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Youth and women lead : Ella Baker and SNCC -- Southerners on new ground : organizing at the intersections -- Recruiting the justice league : the Ella Baker Center demystifies youth organizing -- Make room in the circle : undocumented youth bridge electoral and movement politics -- The intolerable price of self-respect : the movement for black lives organizes urban and suburban America -- Mní Wičoni - Water is alive : indigenous youth water protectors rekindle nonviolent direct action in corporate America.

AbstractAlthough politicization has become a key concept in European integration studies, it is still contested whether, when and to what extent European issues have become politicized in domestic political arenas. This article contributes to this discussion both in conceptual and empirical terms. It uses a new multidimensional index of politicization to systematically trace the development of politicization in national election campaigns in five West European countries (Austria, Britain, France, Germany and Switzerland) from the 1970s to 2010. The findings provide clear evidence that Europe has indeed been politicized in the past decades. Moreover, two different paths towards such a politicization are identified. One of these paths is dominated by populist radical parties from the right, while the other path is shaped by the conflict between mainstream parties in government and opposition. On both paths, conflicts over membership play an important role and cultural‐identitarian framing strategies are used.

Der Beitrag thematisiert die Entwicklung und Erfahrungen einer internationalen Forschergruppe, die sich schwerpunktmäßig mit Fragestellungen des Gebietsschutzes in Europa befasst. Unter dem Akronym "NeReGro" (für "Neue Regionalentwicklung in Großschutzgebieten") pflegen vier geographische Arbeitsgruppen an Hochschulen in der Schweiz, Österreich und Deutschland erfolgreich eine lose, informelle Form der Kooperation, die inzwischen annähernd 20 Jahre umspannt. Zentraler Gegenstand ihrer Zusammenarbeit sind die unübersehbaren Veränderungen, die der Gebietsschutz in Europa seit geraumer Zeit erfährt. Diese Entwicklung spiegelt sich besonders anschaulich in den sogenannten Großschutzgebieten wider, von denen viele neben den klassischen Aufgaben des Naturschutzes heute zahlreiche weitere Funktionen wahrnehmen. Ein nicht geringer Teil der raumwissenschaftlichen Forschung zu Großschutzgebieten erweckt den Eindruck relativ isolierter Arbeiten, die wenig Bezug zueinander haben bzw. von geringer gegenseitiger Kenntnis(nahme) zeugen. Die Entwicklung von NeReGro lässt anschaulich die Vorteile erkennen, die sich aus einer systematischen Zusammenarbeit für die Weiterentwicklung der Gebietsschutzforschung insgesamt gewinnen lassen. Diese betreffen die Entwicklung eines international vergleichenden Forschungsansatzes, die Berücksichtigung der gesellschaftlichen Implikationen des Gebietsschutzes sowie die Ergänzung der lokal-regionalen um eine globale Forschungsperspektive. Neben dem Mehrwert von Kooperation, wie er sich in der Arbeit von NeReGro zeigt, sind auch die Grenzen der Zusammenarbeit zu erkennen, wie sie für die Gebietsschutzforschung in Europa generell kennzeichend sind. Hieraus erwächst der Bedarf an der konsequenten Weiterentwicklung geeigneter Formen der Forschungskooperation auf europäischer Ebene, um den wachsenden Herausforderungen, die Planung und Management des Gebietsschutzes mit sich bringen, zukünftig angemessen begegnen zu können.

Assesses relevance of Left and Right ideological orientations and of political party affiliations in structuring elite attitudes towards the immigration issue; based on questionnaires and interviews with members of the European Parliament, 1989-94.

This paper presents the estimation of a discrete freight transport chain choice model for Europe, which was developed for the European Union as part of the Transtools 3 project. The model describes nine different multi- and single mode chain alternatives of which three can be either container or non-containerised, and it segments freight into dry bulk, liquid bulk, containers and general cargo. The model was estimated on the basis of disaggregate data at the shipment level (Swedish CFS and French ECHO data). Several transport costs specifications and nesting structures were tested and elasticities compared with reference literature. It was found that freight models are characterised by heterogeneity, non-linearity in transport costs and hence Value of Times and non-constant rates of substitution. Not taking these elements into account will have consequences for the evaluation of transport policies using the freight transport model.

1. The Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan School : a transborder project of modernity in Batavia, c. 1900s / Didi Kwartanada -- 2. The Nanyang diasporic imaginary : Chinese school teachers in a transborder setting in the Dutch East Indies / Siew-Min Sai -- 3. Chineseness, belonging and cosmopolitan subjectivities in post-Suharto independent films / Charlotte Setijadi -- 4. Materializing racial formation : the social lives of confiscated Chinese properties in North Sumatra / Yen-ling Tsai -- 5. The translocal subject between China and Indonesia : the case of the Pemangkat Chinese of West Kalimantan / Hui Yew-Foong -- 6. The Chinese of Karimun : citizenship and belonging at Indonesia's margins / Lenore Lyons and Michele Ford -- 7. The spirit-mediums of Singkawang : performing "peoplehood" / Margaret Chan -- 8. "By race, I am Chinese; and by grace, I am Christian" : negotiating Chineseness and Christianity in Indonesia / Chang-Yau Hoon -- 9. Expressing Chineseness, marketing Islam : the hybrid performance of Chinese Muslim preachers / Wai-Weng Hew -- 10. A controversy surrounding Chinese Indonesian Muslims' practice of imlek salat in Central Java / Syuan-yuan Chiou.

The recent introductions of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) into Europe are linked to the international plant trade. However, both how and when these entries occurred remains poorly understood. Here, we show how almond scorch leaf disease, which affects ~79% of almond trees in Majorca (Spain) and was previously attributed to fungal pathogens, was in fact triggered by the introduction of Xf around 1993 and subsequently spread to grapevines (Pierce's disease). We reconstructed the progression of almond leaf scorch disease by using broad phylogenetic evidence supported by epidemiological data. Bayesian phylogenetic inference predicted that both Xf subspecies found in Majorca, fastidiosa ST1 (95% highest posterior density, HPD: 1990–1997) and multiplex ST81 (95% HPD: 1991–1998), shared their most recent common ancestors with Californian Xf populations associated with almonds and grapevines. Consistent with this chronology, Xf-DNA infections were identified in tree rings dating to 1998. Our findings uncover a previously unknown scenario in Europe and reveal how Pierce's disease reached the continent. ; This work was partially funded by projects XF-ACTORS (Xylella fastidiosa Active Containment Through a Multidisciplinary-Oriented Research Strategy; grant 727987 from European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Research Programme) and ERTA2017-00004-02 and E-RTA2017-00004-04 (Desarrollo de estrategias de erradicación, contención y control de X. fastidiosa en España) from 'Programa Estatal de I + D + I Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad of the Spanish Government' and FEDER) and from the Organización Profesional del Aceite de Oliva Español'. M.P.V-A. was recipient of a PhD fellowship from Intramural Project 201840E111from CSIC. A.B. was recipient of a postdoctoral UIB contract funded by the Vicerectorado de Investigación e Internacionalización of the University of the Balearic Islands.

BACKGROUND: Public and policy attention to female genital mutilation (FGM) in diaspora communities has increased in Europe, but research remains limited and misinformation abounds. As a first step to addressing these issues, this study explored FGM prevention and response interventions in Europe, using a scoping literature review and key informant interviews. METHODS: A scoping study design was selected, using Arksey and O'Malley's six-stage scoping framework to review identified sources. Key informant interviews were used to inform and add depth to literature findings. Findings were summarised thematically, guided by the Scottish Government's '4Ps' framework for tackling violence against women (i.e. participation, prevention, protection, providing services). RESULTS: Seventy literature sources, of 1095 screened, plus 16 individual and 3 group interview sources were included. Several countries have developed promising interventions supporting FGM resistance and recovery. However, gaps remain including community participation, professional knowledge and linkages, and evaluation of approaches. CONCLUSIONS: This scoping review is an initial attempt to describe available primary evidence on European initiatives responding to FGM. Further research is required to determine whether interventions are effective, while policy and practice development must be shaped and driven by the experiences, needs, and views of affected communities.