970, quatre festivals voient le jour : le Bourget en mars, puis durant l'été à Valbonne (06) du 23 au 25 juillet, à Aix-en-Provence le « festival de musique progressive » du 1er au 3 août et à Biot (06) « Popanalia » du 5 au 6 août. S'inscrivant dans un élan de création international de festivals de musique pop, cette naissance s'explique aussi par le succès de la musique pop. La programmation est internationale et la volonté d'imiter les voisins anglo-saxons est omniprésente. Le festival, différent du concert, propose un défilé d'artistes et est un lieu où l'on vient pour vivre ensemble pendant quelques jours. Ils sont très influencés par le mouvement hippies et l'idéal des communautés. Été pop mais aussi « Été chaud » puisque deux des quatre festivals sont interdits par les autorités. Mai 68 et les révoltes étudiantes marquent encore les esprits et les débordements sont craints. De plus, les festivals sont des phénomènes sociaux qui cristallisent la rupture générationnelle entre les jeunes et les adultes. Premières tentatives où le succès est à nuancer puisque les festivals sont écourtés, finissent en déficit et ne font pas l'objet d'autres éditions. Il faut dire que le contexte n'est pas le même qu'aux États-Unis ou qu'en Angleterre. N'est pas Woodstock qui veut. Il s'agira pour nous de comprendre les enjeux politiques, sociaux et culturels des festivals, d'analyser ces festivals comme événements médiatiques et de saisir la dimension transnationale des festivals de musique pop.

The contemporary system of international relations is known for the variety of its factors, as well as forms of their interaction. Globalized economy helps regions get increasingly involved in international cooperation as its subjects. At the same time, this brings about a number of contradictions. The current state and development of regional cooperation between the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan — its main partner in Eurasia — proves a good example in this respect.тTwo principal types of international relations between regions — cross-border and inter-territorial cooperation — have arisen so far. Cross-border cooperation mainly focuses on such factors as infrastructure, communications, industrial, agricultural and logistical cooperation, environmental protection, cross-border tourism, police and security affairs, etc. The particular forms cross-border cooperation takes depend on specific relations between the two states. All in all, there are 3 models of cross-border cooperation: the preferential model (granting preferences to border regions, including special customs and tax regimes); partnership (based on economic and political decentralization, it thus presupposes a more advanced stage of regional autonomy); and the traditional model (limitation of external economic relations and trade).Cross-border cooperation between Russia and Kazakhstan takes the traditional form. Inter-territorial collaboration between regions which do not have common borders) develops within the framework of twin cities.The Customs Union and the Common Economic Space set up between Russia, Belorussia and Kazakhstan predetermines a new approach to cross-border cooperation issues. The border regions 'veer' towards the perimeter of the Eurasian Economic Space. Alongside with potential positive economic effect, it can lead to various abuses. Tax regimes in EEU member states require urgent harmonization.Thus we can conclude that inter-regional cooperation is determined both by socio-economic fundamentals of neighbor states and by the existing level of their interaction. ; Характерной особенностью системы международных отношений современных государств является многообразие ее факторов, а также форм их взаимодействия. Регионы все активнее становятся субъектами международной деятельности в условиях глобализации мирового хозяйства. Вместе с тем этот процесс не свободен от противоречий. Очень показательны современное состояние и перспективы развития регионального сотрудничества Российской Федерации и Республики Казахстан — нашего главного партнера в Евразии.К настоящему времени сложились два типа международных связей регионов: приграничное и межтерриториальное сотрудничество. Основными отраслями приграничного сотрудничества являются инфраструктура, связь, промышленная, сельскохозяйственная и логистическая кооперация, охрана окружающей среды, приграничный туризм, борьба с преступностью и т. п. Формы приграничного сотрудничества различаются в зависимости от отношений между странами. Существует три модели приграничного сотрудничества: преференциальная (предоставление преференций приграничным регионам, в том числе особый налоговой и таможенный приграничный режим), партнерская (основана на принципах экономической и политической децентрализации, т. е. более высокая степень самостоятельности регионов), традиционная (ограничивается обслуживание внешнеэкономических связей и внешней торговли).Приграничное сотрудничество России и Казахстана осуществляется в рамках традиционной модели. Межтерриториальное сотрудничество (между территориями, не имеющими общих границ) развивается в рамках побратимских связей городов России и Казахстана.Создание Таможенного союза и ЕЭП России, Казахстана и Белоруссии заставляет по-новому взглянуть на вопросы приграничного сотрудничества. Приграничные регионы как бы сдвигаются к периметру Единого экономического пространства. Наряду с потенциальным позитивным экономическим эффектом это открывает возможности для различных злоупотреблений, а также требует оперативной гармонизации налоговых режимов стран-участниц.Таким образом, межрегиональные отношения являются производными как от типа и характера социально-экономических режимов соседних стран, так и от уровня их взаимодействия.

The financial crisis that started in 2007, deeply transformed the international financial system which cause important effects and repercussions in Latin America. The restriction and tightening to external loan conditions which had states sovereign guarantees given by Latina America and Caribbean countries to Bretton Woods financial institutions, evidence the real scope of the international financial crisis. This situation was presented as an opportunity for Chinese banks, and based on the certainty that China was consider as the second large economy, they were able to finance energy generating and mining projects in Latin America. The approach between China and Latin America was based on the interest the Chinese giant had for energy supply that came from oil and other minerals in order to support their industrial sector to guarantee the Chinese´s economic growth, development and industrialization. In terms of diplomacy and foreign relations, the proximity of China with Latin America, was given and pursuant with five basic principles which is consider as a transverse axis in the actual Chinese foreign policy, which are: i) Mutual respect for the sovereignty and territory integrity; ii) Non-aggression mutual deal; iii) Non-interference in other countries internal issues; iv) equality and mutual advantage; and, v) peaceful coexistence between countries. These principles also applied to the conditions to access the international loans, and were gladly accepted by Latin America countries, because those conditions were different from the ones impose by Bretton Woods institutions. ; La crisis financiera global que inició en 2007 marcó transformaciones importantes en el sistema financiero internacional con efectos y repercusiones notables en Latinoamérica. La restricción y el endurecimiento de las condiciones para el otorgamiento de créditos externos con garantía soberana a los países de América Latina y el Caribe por parte de las instituciones financieras de Bretton Woods, evidenció el alcance y los efectos de la crisis financiera internacional. Esta realidad se presentó como una oportunidad para las instituciones financieras chinas de propiedad estatal, que al ser considerada como la segunda potencia económica en el mundo, disponía de recursos económicos suficientes para financiar en Latinoamérica proyectos orientados a la generación de energía proveniente de fuentes naturales renovables, así como proyectos orientados a la actividad minera. Por su parte, el acercamiento de China con la región latinoamericana respondía al interés que tenía el gigante asiático por el abastecimiento de energía proveniente del petróleo y otros minerales para sostener su sector industrial y de esta manera garantizar un ritmo de crecimiento económico que le permitiría alcanzar un adecuado nivel de desarrollo e industrialización. En términos diplomáticos y política exterior, la proximidad de China con América Latina se dio en el marco de la vigencia de cinco principios básicos que son considerados los ejes transversales de la política exterior de China: i) respeto mutuo por la integridad territorial y soberanía; ii) pacto mutuo de no- agresión; iii) No injerencia en asuntos internos de otros Estados; iv) Igualdad y ventaja mutua; y, v) Coexistencia pacífica entre los Estados. Estos principios se aplicaron en el financiamiento de los créditos externos y fueron gratamente acogidos por los países Latinoamericanos; dado que esta práctica rompió con una historia de dependencia e intromisión en asuntos internos de los Estados por parte de las instituciones de Bretton Woods.

The financial crisis that started in 2007, deeply transformed the international financial system, which cause important effects and repercussions in Latin America. The restriction and tightening to external loan conditions which had states sovereign guarantees given by Latina America and Caribbean countries to Bretton Woods financial institutions, evidence the real scope of the international financial crisis. This situation was presented as an opportunity for Chinese banks, and based on the certainty that China was consider as the second large economy, they were able to finance energy generating and mining projects in Latin America. The approach between China and Latin America was based on the interest the Chinese giant had for energy supply that came from oil and other minerals in order to support their industrial sector to guarantee the Chinese's economic growth, development and industrialization. In terms of diplomacy and foreign relations, the proximity of China with Latin America, was given and pursuant with five basic principles which is consider as a transverse axis in the actual Chinese foreign policy, which are: i) mutual respect for the sovereignty and territory integrity; ii) non-aggression mutual deal; iii) on-interference in other countries internal issues; iv) equality and mutual advantage; and, v) peaceful coexistence between countries. These principles also applied to the conditions to access the international loans, and were gladly accepted by Latin America countries, because those conditions were different from the ones impose by Bretton Woods institutions. ; La crisis financiera global que inició en 2007 marcó transformaciones importantes en el sistema financiero internacional, con efectos y repercusiones notables en Latinoamérica. La restricción y el endurecimiento de las condiciones para el otorgamiento de créditos externos, con garantía soberana a los países de América Latina y el Caribe por parte de las instituciones financieras de Bretton Woods, evidenció el alcance y los efectos de la crisis financiera internacional. Esta realidad se presentó como una oportunidad para las instituciones financieras chinas de propiedad estatal. China, al ser considerada como la segunda potencia económica en el mundo, disponía de recursos económicos suficientes para financiar en Latinoamérica proyectos orientados a la generación de energía proveniente de fuentes naturales renovables, así como otros destinados a la actividad minera. Por su parte, el acercamiento de China con la región latinoamericana respondía al interés que tenía el gigante asiático por el abastecimiento de energía proveniente del petróleo y otros minerales para sostener su sector industrial y de esta manera garantizar un ritmo de crecimiento económico que le permitiría alcanzar un adecuado nivel de desarrollo e industrialización. En términos diplomáticos y política exterior, la proximidad de China con América Latina se dio en el marco de la vigencia de cinco principios básicos que son considerados los ejes transversales de la política exterior de China: i) respeto mutuo por la integridad territorial y soberanía; ii) pacto mutuo de no agresión; iii) no injerencia en asuntos internos de otros Estados; iv) igualdad y ventaja mutua; y, v) coexistencia pacífica entre los Estados. Tales principios se aplicaron en el financiamiento de los créditos externos y fueron gratamente acogidos por los países latinoamericanos, dado que esta práctica rompió con una historia de dependencia e intromisión en asuntos internos de los Estados por parte de las instituciones de Bretton Woods.

The main factors and prerequisites ofUkraine's cooperation are enlightened; the role of Black sea region forUkraineand other international actors is reviewed. Therefore, the importance ofBlack seacoastal area is growing nowadays because of its natural resource potential and transit position. There are lots of factors and prerequisites forUkraine's cooperation with countries of Black sea region, among them historical, social-economic, political, cultural and religious factors, conflict situation and transit position ofUkraine. Historical factors and prerequisites are in common historic background, which influence on present development and cause common problems.Economic-social diversity of region causes lots of problems, but also a background for mutual cooperation between countries ofBlack searegion. Different levels of economic-social development, different international specialization of countries (agriculture, industry, fuel and energy) create basis for economic and trade cooperation. Also states have common social problems. Due to economic-social cooperation,Ukraineis able to resolve existing problems. Politically this region is also diversified. Some states pursue policy directed at Euro-Atlantic integration, moreover, 3 of them are members of EU and NATO (Greece,Bulgaria,Romania). Simultaneously, some countries have opposite political vector (Armenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia).Ukrainehas special interests in this field of cooperation in the case of adopting practice of EU integration and democratic standardization.Conflict situation is a very special common feature of most countries of Black sea region: Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria, Abkhazia,South Ossetiaconflicts, the Kurdish problem.Ukraine's territory also suffered from external aggression (Donbas,Crimea). All these facts raise up the issue of mutual cooperation betweenUkraineand countries of region aimed at settlement of all disputes and solving conflicts. Cultural and religious factors and prerequisites are in great cultural and religious multitude among countries of region andUkraine. All states are multi-national and multi-religion. There is a clash of civilization in the region, between western and orthodox,Turkeyis separate civilization. According to such cultural and religious variety, there is a field for cooperation betweenUkraineand other states of region targeted to monitoring and prediction of possible crisis.The Black sea region is situated on crossroads of transport routes andUkrainehas a special role in the region. However, despite some shortcomings in transit service ofUkraine, its importance is in a central position within the transport and energy sector and the interest of international actors in cooperation with it in this regard. That is whyUkraine's cooperation with countries of the region in the transport and energy sectors is important and necessary nowadays. ; Изучено современное геополитическое значение Черноморского региона для Украины и других государств мира. Рассмотрены предпосылки и факторы сотрудничества Украины в Черноморском регионе, в частности влияние социального и экономического развития, исторического прошлого, культурно-религиозных факторов и особенностей, географического и транзитного положения на состояние современных межгосударственных отношений в пределах Черноморского региона и роли этих отношений для Украины. Проанализированы перспективные направления международного сотрудничества Украины в Черноморском регионе в процессе реализации национальных интересов. ; Вивчено сучасне геополітичне значення Чорноморського регіону для України та інших держав світу. Розглянуто передумови та чинники співробітництва України у Чорноморському регіоні, зокрема вплив соціального та економічного розвитку, історичного минулого, культурно-релігійних факторів та особливостей, географічного та транзитного положення на стан сучасних міждержавних відносин у межах Чорноморського регіону та ролі цих відносин для України. Проаналізовано перспективні напрями міжнародного співробітництва України у Чорноморському регіоні у процесі реалізації національних інтересів.

International migration is an integral part of globalization: the twenty-first century is even called the "age of migration". Although international migration has existed for a long time before the age of globalization, global migration volume, speed and complexity during this time, has become unprecedented. Lithuania is attributed to countries where migration flows are particularly large currently. The country's negative international net migration for 1000 persons is one of the largest in the European Union. Assessing the impact of emigration on the country, researchers express ambiguous attitude and identifies both positive and negative aspects of this phenomenon. However, it is emphasized that intensive growing emigration threatens both the social and economic stability of the country. So both scientific and practical aspect is important to investigate the emigration from Lithuania processes and assess determinants of emigration from Lithuania. Using the scientific literature analysis, comparison, systematization, classification, generalization it was found that there are no single definitions of migration and emigration. Concepts of these phenomena vary depending on the context, in which they are interpreted. There is no single universal theory of migration which would fully explain the process of migration and determinants of emigration. Migration theories investigate this process at different levels, certain parts, emphasizing one or another aspect. It should be noted that migration theories should be seen not as alternatives, but as complementary theories. Determinants of emigration are very diverse and can be classified into various groups. Using the analytical method of dynamic lines, it was found that the migration situation in the European Union countries has been quite uneven for the period of 1998–2013. Higher number of emigrants than immigrants in Lithuania was every year of analyzed period. The analysis of emigration dynamics showed that emigration flows from Lithuania were uneven. Santrauka Tarptautinė migracija – neatskiriama globalizacijos dalis: XXI a. net vadinamas "migracijos amžiumi". Nors tarptautinė migracija ilgą laiką egzistavo ir prieš globalizacijos amžių, pasaulinės migracijos apimtis, greitis ir kompleksiškumas jo metu tapo beprecedentis. Lietuva priskiriama šalims, kuriose šiuo metu vyrauja itin dideli emigracijos srautai. Šalies neigiamas tarptautinės migracijos saldo, tenkantis 1000-iui gyventojų – vienas didžiausių Europos Sąjungoje. Vertinant emigracijos poveikį šaliai, mokslinėje literatūroje išreiškiamas nevienareikšmiškas požiūris ir nurodomi tiek teigiami, tiek neigiami šio reiškinio aspektai. Vis dėlto pabrėžiama, kad intensyviai augantys emigracijos mastai kelia grėsmę tiek socialiniam, tiek ekonominiam šalies stabilumui. Tiek moksliniu, tiek praktiniu aspektu svarbu tirti emigracijos iš Lietuvos procesus ir įvertinti pagrindinius veiksnius, lemiančius sprendimą emigruoti. Naudojant mokslinės literatūros analizę, lyginimą, sisteminimą, klasifikaciją, apibendrinimą nustatyta, kad nėra vieno sąvokų migracija ir emigracija apibrėžimo, o šių reiškinių sampratos kinta priklausomai nuo konteksto, kuriuose yra aiškinamos. Nėra vienos universalios migracijos teorijos, visapusiškai paaiškinančios migracijos procesą ir migraciją lemiančius veiksnius. Migraciją aiškinančios teorijos šį procesą nagrinėja skirtingais lygmenimis, tam tikromis dalimis, akcentuodamos vieną ar kitą aspektą. Pažymėtina, kad migracijos teorijas reikėtų vertinti ne kaip alternatyvas, o kaip viena kitą papildančias teorijas. Emigraciją lemiantys veiksniai yra labai įvairūs bei gali būti klasifikuojami į įvairias grupes. Nustatyta, kad migracijos situacija Europos Sąjungos šalyse 1998–2013 metų laikotarpiu buvo gana nevienoda. Didesnis emigrantų nei imigrantų skaičius Lietuvai buvo būdingas kiekvienais analizuojamo laikotarpio metais. Emigrantų iš Lietuvos srautai analizuojamu laikotarpiu kito gana netolygiai. Raktiniai žodžiai:emigracija, Lietuva, globalizacija, emigraciją lemiantys veiksniai.

International migration is an integral part of globalization: the twenty-first century is even called the "age of migration". Although international migration has existed for a long time before the age of globalization, global migration volume, speed and complexity during this time, has become unprecedented. Lithuania is attributed to countries where migration flows are particularly large currently. The country's negative international net migration for 1000 persons is one of the largest in the European Union. Assessing the impact of emigration on the country, researchers express ambiguous attitude and identifies both positive and negative aspects of this phenomenon. However, it is emphasized that intensive growing emigration threatens both the social and economic stability of the country. So both scientific and practical aspect is important to investigate the emigration from Lithuania processes and assess determinants of emigration from Lithuania. Using the scientific literature analysis, comparison, systematization, classification, generalization it was found that there are no single definitions of migration and emigration. Concepts of these phenomena vary depending on the context, in which they are interpreted. There is no single universal theory of migration which would fully explain the process of migration and determinants of emigration. Migration theories investigate this process at different levels, certain parts, emphasizing one or another aspect. It should be noted that migration theories should be seen not as alternatives, but as complementary theories. Determinants of emigration are very diverse and can be classified into various groups. Using the analytical method of dynamic lines, it was found that the migration situation in the European Union countries has been quite uneven for the period of 1998–2013. Higher number of emigrants than immigrants in Lithuania was every year of analyzed period. The analysis of emigration dynamics showed that emigration flows from Lithuania were uneven. Article in Lithuanian. Emigracijos iš Lietuvos procesai ekonomikos globalizacijos sąlygomis Santrauka Tarptautinė migracija – neatskiriama globalizacijos dalis: XXI a. net vadinamas "migracijos amžiumi". Nors tarptautinė migracija ilgą laiką egzistavo ir prieš globalizacijos amžių, pasaulinės migracijos apimtis, greitis ir kompleksiškumas jo metu tapo beprecedentis. Lietuva priskiriama šalims, kuriose šiuo metu vyrauja itin dideli emigracijos srautai. Šalies neigiamas tarptautinės migracijos saldo, tenkantis 1000-iui gyventojų – vienas didžiausių Europos Sąjungoje. Vertinant emigracijos poveikį šaliai, mokslinėje literatūroje išreiškiamas nevienareikšmiškas požiūris ir nurodomi tiek teigiami, tiek neigiami šio reiškinio aspektai. Vis dėlto pabrėžiama, kad intensyviai augantys emigracijos mastai kelia grėsmę tiek socialiniam, tiek ekonominiam šalies stabilumui. Tiek moksliniu, tiek praktiniu aspektu svarbu tirti emigracijos iš Lietuvos procesus ir įvertinti pagrindinius veiksnius, lemiančius sprendimą emigruoti. Naudojant mokslinės literatūros analizę, lyginimą, sisteminimą, klasifikaciją, apibendrinimą nustatyta, kad nėra vieno sąvokų migracija ir emigracija apibrėžimo, o šių reiškinių sampratos kinta priklausomai nuo konteksto, kuriuose yra aiškinamos. Nėra vienos universalios migracijos teorijos, visapusiškai paaiškinančios migracijos procesą ir migraciją lemiančius veiksnius. Migraciją aiškinančios teorijos šį procesą nagrinėja skirtingais lygmenimis, tam tikromis dalimis, akcentuodamos vieną ar kitą aspektą. Pažymėtina, kad migracijos teorijas reikėtų vertinti ne kaip alternatyvas, o kaip viena kitą papildančias teorijas. Emigraciją lemiantys veiksniai yra labai įvairūs bei gali būti klasifikuojami į įvairias grupes. Nustatyta, kad migracijos situacija Europos Sąjungos šalyse 1998–2013 metų laikotarpiu buvo gana nevienoda. Didesnis emigrantų nei imigrantų skaičius Lietuvai buvo būdingas kiekvienais analizuojamo laikotarpio metais. Emigrantų iš Lietuvos srautai analizuojamu laikotarpiu kito gana netolygiai. Reikšminiai žodžiai:emigracija, Lietuva, globalizacija, emigraciją lemiantys veiksniai.

Design History: Culture and Contexts Design in it's widest definition, cannot exist within it's own paradigm. There are many thing that effect design. However, design influences and is influenced by other creative disciplines and within wider culture. Historical, societal and political events have an effect on design and vice versa. This visual timeline covers the periods of Modernism to Postmodernism and various design styles and influences contained with in each era and shows how interactions of style and influences relate to each other. This poster is a visual representation of major design milestones of the 20th and early part of the 21st century and identifies key design practitioners active and influential in each decade. It identifies the multidisciplinary nature of design and highlights major design disciples including: Vehicle Design; Architecture; Product & Industrial Design and Visual Communication & Graphic Design. This is a infographic charts design's relationship with culture and history. Literature from national and international sources were investigated in order to develop a multi-disciplinary approach in identify key moments in design history and how this relates to current world and national historical events, and events within poplar culture. These influences are mapped against key design artefacts of the period and how colour is utilised within each decade. The time line looks at design in both an international and and Irish context and charts key design moments from the foundation of the state right up to the Year of Irish Design (ID 2015). Once visualised, patterns themes and influences can be identified. Notably, from an international view, the Influence of Dieter Rams' work on Jonathan Ive and how in Ireland, government reports on the design sector had lead to representation and action within industry. The example here of Scandinavian report in 1962 which led to the foundation of Kilkenny Design Workshop in 1963 and Enterprise Ireland's Opportunities in Design in 1999 led to Design Ireland being founded a year later. With 2015 being designated as Year of Irish Design, it begs the question, what will it's lasting legacy be? This poster visualises how design is constantly evolving, and how the different design disciplines are responding to the environment in which is lives and is part of. Here we see the visual representation of the link between design history, it's culture and contexts. Finish size 594mm X 3000mm approx. Bibliography and Sources: Design Museum (2009) Fifty Cars that Changed the World Pub. Conran Eiseman, L. and Recker, K. (2011) Pantone: The Twentieth Century in Color Pub. Chronicle Books Fiell, C. (2013) 1000 Chairs Hardcover Pub. Taschen King, L. & Sissons, E. (2011) Ireland, Design and Visual Culture: Negotiating Modernity 1922-1922 Pub. Cork University Press Meggs, P.B., and Purvis, A. (2001) Meggs' History of Graphic Design Pub. John Wiley & Sons Pivot Dublin (2010) Pivot Dublin: World Design Capital Bid Pub. Dublin City Council Read, H. and Stangos, N. (1994) Dictionary of Art and Artists Pub. Thames & Hudson Toscani, O. (2000) 1000 Objects Pub. Taschen Websites: http://www.autoblog.com/photos/historys-10-bestselling-cars-of-all-time http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/g93/the-100-hottest-cars-of-all-time http://www.creativebloq.com/architecture/famous-buildings-around-world-10121105 http://www.greatbuildings.com/greatest_hits.html http://www.militaryarchives.ie

Cet article s'attache à étudier la possibilité d'utiliser dans la sphère muséale un des modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits (MARC), en l'occurrence l'arbitrage. Si la réponse apportée variera naturellement selon la nature des institutions, l'étude s'est concentrée sur les établissements publics administratifs en droit français. Nous nous intéressons d'abord à la place des MARC dans le contexte muséal ainsi qu'à l'extension de la logique de marché à laquelle sont confrontés les musées publics. Le rôle de l'arbitrage dans ces derniers est abordé et certaines définitions et notions corrélatives sont rappelées. Ensuite, l'article étudie l'arbitrabilité des litiges relatifs aux contrats d'un établissement public administratif. Il s'agit en premier lieu de l'analyse du principe de l'interdiction aux personnes publiques de recourir à l'arbitrage. En second lieu, l'article examine le principe et les conditions de validité de la clause compromissoire dans les contrats internationaux, en considérant principalement la jurisprudence française qui conclut à une arbitrabilité de principe des litiges du commerce international. Pour terminer une description de différents rouages et de plusieurs acteurs de l'arbitrage est faite. ; This article aims to study the possibility of using alternative dispute resolution (ADR), specifically arbitration, in the museum sphere. If the answer given will naturally vary according to the nature of institutions, the study focused on public administrative institutions in French law. We focus first on the place of ADR in the museum context and the expansion of market logic faced by public museums. The role of arbitration in these is discussed and some definitions and concepts are correlatively recalled. Next, the article examines the arbitrability of disputes concerning contracts of a public administrative establishment. It is first of all a matter of the analysis of the principle of prohibition to public entities to resort to arbitration. Second, the article examines the principles and conditions of the validity of the arbitration clause in international contracts, considering mainly the French jurisprudence, which decides that arbitrability of disputes in international trade is feasible in principle. Finally a description of various mechanisms and several stakeholders in the arbitration is made. ; Este artículo estudia la posibilidad de utilizar en la esfera museística uno de los modos alternativos de resolución de conflictos (MARC), en este caso, el arbitraje. Si la solución aportada variará, como es natural, según la naturaleza de las instituciones, el estudio se centra en los establecimientos públicos administrativos en el derecho francés. En primer lugar nos interesamos por el lugar que ocupan los MARC en el contexto museístico, así como por la extensión de la lógica de mercado en la que se ven confrontados los museos públicos. Se aborda el papel del arbitraje en estos últimos y se recuerdan ciertas definiciones y nociones correlativas. A continuación el artículo estudia la arbitrabilidad de los litigios correspondientes a los contratos de un establecimiento público administrativo. Se trata en primer lugar del análisis del principio de prohibición a las personas públicas de recurrir al arbitraje. En segundo lugar, el artículo examina el principio y las condiciones de validez de la cláusula compromisoria en los contratos internacionales considerando principalmente la jurisprudenciafrancesa, que se pronuncia por una arbitrabilidad de principio de los litigios del comercio internacional. Finalmente se realiza una descripción de diferentes mecanismos y diversos actores del arbitraje. ; Peer reviewed

This paper seeks, analyzes and synthesizes the writings related to the topic of scent marks from a national and international perspective on the legal rules concerning, doctrine and jurisprudence governing these distinctive signs, explaining in turn the problems faced when applying its registration with the relevant registry office. As for the legal recognition, the international doctrine is completely divided, some authors believe that the scent marks should be recognized and protected as such, others meanwhile resist conceive such idea. Similarly, the legal requirements that restrict the entry of hon visible marks around the world, revolves around three basic requirements: distinctiveness, visibility, and graphical representation. In that order, and in relation to the entry into force of the Free Trade Agreement signed by the Dominican Republic-Central America and the United States of America (DR-CAFTA), Honduras joined the legal compendium registration Scent Trademarks into its law therefore meeting the requirements and legal reasoning of the Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DIGEPIH) and the Superintendency of Industry and Trade of Colombia addresses this problem. In fact, both governmental entities may be protecting their declarations of refusal under the threshold of the basic requirements inherent in any brand, which are evident in the Sieckman judgment despite the explicit recognition of distinctive odors in the inside of their legal briefs signs. Anyway, the research aims to establish a comparison between Colombia and Honduras in relation to those marks, on the law concerning the law, doctrine and international jurisprudence analysis.Revista Ciencia y Tecnologia No. 16, Junio 2015: 133-149 ; El artículo describe, analiza y sintetiza los escritos vinculados al tema de marcas olfativas desde una perspectiva nacional e internacional, tomando como referente jurídico las normas, doctrina y jurisprudencia que rigen a estos signos distintivos, dilucidando a su vez la problemática que enfrentan al solicitar su inscripción ante las oficinas registrales correspondientes. En cuanto a su reconocimiento jurídico, la doctrina internacional se encuentra totalmente dividida, algunos autores consideran que las marcas olfativas deberían ser reconocidas y protegidas como tal, otros se resisten a concebir tal idea. De igual forma, los requerimientos jurídicos que restringen la inscripción de marcas no visibles alrededor del mundo gira en torno a tres requerimientos básicos: distintividad, perceptibilidad y representación gráfica. En ese orden de ideas y con relación a la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Libre Comercio suscrito entre la República Dominicana, Centroamérica y los Estados Unidos (DR-CAFTA), Honduras incorporó a su compendio jurídico la inscripción de signos olfativos a su legislación, por tanto, resulta necesario conocer los requerimientos y razonamientos jurídicos con los cuales la Dirección General de Propiedad Intelectual (DIGEPIH) y la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio de Colombia se encuentran atendiendo dicha problemática. De hecho, ambas entidades gubernamentales podrían estar amparando sus pronunciamientos denegatorios bajo el umbral de los requisitos básicos inherentes a toda marca y que se evidencian en la sentencia Sieckman, pese al expreso reconocimiento de los olores como signos distintivos a lo interno de sus compendios jurídicos. En síntesis, la investigación pretende establecer un análisis comparado entre Colombia y Honduras con relación a dichas marcas, tomando como referentes jurídicos la ley, la doctrina y jurisprudencia internacional.Revista Ciencia y Tecnologia No. 16, Junio 2015: 133-149

Статья рассматривает сложности, с которыми сталкиваются государства в поисках баланса между национальной безопасностью и стремлением занимать лидирующие позиции в международном научно-техническом разделении труда. С одной стороны, научные коллективы должны сотрудничать с представителями ведущих мировых университетов; в образовательной политике необходимо ориентироваться на лучшие образцы в соответствующей отрасли. С другой стороны, множество исследований имеют потенциал для развития отечественных технологий, в том числе военного характера; доступ студентов к международным программам в перспективе культурной ассимиляции может расцениваться как угроза национальной безопасности. Это противоречие определяет разнообразие национальных стратегий в формировании и реализации научно-технической политики. В данной работе мы, во-первых, сформулируем теоретические подходы к проблеме 174 участия университетов в глобальной политике. Во-вторых, опишем четыре модели закрытости в научно-технической сфере: системы классификаций (иначе системы экспортного контроля технологий и технических знаний); системы визовых ограничений и ограничений возможностей ученых граждан отдельных стран в деятельности исследовательских групп национальных университетов; управление данными и ресурсами, необходимыми для выполнения исследований; технонационализм. В-третьих, рассмотрим российскую государственную политику в отношении университетов и представления о ней российских ученых и преподавателей, исходя из вышеуказанного противоречия и моделей закрытости научно-технической деятельности. При подготовке статьи использовались следуюшие методы сбора дан ных: международный экспертный опрос о глобальном управлении наукой и участии России в нем, интервью с представителями российских университетов, анализ уголовных дел о разглашении государственной тайны в отношении ученых и преподавателей, а также анализ государственных трат на научно-исследовательскую работу Федеральных целевых программ по различным отраслям экономики. ; The paper considers difficulties that face national states trying to find a balance between national security and success in science and technology development. On the one hand, researchers should actively cooperate with representatives of the world's leading universities and educational policy must be guided by the leading world standards. On the other hand, many studies have the potential for the development of national technical and military power and international educational programs might lead to cultural assimilation and potentially threat the nation-state. This contradiction forms the dilemma for the States and result in diversity of national strategies on formulation and execution of scientific policy. In this paper, at first, we formulate the theoretical approaches to the issue of the university participation in global relations. Second, we describe four models of closeness in science and technology policy: the system of classifications (eg. export 175 control of technology and technical expertise); the visa restrictions and limitations of the scientists collaboration for citizens of certain countries, for examples, their work in research groups of national universities; the state management of access to data and resources necessary to carry out research; technonationalism. Third, from point of the above mentioned dilemma and four models of restriction in scientific and technical international activities we consider the Russian state policy towards universities and idea about this policy from the Russian scientists. The methods were an international expert survey on the global governance of science and Russia's participation in it, interviews with representatives of Russian universities, analysis of lists of criminal trials about divulging state secrets against scientists available on the Internet, as well as analysis of the size of government spending on the researches in the Federal targeted programs.