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Internationalisation is a significant activity of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) worldwide and is typically embedded within the aims, ambitions, vision, and strategy of the institution. It incorporates the policies and procedures required to facilitate participation within a global academic environment, and is often considered to be a transformative process that impacts practices in teaching and learning, research, and administration. With formal protocols to establish partnerships, such as memoranda of understanding and articulation agreements, the business of formally creating international partnerships is well defined. However, the motivations, corresponding metrics and key performance indicators (KPIs) of successful partnerships are not as well defined. At the institute level, there are often KPIs to measure student mobility, revenue generation, and funding. But internationalisation strategies also often include social, political and academic output and can be an important source of inspiration for wider innovation and entrepreneurial activity. In Ireland, for example, objective 2 of the 2018-2020 Higher Education System Performance Framework includes the strategic goals of increasing international student numbers, increasing the foreign language provision for Irish students, and increasing the number of academic publications with international peers. The issue facing HEIs is not that international partnerships cannot be created, it is that many such partnerships do not evolve, often fail to develop into meaningful long-term relationships, and do not adequately contribute to the underlying strategic goals of participating partners. These failures are attributed to the fact that, while support exists at a higher institute level, there is often a lack of buy-in and support at the faculty level, including language barriers, a lack of ongoing post-agreement communication, and cultural issues creating inertia in the relationship. While English is seen as the global language of science, it often puts at least one of the partners at a disadvantage if they are not natively proficient. Even when this barrier can be overcome, cultural differences can also contribute to unsustainable relationships. While faculties, and individuals within them, are ultimately the engines that drive the KPI activities of university strategic goals, research has shown that it is frequently through the building of friendships and the discovery of common interests between staff that is the key to developing sustainable partnerships. Brockington calls for a clear vision which is embraced by all stakeholders including faculty, administration and senior institution management, and that appropriate financial and international support models must be put in place to help nurture productive international partnerships. HEIs typically create significant numbers of partnerships with other international institutions. However, many of these simply fail to become active for the reasons already outlined. The hope would seem that simply increasing the quantity of partnerships will ultimately result in the desired level of activity. However, in this paper, we argue that a more nuanced understanding of the ecosystem is required to foster successful partnerships and to increase the productivity rate of these relationships. While there may not be a single model that addresses all issues given their dynamic nature and number of stakeholders required to make a partnership successful, a set of best practices and guidelines can be extracted based on examples of key partnerships that have been successful. In this paper we describe a successful and ongoing partnership between TU Dublin School of Computer Science and the Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) College of Information Science and Technology. The model presented in this paper, Partner Co-hosted Model (PCM), evolved over many years and is based on a mutual desire to build meaningful and sustainable joint academic activity between the two institutions. This model has continued to evolve to sustain an ongoing cooperation and meaningful partnership and has demonstrated both its resilience and utility during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the following section, we review the context and background to the development of this model. In section three, we introduce the model and describe in detail its core features. Section four offers a summary of our conclusions and considers the possibility for further development of models of international partnerships as well as possible future research opportunities. This paper draws on the experiences and reflections of the programme team, including TU Dublin and BUCT staff members. As this programme has undergone a real time process of change and development, the lead authors have been able to reflect on (a) the changing nature of the programme, (b) the value of the programme to individual and institutional stakeholders, (c) the strengths and limitations of the model as it has involved and (d) and the experiences of dealing with the day-today challenges of international working. What is core to this discussion, is a recognition that running international programmes and partnership is only possible through clear, direct and ongoing dialogue (as this paper will address) but also a recognition that processes and experiences are inherently nonlinear and at times, as all authors here attest, challenging and 'messy'. All authors recognise that the development of this programme has required the involvement of a range of colleagues, both at TU Dublin and BUCT, from departments including finance, teaching excellence, marketing, international and technology learning specialists.

The recent movements in the United States in favour of African-American rights have highlighted many issues, including a tragic aspect of the slave trade: that millions were robbed not only of their freedom in being transported to another continent but also of their heritage, including their language, their memories and their cultural traditions. Among West African countries involved in the transatlantic slave trade, Ghana was one of the most important and the Ghana Tourism Authority has recognized that a return to the continent of their roots may offer some consolation. In 2019, to mark the 400 years since enslaved black people first arrived in America, the GTA launched the 'Year of Return' campaign, honouring the resilience of black people around the world and encouraging them to return to Ghana to explore their roots and ancestry. The campaign was promoted and supported by many influencers and celebrities from both sides of the Atlantic. African Americans were invited to Ghana not only to honour their ancestors' memory, visit heritage sites, and enjoy the attractions such as the music, beaches and nightlife, but also to network and build connections longer term. A 'Beyond the Return' campaign has positioned Ghana as a land of opportunity for the global African family - whether in agriculture, real estate, creative arts or other fields - and it invites black people from around the world to invest socially and financially in the country. The authorities are committed to foster those international connections with simplified visa application process and offering the chance to obtain citizenship through special programmes.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- OVERVIEW -- JUDICIAL REFORMS FOR GROWTH -- A. The Macro-Judicial Linkages-A Regional Perspective -- B. A Deeper Look at Court Efficiency and Employment -- C. Judicial Reforms for Growth -- REFERENCES -- BOX -- 1. The Strasbourg Program of the Turin Court -- FIGURES -- 1. Average Length of Civil Proceedings -- 2. Backlog of Pending Civil Cases -- 3. Regional Judicial Efficiency and Macro Outcomes -- 4. Average Duration of Ordinary Labor Court Proceedings -- TABLES -- 1. Provincial Growth and Judicial Efficiency -- 2. Summary Statistics -- 3. Probit Models for Probability of Employment -- FUTURE CHALLENGES FACING ITALY'S FINANCIAL SECTOR -- A. The Evolution of the Bank Business Model -- B. Recommendations -- C. Developing Further the Capital Markets -- D. Role of Institutional Investors -- E. Recommendations -- F. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- FIGURE -- 1. Structural Issues and Profitability in Italian Banks -- IMPROVING PUBLIC SPENDING ALLOCATION AND PERFORMANCE IN ITALY: AN EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS -- A. Background -- B. Comparison with Euro Area Spending and Efficiency Indicators -- C. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- FIGURE -- 1. Italy and Euro Area: Increase in Spending by Level of Government, 2000-12 -- ANNEXES -- 1. Selected European Countries: DEA Efficiency Scores -- 2. Italian Regions: DEA Efficiency Scores -- THE USE OF PERFORMANCE INFORMATION IN RESOURCE ALLOCATION -- A. Introduction -- B. International Practices and Lessons -- C. Strengthening the Use of Performance Information in the Budget Process -- D. Performance Information in Italy -- REFERENCES -- FIGURE -- 1. PI Usage at Different Allocation Levels -- ANNEXES -- 1. Sample Performance Indicators for the Education Sector -- 2. Determinants of Health Outcomes -- 3. The "Chain Value", From Resources to Results in a Tertiary Education Program.

"Challenges and Recusal of Judges and Arbitrators in International Courts and Tribunals" provides an in-depth analysis of a fundamental control mechanism of international dispute resolution in the context of some of the main international courts and tribunals. The book also assesses specific grounds and standards for challenging judges and arbitrators, and includes both regional and personal perspectives.

The present international monetary regime has been characterized as a 'non-system', an assessment containing an important element of truth from both the economic and juridical standpoints. Indeed, the (more or less) freely floating exchange rate regime which has prevailed in fact since the upheavals of 1971–73 and in law since 1978 is not so much a system as a collective admission that no system is really feasible in the context of the present world economy. A close look at the present order, however, reveals a very interesting phenomenon the importance of which, unfortunately, is sometimes obscured because it is not reflected in any formal legal structure: this is the de facto division of the world into a two-tier order consisting of industrialized states on the one hand, which generally maintain flexible exchange rates, and developing countries on the other hand, which typically have chosen to fix their exchange rates (either against one of the major currencies, or else against a basket of currencies).

Most international organizations lack law-enforcing sanctions or, having them in legal theory, are reluctant to invoke them in practice. Instead, they increasingly resort to fact-finding.

"The post-Cold War has seen an upsurge in interest in Arctic affairs. With new international regimes targeting Arctic issues at both the global and regional levels, the Northern areas seem set to play an increasingly prominent role in the domestic and foreign policies of the Arctic states and actors - not least Russia, the USA and the EU." "This volume clearly distinguishes between three key kinds of impact: effectiveness, defined as mitigation or removal of specific problems addressed by regime; political mobilization, highlighting changes in the pattern of involvement and influence in decision making on Arctic affairs; and region building, understood as contributions by Arctic institutions to denser interactive or discursive connectedness among the inhabitants of the region." "Empirically, the main focus is on three institutions: the Arctic Council, the Barents Euro-Arctic Region and the Council of the Baltic Sea States. This is essential reading for all students with an interest in Arctic affairs and their impact on global society."--BOOK JACKET.

International liqidity may, for purposes of analysis, be classified as (a) Primary, (b) Subsidiary, and (c) Ad hoc. In estimating the total quantum of international liquidity particularly from the viewpoint of dveloping countries, we exclude ad hoc liquidity. The major supply of international liquidity is concentrated in the hands of industrial countries; while the major demand for international liquidity arises from developing countries which fall under Article XIV of the I.M.F. The problem of international liquidity, therefore, exists essentially for the developing countries only. This paper suggests policy guidelines to get over the problem.

The literature contains much discussion on the contemporary differences between neorealism and neoliberalism, especially in the context of international relations. However there have, as yet, been limited attempts to investigate how these international relations theories fare in explaining state responses to the COVID‐19 outbreak. This study reviews the conceptual frameworks underpinning neorealism and neoliberalism and applies them to key state behaviors during the COVID‐19 outbreak. Some examples of neorealism attached to the current pandemic include: criticism of the role of the World Health Organization, the closure of international borders, international competition to collect pharmaceutical products, bans on exports, richer states protecting their national interests, the international misuse of power during emergency orders, restrictions placed on the international media, and the deployment of military forces. By contrast, neoliberalism's focus on international cooperation is noted in U.S., Chinese, and other countries' attempts to distribute knowledge and aid internationally, as well as in the efforts of key international organizations like the World Health Organization and the global Covax initiative. I offer an evidence‐based conceptual framework using neorealism and neoliberalism to show how both have informed international behavior during the COVID‐19 outbreak—although continued emphasis on the former shows few signs of abating as the pandemic approaches its third year.

Abstract
The way that leaders and citizens cope with stress is under-theorised in the study of International Relations (IR). This article anchors psychological studies on coping to the literature theorising emotions in IR to clarify two unaddressed questions: (1) how do political actors – individuals and collectives – cope with both sudden crises and long-term change?; and (2) in the context of international politics, whose coping matters, and under what conditions? Our coping framework demonstrates that intersubjective appraisal of urgency from everyday stressors triggers a process that elevates individual coping to the collective level. Circulation of coping responses, a key but neglected process of scaling up, binds individuals to affective communities. Our theoretical contribution is an innovative coping framework to explore how individual pursuit of well-being is transformed into collective agency. The methodological novelty is the triangulation of emotional representation with survey data and in-depth interviews to capture the circulation of coping responses. We illustrate our conceptual framework with the overlooked case of Hong Kong. Our findings suggest coping constitutes conditions of political possibilities, in that individual Hong Kongers' efforts to sustain emotional well-being are aggregated to create momentum for a state-building project unexpected by the former British colonisers or the Chinese Communist Party.