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Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma represent global health problems for all age groups. Asthma and rhinitis frequently coexist in the same subjects. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) was initiated during a World Health Organization workshop in 1999 (published in 2001). ARIA has reclassified ARas mild/moderate-severe and intermittent/persistent. This classification closely reflects patients' needs and underlines the close relationship between rhinitis and asthma. Patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are confronted with various treatment choices for the management of AR. This contributes to considerable variation in clinical practice, and worldwide, patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are faced with uncertainty about the relative merits and downsides of the various treatment options. in its 2010 Revision, ARIA developed clinical practice guidelines for the management of AR and asthma comorbidities based on the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. ARIA is disseminated and implemented in more than 50 countries of the world. Ten years after the publication of the ARIAWorld Health Organization workshop report, it is important to make a summary of its achievements and identify the still unmet clinical, research, and implementation needs to strengthen the 2011 European Union Priority on allergy and asthma in children. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130:1049-62.) ; Stallergenes ; ALK-Abello ; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) ; MSD ; Novartis ; Nycomed/Takeda ; PHADIA/Thermo Fischer ; 3M ; AstraZeneca ; GlaxoSmithKline ; Merck Frosst ; Altair ; Amgen ; Asmacure ; Boehringer-Ingelheim ; Genentech ; Pharmaxis ; Schering ; Wyeth ; Ache ; Brazilian Research Council ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa da Bahia ; Fundacao Ciencia e Tecnologia ; Sociedade Portuguesa de Alergologia e Immunologia Clinica ; Abdi Ibrahim ; OrionPharma ; Nasonebs ; Merck ; McNeal ; Chiesi ; Nycomed ; Air Liquid Healthcare ; Mundipharma ; Almirall ; Kyorin ; Teva ; UK National Health Service ; Aerocrine ; AKL Ltd ; PREDICTA ; Swiss National Science Foundation ; MeDALL ; Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA 2LEN) ; Christine Kuthe Center for Allergy Research and Education ; Faes Farma ; Bial ; Johnson Johnson ; Sanofi ; HAD treasurer ; Innovative Medicine Initiative (EU) ; Helse Sor-Ost RHF (Southern and Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority) ; MEDA ; Alcon ; ISTA ; Thermo-Fisher ; Airsonett ; Medical Research Council ; Moulton Charitable Trust ; AB Science ; Canadian Institutes for Health Research ; AllerGen NCE ; Merck/Schering-Plough ; Circassia ; University Hospital ; Medical School of Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Mexico ; Children's Research Foundation (Ireland) ; Danone ; Food Standards Agency (United Kingdom) ; European Union (EU) ; DTG ; Netherlands Asthma Foundation ; Merck-Sharp-Dohme, Mexico ; Allerquim Mexico ; Abbott ; Apotex ; HRA ; MedImmune ; Schering-Plough ; Proctor Gamble ; Sunovion (Sepracor) ; Phadia ; Servier ; CSC JohnsonJohnson ; Oxygen Plus ; New Medics ; European Respiratory Society ; Societe de Pneumologie de Langue Francaise Asthma ; Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Labor ; Altana ; Takeda ; UCB ; Uriach advisory board ; NAPP ; Royal College of GPs Clinical Champion in Allergy ; Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) ; AnseII ; Bayer Schering ; OST ; Fujisawa ; IHAL ; Henkel ; Kryolan ; Leti ; MSO ; Procter and Gamble ; Sanofi-Aventis ; Scientific Advisory Board for the German Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology ; German Federal Ministry of Consumer Protection ; European Centre for Allergy Research Foundation (ECARF) ; Hop Arnaud Villeneuve, Dept Resp Dis, Univ Hosp, Montpellier, France ; INSERM, U1018, CESP Ctr Res Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, Resp & Environm Epidemiol Team, Villejuif, France ; McMaster Univ, Dept Clin Epidemiol & Biostat & Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; Med Univ Warsaw, Dept Prevent Environm Hazards & Allergol, Warsaw, Poland ; Univ Hosp Montpellier, Hop Arnaud Villeneuve, INSERM, U657, Montpellier, France ; Catholic Univ, Fac Med, Res Ctr Resp Med CIMER, Cordoba, Argentina ; Univ Genoa, Sch Specializat, Genoa, Italy ; Univ Ghent, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, Upper Airways Res Lab, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium ; CNR, Inst Translat Pharmacol, Rome, Italy ; Univ Naples 2, Naples, Italy ; Univ Laval, Inst Univ Cardiol & Pneumol Quebec, Quebec City, PQ, Canada ; Univ Genoa, Dept Internal Med, DIMI, I-16126 Genoa, Italy ; Creighton Univ, Dept Med, Div Allergy & Immunol, Omaha, NE 68178 USA ; Univ Fed Bahia, ProAR Nucleo Excelencia Asma, Salvador, BA, Brazil ; CNPq, Salvador, BA, Brazil ; Univ Amsterdam, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Univ Porto, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Informat & Decis Sci, P-4100 Oporto, Portugal ; Univ Porto, Sch Med, CINTESIS, P-4100 Oporto, Portugal ; Hosp S Joao & Inst, Dept Allergy, Oporto, Portugal ; Hosp CUF Porto, Oporto, Portugal ; Erasmus MC, Dept Internal Med, Sect Allergol, Rotterdam, Netherlands ; Univ Washington, Sch Med, Seattle, WA USA ; Helsinki Univ Hosp, Dept Allergy, Skin & Allergy Hosp, Helsinki, Finland ; GARD ARIA Coordinator, Geneva, Switzerland ; Med Univ Lodz, Dept Internal Med Asthma & Allergy, Barlicki Univ Hosp, Lodz, Poland ; Univ S Florida, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Div Allergy & Immunol, Tampa, FL 33612 USA ; James A Haley Vet Hosp, Tampa, FL USA ; Univ Oslo, Oslo Univ Hosp, Dept Paediat, Oslo, Norway ; CIBERES, IDIBAPS, Hosp Clin, Rhinol Unit,ENT Dept, Barcelona, Spain ; CIBERES, IDIBAPS, Hosp Clin, Smell Clin,ENT Dept, Barcelona, Spain ; Univ Chicago, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ; Alfred Hosp, Dept Allergy Immunol & Resp Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia ; Monash Univ, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia ; Teikyo Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Resp Med & Allergol, Tokyo 173, Japan ; EFA European Federat Allergy & Airways Dis Patien, Brussels, Belgium ; Univ Athens, Dept Allergy, Pediat Clin 2, Athens, Greece ; Nippon Med Sch, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan ; Univ Aberdeen, Dept Primary Care Resp Med, Aberdeen, Scotland ; Woodbrook Med Ctr, Loughborough, Leics, England ; Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland ; Univ Manitoba, Fac Med, Winnipeg, MB, Canada ; NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ; Univ N Carolina, Sch Pharm, Chapel Hill, NC USA ; Celal Bayar Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pulmonol, Manisa, Turkey ; Allergy & Asthma Inst, Islamabad, Pakistan ; Med Univ Graz, Dept Dermatol, Graz, Austria ; Showa Univ, Sch Med, Div Allergol & Resp Med, Tokyo 142, Japan ; Transylvania Univ, Fac Med, Brasov, Romania ; Int Union TB & Lung Dis Union, Paris, France ; Univ Zurich, Swiss Inst Allergy & Asthma Res SIAF, Davos, Switzerland ; Minist Hlth, Publ Hosp Med Serv, Antananarivo, Madagascar ; INSERM, EPAR U707, Paris, France ; Univ Paris 06, EPAR, UMR S, Paris, France ; Hosp Quiron Bizkaia, Dept Allergy & Immunol, Erandio Bilbao, Spain ; Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Fac Hlth Sci, Div Pulmonol, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa ; WHO, Collaborating Ctr Asthma & Rhinitis, Montpellier, France ; Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dept Oncol Hematol & Resp Dis, Modena, Italy ; Ctr Hosp Univ Rabta, Serv Pneumol Allergol, Tunis, Tunisia ; Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Pulmonol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Hop Mami, Ariana, Tunisia ; Bangladesh Lung Fdn, Dhaka, Bangladesh ; Natl Inst Dis Chest & Hosp, Dhaka, Bangladesh ; Charite, Dept Dermatol, Allergy Ctr Charite, D-13353 Berlin, Germany ; 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IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy ; Univ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Dept Thorac Surg, Rome, Italy ; Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Publ Hlth & Primary Care, Leiden, Netherlands ; Capital Inst Pediat, Asthma Clin, Natl Cooperat Grp Pediat Res Asthma, Beijing, Peoples R China ; Capital Inst Pediat, Educ Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China ; Ctr Asthma Res & Educ, Beijing, Peoples R China ; Hop Arnaud Villeneuve, Univ Hosp, Allergy Unit, Montpellier, France ; Univ Hosp, Dept Allergol, Sch Med CEU San Pablo Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; Georgian Natl Univ, AIETI Med Sch, SEU Clin, Med Ctr, Tbilisi, Rep of Georgia ; Univ Genoa, Dept Internal Med, IRCCS Azienda Osped Univ San Martino, I-16126 Genoa, Italy ; Univ Montpellier I, Primary Care Dept, Montpellier, France ; Nova SE Univ, Coll Osteopath Med, Davie, FL USA ; Univ Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, England ; Aarhus Univ Hosp, Dept Resp Dis, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark ; Tech Univ Munich, Dept Dermatol & Allergy Biederstein, Munich, Germany ; TUM, Div Environm Dermatol, Munich, Germany ; TUM, Allergy Helmholtz Ctr, Munich, Germany ; Univ Hosp Strasbourg, Chest Dis Dept, Div Pulmonol Asthma & Allergol, Strasbourg, France ; Univ Med & Pharm Iuliu Hatieganu, Dept Allergy, Med Clin 3, Romanian Soc Allergy & Clin Immunol, Cluj Napoca, Romania ; McMaster Univ, AllerGen NCE, Dept Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; McMaster Univ, AllerGen NCE, Michael G DeGroote Sch Med, Div Clin Immunol & Allergy,Fac Hlth Sci, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; Univ Versailles St Quentin, Hop Foch, UPRES EA 220, Suresnes, France ; Ctr Hosp Reg Annecy, Serv Pneumol, Annecy, France ; Univ Ss Cyril & Methodius, Univ Clin Pulmonol & Allergy, Skopje, Macedonia ; Georgia Hlth Sci Univ, Augusta, GA USA ; Ctr Hosp Univ Beni Messous, Serv Pneumoallergol, Algiers, Algeria ; Vilnius Univ, Fac Med, Collaborating Ctr GA2LEN, Vilnius, Lithuania ; Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Natl Heart & Lung Inst, London, England ; Wake Forest Univ, Bowman Gray Sch Med, Winston Salem, NC USA ; Ain Shams Univ, Childrens Hosp, Pediat Allergy & Immunol Unit, Cairo, Egypt ; Egyptian Soc Pediat Allergy & Immunol, Cairo, Egypt ; Soc Marocaine Malad Resp, Casablanca, Morocco ; Ctr Resp Dis & Allergy, Casablanca, Morocco ; Vilnius Univ, Fac Med, Vilnius, Lithuania ; Univ Milan, Sch Med, Melloni Hosp, Milan, Italy ; Educ Hlth, Warwick, England ; Dokkyo Med Univ, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan ; WHO, Country Off Georgia, Tbilisi, Rep of Georgia ; Clin Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru ; Univ Nuevo Leon UANL, Hosp Univ, Fac Med, Monterrey, Mexico ; Ctr Allergy & Immunol, Tbilisi, Rep of Georgia ; Clin Hosp Univ Chile, Dept Med, Immunol & Allergol Div, Santiago, Chile ; Univ Hosp Leuven, Dept Otorhinolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Louvain, Belgium ; Cent Reg Denmark, Ctr Publ Hlth & Qual Improvement, Aarhus, Denmark ; Allergy Ctr Vienna W, Vienna, Austria ; Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Cork, Dept Paediat & Child Hlth, Cork, Ireland ; Univ Southampton, Fac Med, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England ; Univ Paris 11, Serv Pneumol, Hop Antoine Beclere, AP HP,INSERM,U999, Clamart, France ; Salvador Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina ; Univ St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland ; Univ Paris, APHP, Ctr Asthme & Allergies, Grp Hosp Trousseau La Roche Guyon, F-75252 Paris, France ; Hacettepe Univ, Sch Med, Pediat Allergy & Asthma Unit, Ankara, Turkey ; George Washington Univ, Sch Med, Washington, DC USA ; Inst Asthma & Allergy, Chevy Chase, MD USA ; Hacettepe Univ Hosp, Dept Chest Dis, Adult Allergy Unit, Ankara, Turkey ; Charite, Inst Social Med Epidemiol & Hlth Econ, D-13353 Berlin, Germany ; McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; Hotel Dieu France, Serv Pneumol & Reanimat Med, Beirut, Lebanon ; Univ St Joseph, Fac Med, Beirut, Lebanon ; Natl Med Ctr, Seoul, South Korea ; Seoul Natl Univ, Seoul, South Korea ; Korea Asthma Allergy Fdn, Seoul, South Korea ; Ctr Hosp Univ, Serv Malad Resp, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire ; Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, GRIAC Res Inst, Beatrix Childrens Hosp,Dept Pediat Pulmonol & Ped, Groningen, Netherlands ; Med Univ Lodz, Dept Immunol Rheumatol & Allergy, Lodz, Poland ; Karolinska Inst, Dept Clin Sci & Educ, Stockholm, Sweden ; Karolinska Inst, Sachs Childrens Hosp, Stockholm, Sweden ; Vilnius Univ, Ctr Pulmonol & Allergol, Vilnius, Lithuania ; Vilnius Univ Hosp Santariskiu Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania ; Hosp Med Sur, Dept Allergy, Mexico City, DF, Mexico ; Univ Med & Pharm, Thanh Pho Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam ; Hop Sacre Coeur Montreal, Montreal, PQ, Canada ; Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ, Canada ; Guangzhou Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, State Key Lab Resp Dis, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China ; Univ Tennessee, Coll Med, Memphis, TN USA ; Univ Dundee, Ninewells Hosp, Asthma & Allergy Res Grp, Dundee, Scotland ; Dubai Hlth Author, Sharjah, U Arab Emirates ; Univ Sharjah, Sharjah, U Arab Emirates ; Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Div Clin Immunol & Allergy, Jackson, MS 39216 USA ; Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Arizona Resp Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA ; Univ Arizona, Inst BIO5, Tucson, AZ USA ; Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, NRITLD, Tehran, Iran ; Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Chron Resp Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran ; Charite, Dept Dermatol & Allergy, D-13353 Berlin, Germany ; Maputo Cent Hosp, Dept Peadiat, Maputo, Mozambique ; Eduardo Mondlane Univ, Fac Med, Maputo, Mozambique ; Childrens Hosp La Fe, Unit Pediat Allergy & Pneumol, Valencia, Spain ; Karolinska Inst, Inst Environm Med, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden ; Karolinska Univ Hosp, Astrid Lindgren Childrens Hosp, Stockholm, Sweden ; Univ Calif San Diego, Allergy & Asthma Med Grp, San Diego, CA 92103 USA ; Univ Calif San Diego, Res Ctr, San Diego, CA 92103 USA ; IMSS, Dept Allergy & Clin Immunol, Ctr Med Nacl Siglo 21, Mexico City, DF, Mexico ; Univ Aachen, Dept Dermatol, Aachen, Germany ; Inst Pneumol Marius Nasta, Bucharest, Romania ; Tishreen Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, WHO EMRO Collaborating Ctr Training & Res Chron R, Latakia, Syria ; CUF Descobertas Hosp, Immunoallergy Dept, Lisbon, Portugal ; Univ Padua, Dept Pediat, Food Allergy Referral Ctr Veneto Reg, Padua, Italy ; Mustapha Hosp, Algiers, Algeria ; Sci Ctr Childrens Hlth RAMS, Moscow, Russia ; Hosp Hospitaller Bros Buda, Budapest, Hungary ; Charite, Allergie Ctr Charite ECARF, Dept Dermatol Venerol & Allergy, D-13353 Berlin, Germany ; German Red Cross Hosp Westend, Berlin, Germany ; Jagiellonian Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pulmonol, Krakow, Poland ; Kinshasa Univ, ENT Dept, Kinshasa, Zaire ; Chiba Univ Hosp, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, Chiba, Japan ; Nippon Med Sch, Dept Otolaryngol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan ; Ctr Hosp Univ Pediat Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso ; Marmara Univ, Div Pediat Allergy & Immunol, Istanbul, Turkey ; Mem Hlth Grp, Istanbul, Turkey ; Charles Univ Prague, Fac Med Plzen, Dept Immunol & Allergol, Prague, Czech Republic ; MESSERLI Res Inst, Vienna, Austria ; Med Univ Vienna, Univ Vet Med Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; Univ Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; Ajou Univ, Sch Med, Suwon 441749, South Korea ; NICE, Paris, France ; Soc Pneumol Langue Francaise, Paris, France ; Krankenhaus Hietzing, Karl Landsteiner Inst Expt & Clin Pneumol, Dept Pulm Med, Vienna, Austria ; Alexanders Univ Hosp, Clin Allergy & Asthma, Sofia, Bulgaria ; Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, GRIAC Res Inst, Dept Pulmonol, Groningen, Netherlands ; Univ Cape Town, Lung Inst, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa ; Groote Schuur Hosp, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa ; Leiden Univ, Dept Pulmonol, Med Ctr, Leiden, Netherlands ; Grosshansdorf Clin, Grosshansdorf, Germany ; Hop Prive Athis Mons, Serv Pneumol, Athis Mons, France ; Helsinki Univ Hosp, Dept Dermatol, Skin & Allergy Hosp, Helsinki, Finland ; Tech Univ Munich, CKCARE, Dept Dermatol Allergy Biederstein, Munich, Germany ; Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med & Publ Hlth, Madison, WI USA ; Med Univ Silesia, Dept & Clin Internal Dis Allergol & Clin Immunol, Katowice, Poland ; Complesso Integrato Columbus, Allergy Unit, Rome, Italy ; IRCCS Oasi Maria SS, Troina, Italy ; Son Pisa Primary Care Ctr, IB Salut Balear Hlth Serv, Int Primary Care Resp Grp, Palma de Mallorca, Spain ; Hosp Luz, Immunoallergy Dept, Lisbon, Portugal ; Univ Missouri, Kansas City Sch Med, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA ; Childrens Mercy Hosp, Kansas City, MO USA ; Emek Med Ctr, Afula, Israel ; Technion Israel Inst Technol, Rappaport Fac Med, Haifa, Israel ; Ctr Med Docente La Trinidad, Dept Allergy & Clin Immunol, Caracas, Venezuela ; UCL, Royal Natl TNE Hosp, London, England ; Univ Zurich Hosp, Dept Dermatol, Allergy Unit, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland ; Univ Edinburgh, Sch Med, Ctr Populat Hlth Sci, Allergy & Resp Res Grp, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pediat, Div Allergy Clin Immunol & Rheumatol, São Paulo, Brazil ; Natl Ctr Cardiol & Internal Med, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan ; Ctr ACI Immunoflow, Czech Initiat Asthma, Prague, Czech Republic ; GAAPP, Vienna, Austria ; Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol CREAL, Barcelona, Spain ; Pontificia Univ Catolica RGS, Sch Med, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil ; Univ Nevada, Sch Med, Reno, NV 89557 USA ; Hosp Mar, Municipal Inst Med Res IMIM, Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain ; Univ Pompeu Fabra UPF, Barcelona, Spain ; Jagiellonian Univ, Coll Med, Krakow, Poland ; Coimbra Univ Hosp, Immunoallergy Dept, Coimbra, Portugal ; Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Ctr Appl Genom, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ; Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland ; Univ Laval, Fac Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Laval, PQ, Canada ; Med Univ Vienna, Christian Doppler Lab Allergy Res, Div Immunopathol, Dept Pathophysiol & Allergy Res,Ctr Pathophysiol, Vienna, Austria ; Hosp Clin Barcelona, Dept Pneumol, Allergy Unit, Immunoallergia Resp Clin, Barcelona, Spain ; IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain ; CIBERES, Barcelona, Spain ; Univ Paris 13, Bobigny, France ; Avicenne Hosp, AP HP, Bobigny, France ; Vilnius Univ, Fac Med, Dept Paediat, Vilnius, Lithuania ; Lithuanian Natl Council Childs Hlth, Vilnius, Lithuania ; Terveystalo Turku, Allergy Clin, Turku, Finland ; Univ Turku, Dept Lung Dis & Clin Immunol, Turku, Finland ; Univ Ghent, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium ; Catholic Univ Louvain, Univ Hosp Mt Godinne, Yvoir, Belgium ; Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Ctr, Dept Primary & Community Care, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Siriraj Hosp, Fac Med, Dept Pediat, Bangkok, Thailand ; CNR, IBIM, Palermo, Italy ; Clin Physiol IFC, Pisa, Italy ; Natl Univ Singapore, Yong Loo Lin Sch Med, Singapore 117595, Singapore ; Floridsdorf Allergy Ctr FAZ, Vienna, Austria ; Med Univ Vienna, Dept Dermatol, DIAID, Vienna, Austria ; Bradford Teaching Hosp Fdn Trust, Bradford Inst Hlth Res, Bradford, W Yorkshire, England ; Olmsted Med Ctr, Dept Res, Rochester, MN USA ; Univ Minnesota, Dept Family & Community Hlth, Rochester, MN USA ; Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Cyprus Int Inst Environm & Publ Hlth Assoc, Limassol, Cyprus ; Cyprus Univ Technol, Limassol, Cyprus ; Univ Cape Town, Red Cross War Mem Childrens Hosp, Dept Paediat & Child Hlth, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa ; Catholic Univ Cordoba, Sch Med, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, Cordoba, Argentina ; Guangzhou Med Univ, Guangzhou Inst Resp Dis, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China ; Guangzhou Med Univ, State Key Lab Resp Dis, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China ; Univ Clin Resp & Allerg Dis, Golnik, Slovenia ; Charite, Network Excellence, Global Allergy & Asthma European Network GA2LEN, D-13353 Berlin, Germany ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pediat, Div Allergy Clin Immunol & Rheumatol, São Paulo, Brazil ; Web of Science

Introduction. Covid-19 outbreak has changed human life and activity [1], Especially In urban areas forcing citizens to stay for large periods of time in lockdowns. Protective measures (social distancing and isolation) that have been globally implemented has caused the isolation of millions. Preliminary findings (Moreno et al, 2021) suggest adverse mental health effects in previously healthy people and especially in people with pre-existing mental health disorders. Extended lockdowns come at the expense of mental health, psycho-physical conditions, wellbeing, and social relations within societies (Campion et al., 2020).
Before COVID-19 outbreak, city centers offered a high-quality life with a wide range of services, utilities, public and green spaces, as well as city parks (Sharifi & Khavarian-Garmsird, 2020). Living in a small apartment with a minimal private space in the city center was balanced by the high level of socialization in public spaces, outdoor activities and events, intense interactions among inhabitants, allowing them to maintain relations (Portegijs et al., 2021). With COVID-19 outbreak, this modern urban standard of living was challenged. Social distancing took place at several levels: at home and at work, and, in the city, in the street and on public transport. Everything created for urban life changed and became uncertain. Societies got used to sharing common spaces, often crowded, and everyone was cut off from everyday socialisation. The isolation forced millions of individuals and families to remain at home, causing them to change their routines, rituals, and habits (McCay, 2020). In dense urban areas, this mostly meant locking people in cramped apartments, cut off from everyday physical activity outside the home (Portegijs et al, 2021; Bil et al, 2021).
Smart cities are instrumented, interconnected, and intelligent urban areas (Harrison et al., 2010) that pursue shared growth through an integrated set of technologies that shape interactions between actors (Nam & Pardo, 2011). A smart city can be defined as complex set of technology (infrastructures of hardware and software), people (creativity, diversity, and education), and institutions (governance and policy) (Nam & Pardo, 2011). Smart cities aim is to create an environment that drives innovation from a technological, managerial, and organizational point of view by fostering environmental and social wellbeing (Karvonen et al., 2018; Polese et al., 2021].
The aim of this study is the literature review of the role of technology for citizens mental health during Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns in Smart Cities and to investigate if there is a relation between digital tools provided to the citizens of Pafos Municipality to use during quarantine, and their mental health status.
Methodology\design\approach. A review of the literature and an additional critical review were conducted in the fields of smart cities and mental health with a focus on the latest research concerning COVID-19 influence on ICT, mental health and wellbeing. For the purposes of this article, a thorough database search has been made. The database used was mostly Google Scholar and Science Direct. Selection criteria included full-text publications and consisted of the following keywords: COVID-19, post-COVID-19, mental health, wellbeing, lockdown, isolation, anxiety, infection rates, density, smart city, digital technology, ICT and Virtual Reality. Author focused on qualitative research available until April 2022.
Further than this, field research was conducted through a qualitative method in the particular case of Paphos Municipality in Cyprus, the introduction of various ICT technology solutions during the pandemic lockdowns and their impact on citizens mental health. ICT tools were briefly analyzed and their contributions towards citizens mental health was evaluated based on questionnaires distributed to the citizens before and after the use of these tools. Now the key question that needs an answer is "Did smart cities impact on citizens mental health during the pandemic?"
During the pandemic, Pafos Municipality introduced to its citizens various ICT solutions that despite initially they were targeting foreign tourists visiting the district, they ended up as entertainment tools that ease the lockdown period during the quarantine phase. As part of the E.U. co-funded by European Union program "Smart Cities – Interreg: Greece – Cyprus" the municipality implemented the "Collection, Documentation and Digitization of Cultural and Tourist material, Development of Digital Tourism / Culture and Entrepreneurship Platform and Development of digital applications of e-democracy and participation in the Municipality of Pafos" project. The result of this project was the creation of 3 websites: 1. Explore Pafos https://www.explorepafos.org/ with multimedia information (text, photos, videos, 360-pictures, interactive map with points of interest etc.) about the province's major points of interest sorted by category: Culture, Environment, Tourism and Services. 2. Historical Timeline https://xronologio.explorepafos.org/ with information about the history of the city in a chronological order. 3. Electronic Participation https://diavouleusi.explorepafos.org/ offering User Registration, Consultation, Online Citizens Community (forum), Civil Council Decisions, Online Polls, News and Announcements. Further than these 2 mobile applications for iOS and Android devices were developed, Explore Pafos with various important information about the city of Pafos and Pafos AR which contain Augmented Reality representation of various significant cultural and historical sightseeing in the district. The websites and mobile applications were available in 5 languages (Greek, English, Russian, Hebrew and German).
These platforms were presented to the citizens of Pafos Municipality on the 27th of February 2020, slightly earlier than the first lockdown. After the first strict lockdown, the administrators of the website reported a significant increase in the traffic of the website among local citizens compared to pre-pandemic. This led the creators of the platforms among which is the author of this article to provide online questionnaires to people using the digital platforms on their leisure time during COVID-19 lockdowns to answer various questions regarding the impact of these digital tools in their mental health status during COVID-19 lockdown.
A questionnaire containing 5-point Likert scale questions and questions about qualitative and quantitative use of the ICT tools and their mental health during COVID-19 lockdowns was completed by citizens of Pafos Municipality.
Due to this study objective, two main criteria were established for sample selection. First, respondents should be citizens of Pafos Municipality from various areas over at least the past 5 years. Additionally, respondents must have been present during COVID-19 outbreak and lockdowns in the city. To verify this criterion, an initial survey question asked whether respondents were staying in the city during the COVID-19 outbreak.
The questionnaire was constructed in three parts. Its first one aimed at collecting descriptive variables (demographic information) of respondents' location, and professional profile. The second part asked citizens about their mental health status before and after COVID-19 outbreak and lockdowns. Each question was assessed according to a 5-point Likert scale (1 referred to 'not used' and 5 denoted 'fully used'). The last section of the questionnaire examined the adoption level of the ICT tools introduced by the Municipality as supporting tools for their mental status during the COVID-19 outbreak. For that, all 6 ICT tools were listed and evaluated based upon a similar Likert scale that ranged from 1 (not used) to 5 (fully used).
Results. The online questionnaire had its link firstly sent by e-mail to 480 citizens that registered in the platform in December 2020. A follow-up message was sent two weeks later. 215 responses returned but only 206 of them were actually from citizens that met our selection criteria, which resulted in 42.9% valid response rate,
For analyzing data, two distinctive procedures were carried out using the SPSS® Statistics 23 software to identify differences in levels of each characteristic related to ICT tools, device available (PC, mobile phone, tablet), and content (Cultural, Environmental, Social, Multimedia Content) when considering the degree of how they impact their mental health during COVID-19 lockdowns.
Our respondents were half men and half women. Moreover, 10% are aged between 20 and 25, 34% between 26 and 35, 36% between 36 and 45, 14% in the interval of 46 till 55 and only 6% are older than 55. 36% are single, 59% being married and almost 5% under another non-defined situation. Most respondents were living in a house (56%), with their family (54%), and had 1 or more kids (44%). 75% of the respondents mentioned that they use more often their mobile/laptops to access the internet compared to before. The majority of respondents (62%) mentioned that they used ICT tools provide 1 or more times per week to remind them of their daily habits while 56% mentioned that they used the platforms to navigate at their favorite place at least once. The largest majority (82%) accessed the services from their mobile phone while the smallest percent (12% accessed the services from their PC/Laptop. Regarding COVID-19 lockdowns, 86% stated that it is very stressful to stay at home in another lockdown while 36% said they wouldn't comply if they were forced to stay at home in another lockdown. 65% mentioned that they found the ICT tools useful to keep them mentally active and 72% mentioned that they wouldn't be able to stay in quarantine without access to internet. 68% of the people using the platforms declared that using the platforms helped to remain mentally active during the quarantine and 70% said they would use the platforms again in case there is a new lockdown.
Discussion. The present work was done having as basis 206 questionnaires applied to citizens of a Municipality in Cyprus, namely Pafos Municipality, in order to assess citizens mental health during lockdowns, and the impact of the use of ICT tools for their mental health. The survey collected data from 3 sections, namely demographics, mental health status before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and ICT tools usage during the lockdowns. The average respondents' sample shows that our interviewees are aged between 26 and 45 years old, half are men and the other women, married, qualified with college education. Citizens living in smaller apartments accessed the platforms more times per week compared to people living in the rural areas in houses and their conceived percentage of ICT tools contribution towards their mental health was higher compared to people leaving in rural areas. Citizens' inclusion and digital literacy are relevant issues that were affecting the use of ICT tools that do not apply only to urban contexts and should be addressed to solve societal, economic, technological, and political problems worldwide. COVID-19 restrictions and lockdown increased people's acceptance and use of ICT solutions.
Other studies are in line with the above findings (Troisi et al., 2022) where their key theoretical contribution of their study is the building of a framework that detects the main psychological, rational, social, and cultural determinants that can foster or prevent the acceptance of the changes forced by the pandemic, the adhesion to digitalization, and the transactional distance processes launched in the public sectors. These results are more evident in vulnerable groups (Dai et al., 2020; Ammar et al., 2021) which will require further development and usage of e-health solutions.
Finally, two other studies targeting different populations investigated the effectiveness of interventions by considering, as primary outcomes, not mental illness indicators (e.g., depression and anxiety symptoms), but positive mental health indicators (positive affect and positive mental health). Vara et al. (2020) provided us with a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial that assessed the efficacy of a low-intensity internet intervention aimed to promote positive affect in depressive patients in primary care, as an adjunct therapy to improved treatment as usual (Fonseca & Osma, 2021).
Scientific value / practical value. Another report (Fonseca & Osma, 2021) highlighted the urgent need for research to help improve our understanding of the pandemic's mental health consequences on the general public (Mahase, 2020). In order to help characterize the psychosocial effects of the COVID19 crisis as well as the moderators of these effects, a research group launched a multi-language, multi-center anonymous online survey to assess the "Effects of home Confinement on psychosocial health status and multiple Lifestyle Behaviors" during the COVID-19 outbreak. Preliminary findings from this project revealed that the COVID-19 home confinement resulted in significant negative effects on mental wellbeing and emotional status, with more people experiencing psychosocial and emotional distress compared to before the pandemic (Ammar at al. 2020; Ammar et al, 2021a; Fonseca & Osma, 2021). This research results highlight the importance of introducing ICT tools to provide a virtual tour of citizens to their favorite city spots and remain mentally active during quarantine period.
Conclusions. ICT tools offer citizens the opportunity to remember their pre COVID-19 lockdown habits as highlighted in this article and they contribute towards the improvement of their mental health during quarantine. This study aimed at (i) identifying wither ICT tools use increased during COVID-19 outbreak; (ii) investigating the effect of the tools use and the impact on mental health of their users; and (iii) examining the relationship between the adoption of ICT tools and the demographics of citizens using them most during COVID-19 outbreak. Our findings provided arguments to answer these three research questions raised from existing gaps in both theory and practice.

2010/2011 ; La tesi è uno studio interdisciplinare e comparativo sul regime di protezione delle minoranze autoctone in Slovenia e Svezia. L'ipotesi di ricerca è che i due paesi abbiano scelto dei regimi di protezione molto efficaci ed avanzati che sperimentano un grado relativamente basso di tensione interetnica. Grazie ai loro sistemi fortemente sociali, hanno sviluppato un sistema di protezione delle minoranze nazionali che si spinge, per certi versi, oltre agli standard esistenti all'interno della UE. Ad esempio, il diritto all'istruzione ed all'informazione nella madre lingua – che nella maggior parte dei paesi difettano di base legale – risultano ben assicurati. Inoltre, entrambi includono i Rom tra le minoranze territoriali, creando così dei prerequisiti per un'effettiva non discriminazione. La bontà del regime di protezione viene valutata, da un lato, attraverso l'analisi dei vari campi di tutela, prendendo in considerazione sia le fonti legali che le politiche pubbliche volte ad implementarle; dall'altro, attraverso la rilevazione delle opinioni dei membri delle minoranze stesse. L'analisi degli standard esistenti mostra che entrambi i paesi possiedono un sistema di protezione relativamente completo, sebbene vengano sottolineate notevoli differenze tra un settore e l'altro. A tal riguardo, sono stati utilizzate varie fonti – legislazione esistente, report ufficiali, discussioni con esperti – al fine di redigere un tabella di valutazione riassuntiva per ogni singolo campo di protezione. L'affermazione viene poi ridimensionata alla luce dei risultati della ricerca empirica, condotta tramite questionari strutturati: le minoranze nazionali esprimono un giudizio positivo limitatamente a certi campi di tutela, ma danno, nel complesso, valutazioni poco generose sul sistema generale di protezione, tanto che emergono chiaramente sentimenti di esclusione. Le fonti dell'opera comprendono: analisi della letteratura rilevante, analisi della legislazione, analisi delle statistiche nazionali, visione di progetti e studi settoriali in corso, discussioni informali con ricercatori e interviste con 'testimoni qualificati', essenziali nel ricostruire un quadro sintetico della situazione data la carenza di letteratura in materia. La tesi si articola in 3 parti distinte. La prima intende fornire una cornice teorica sul tema della protezione delle minoranze nazionali, attraverso la presentazione delle definizioni più illustri elaborate dalla letteratura internazionale e di alcuni concetti chiave nel dibattito, come origine, natura, manifestazione esterna del fenomeno, differenze nel concetto di ethnos tra nord e centro Europa, etc… Nel secondo capitolo viene brevemente analizzata la storia della protezione delle minoranze per soffermarsi poi sui principali documenti elaborati all'interno della UE, dell'OSCE e del Consiglio d'Europa al fine di individuare alcuni standard universalmente riconosciuti da tutti i membri UE. La seconda parte si concentra sulla protezione delle minoranze territoriali in Slovenia (capitolo terzo) e Svezia (capitolo quarto): vengono analizzate la struttura etnica del paese, le caratteristiche delle varie minoranze e le politiche governative adottate, prendendo in considerazione anche l'evoluzione storica di queste ultime. I campi di tutela analizzati nel dettaglio sono: istruzione, uso della lingua, partecipazione e rappresentanza politica, vita culturale, informazione e media, cooperazione transfrontaliera. Di seguito vengono sottolineati i punti forti e quelli deboli dei rispettivi sistemi. La terza parte presenta le caratteristiche fondamentali dei due regimi in chiave comparativa (capitolo quinto) ed i risultati della ricerca sul campo (capitolo sesto), che è stata limitata a due minoranze per paese al fine di rendere più agevoli delle considerazioni comparative: una minoranza tipo transnazionale, i Rom, e due minoranze di confine, gli ungheresi in Slovenia e i finlandesi tornedaliani in Svezia. Il questionario, somministrato attraverso un metodo di campionamento di tipo snowball, o meglio, respondent driven, indaga sulle seguenti tematiche: percezione della tutela nel campo del linguaggio; percezione della tutela nel campo dell'istruzione; percezione della tutela percepita nel campo della partecipazione politica e della rappresentanza; percezione della tutela nel settore della vita culturale; percezione della tutela nel settore dei media e dell'informazione; percezione della tutela nel campo della cooperazione transfrontaliera; percezione della tutela globale; percezione dello status della minoranza rispetto alla maggioranza; percezione dell'uguaglianza dei diritti in confronto alla maggioranza e alle altre minoranze. Non è stato possibile raccogliere un numero sufficiente di risposte da parte di tutte le minoranze nazionali presenti nei due paesi a causa sia delle grandi difficoltà incontrate nel reperire soggetti disposti a collaborare che a causa dei tassi di risposta molto bassi. L' indagine svolta tra le suddette minoranze sembra suggerire che l'affermazione secondo la quale entrambi i paesi hanno un buon sistema di protezione deve essere circoscritta: anche se la protezione globale appare sufficiente, le minoranze nazionali non sembrano essere soddisfatte dell'implementazione dei loro diritti, se i risultati vengono comparati con quelli della tabella riassuntiva teorica. I Rom, paradossalmente, pur avendo un punteggio più basso sia a livello empirico che teorico, sembrano essere relativamente più soddisfatti dei loro diritti. Questo può essere dovuto al fatto che essi considerano effettivamente la recente introduzione di leggi ed atti in favore della loro minoranza come un importante progresso. Se le minoranze prese in considerazione danno valutazioni piuttosto positive per quanto riguarda alcuni settori di tutela, la sensazione di essere tutelati non sembra essere data semplicemente dalla somma di tali valutazioni ma ne include altre che hanno ha che fare con la dimensione sociale, in particolare il rapporto con la maggioranza, lo status all'interno della società, l'attenzione data alla minoranza da parte delle politiche di Stato. L'ipotesi di ricerca iniziale è quindi solamente in parte confermata: dall'analisi emerge un modello gerarchico nel trattamento delle minoranze nazionali, suscettibile di creare nuovi confini e tensioni tra a) le varie minoranze nazionali, b) le minoranze nazionali e altre minoranze, c) diversi sottogruppi della stessa minoranza. ; The dissertation is a comparative and interdisciplinary study dealing with the protection systems of autochthonous minorities in Slovenia and Sweden in a comparative key. Slovenia and Sweden were chosen as a focus of the research because of some similarities which may be found in relation with minority issues. In spite of their experience of recent migrations, they can be considered as two historically relatively homogeneous states both of which experience a low degree of interethnic tensions (even though it has not always been so). Thanks to their strongly social systems, they in fact developed a system of minority protection which, in some aspects, at least on the paper, goes even beyond E.U. existing standards; among them, the right to information and the right to public education in the mother tongue of minorities- which in most of countries lack legal basis or are simply not applied- are well assured. Moreover, their national minorities have intense relations with the neighbouring mother state. And last but not least, they both include the Roma among their territorial minorities, creating also for them legal prerequisites for the non- discrimination of the members and formal equality for all the legal aspects. Both countries chose a model of integration of their minorities which has resulted quite effective, especially after the latest improvements. Nevertheless, in both countries, even though in different manners, it is still possible to notice a hierarchy of treatment of different kind of minorities, where some fall behind the others in spite of their demands (and recognition) of autochthony. Sweden, for example, did that by excluding ethnic groups that were already present in the country and by denying substantial language rights to those national minorities whose languages were deemed to be non territorial ones, whilst Slovenia did that by introducing a difference between those groups who enjoy single or dual political subjectivity and by breaking the in- group unity of Roma. The thesis can be roughly divided into three main parts. The first part aims to provide a theoretical framework on minority issues and their protection. I first illustrate some definitions of ethnic minority and national minority taken from the literature and international fora as well as some related key arguments present in debates, such as the origin, the nature and the different manifestation of this phenomenon. The difference of perception of the concept ethnos in Central European and Western - North European world will be mentioned. The aim of the first chapter is to provide an almost legal definition to be used as a guide line in the analysis. It will be underlined that minority protection is only an empty concept in absence of a clear and universally or regionally accepted definition. In the second chapter the focus will be on the protection of minorities in Europe in historical perspective, taking into an account four main phases of development: from the peace of Augsburg until World War I; the period between the wars; after World War II until 1989; after 1990. The main documents elaborated within the Council of Europe, the OCSE and the European Union will be analysed, in order to get to point out some existing standards generally recognized by E.U. members even though differently applied. The second part deals with the protection of territorial minorities in Slovenia and Sweden, giving an overview on the ethnic structure of the country, on the main features of the minorities and on the governmental policies pursued since the last century. The content of the chapters will be enriched by the contribute of some minorities' representatives who accepted to be interviewed. In the third and last part, the main characteristics of these two systems will be analysed in a comparative key. Later on, the results of a small field research dealing with the practice of minority protection in the two countries will be presented. The main research hypothesis is that Slovenia and Sweden chose a successful and effective model of minority protection. This statement had to be assessed, on one hand, through the analysis of specific minority policies and, on the other hand, through the collection of opinions and feeling by behalf of minorities' members. The first and second part of the research aim in fact to assess minority protection in Slovenia and Sweden on the paper, analyzing field by field and underlining similarities and differences, strong and weak points of the two models and applicability. We have therefore tried to assess the level of protection for each minority within the two countries, giving an evaluation for each single field with a score ranging from 0 (poor) to 5 (excellent). The evaluation was drawn on the basis of existing laws, degree of application, State reports, relevant literature and discussions with experts. Nevertheless, notwithstanding the in depth analysis, it does not demand to have scientific accuracy due to the too many variables to take into consideration for every single field, but constitutes only a general orientation with regard to the interpretation of minority protection. The analysis of existing standard show that both countries actually have a relatively good protection system, although significant differences can be noted amongst different fields. The third present the results of a small scale survey conducted through questionnaires. The survey has been limited to two minorities for each country: one minority which enjoys the status of autochthonous in both countries, i.e. the Roma; and two minorities, the Tornedalian - Finnish one in Sweden and the Hungarian one in Slovenia, which present some common characteristics – first of all being a border minority - and appear therefore comparable. The aim is to identify the perception of protection by submitting some structured questionnaires to the members of these minorities through a kind of snowball method (in particular, a respondent – driven sampling), in order to find out any discrepancy between the policy goals and the everyday life level and compare the level of protection not only on theoretical but also on practical base. In particular, the questionnaire investigates opinions about the following topics: perceived protection in the field of use of language; perceived protection in the field of education; perceived protection in the field of political participation and representation; perceived protection in the field of cultural life; perceived protection in the field of media and information; perceived protection in the field of cross – border cooperation with the mother state (or with the communities in other states in the case of Roma); overall perceived protection; perceived position of the minority in comparison to the majority; perceived inequality of rights in comparison to the majority and the other minorities. It was not possible to collect a sufficient number of answers from all the protected minorities present in the countries due to the serious difficulties encountered in order to establish initial subjects who may be willing to cooperate and to the very low response rate. Some difficulties have been encountered also with regard to above mentioned minorities, i.e. the Roma, the Hungarians in Slovenia and the Tornedalian- Finnish in Sweden; however, they have shown a more collaborative spirit with regard to the present research. The survey carried out among the above mentioned minorities seems to suggest that the statement according to which both countries have a relatively good protection system has to be circumscribed: even though the overall protection appears as sufficient, the analysed national minorities seem not to be quite satisfied of the implementation of their minority rights. By contrast, Roma in both countries, in spite of having lower scores both at the theoretical and at the empirical level, seem to be relatively more satisfied about their rights. This may be due to the fact that national minorities are more conscious about the rights they should enjoy as historical minorities; whilst the Roma, although not being very satisfied about their condition either, consider the newly introduced laws and acts in their favour as an important progress. If the minorities taken into consideration give positive evaluation regarding certain fields of protection, the overall feeling of protection is not purely given by the sum of such fields but obviously include discretional elements which are more closely linked with a social dimension including the relationship with the majority, the status within the society, the perceived attention and importance given the minority issues by behalf of State policies. The research hypothesis has to be in the end further specified: all analysed minorities evaluate positively certain fields of protection, but surprisingly (of course with many differences among the various groups), when asked explicitly how much protected they feel as a minority, answers are less flattering: in certain sectors they feel indeed excluded from the majority society. The initial research hypothesis appears therefore to be only partly confirmed: from the analysis results the emergence of a hierarchic model with regard to the treatment of national minorities, which is likely to create new boundaries and tensions among the various national minorities, the national minorities and other minorities which did not receive recognition and different subgroups within the same minority. ; XXIV Ciclo

Chapter 1 Introduction: Globalization and the Millennial Ascent of Individual Rights; Ino Rossi -- PART I. GLOBALIZATION AS A FIELD OF STUDY: CONCEPTUALIZING AND EXPLORING GLOBALIZATION: Introduction: Chapter 2. The Global Turn; Roland Robertson -- Chapter 3. Global Systemic Anthropology and the Analysis of Globalization; Jonathan Friedman -- Chapter4. Media, Sociocultural Change, and Meta-Culture; York Kautt -- Chapter 5. Globalization and the Challenge of the Anthropocene; Leslie Sklair -- Chapter 6. Conceptual Structures for a Theory of World Society; Rudolf Stichweh -- Chapter 7. Principles of Geo-Political Dynamics; Jonathan H. Turner -- Chapter 8. Transdisciplinarity in Globalization Research: The Global Studies Framework; Manfred B. Steger. PART: GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES: CULTURAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL: ON CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION : Chapter 9 Goals, Values, and Endemic Conflicts in the New Global Culture; Martin Albrow -- Chapter 10. The Affectual Landscape of Globalization: New Migration, Generalized Discontent, and Ressentiment; Jörg Dürrschmidt -- Chapter 11. Globalization, Cosmopolitanization, and a New Research Agenda; Joy Zhang.-. PART ON POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION : Chapter 12. Global Transformations in Polity, Policy, and Politics: World Polity, Europe, and the Nation-State; Didem Buhari Gulmez -- Chapter 13. The Politics of the Adjective Global: May's Global Britain and the 'New World'; Sabine Selchow -- Chapter 14. (Postmodern) Populism as a Trope for Contested Glocality; Barrie Axford -- Chapter 15. Globalization and the Rise of the Economic State: PRC and USA in Comparison; Guoguang Wu PART: ON ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION: Chapter 16. Trade Globalization and Its Consequences; Michael C. Dreiling -- Chapter 17. The Political Economy of the United States and the Structure of the Millennial World-System; Salvatore Babones -- Chapter 18. Global Inequality and Capitalist World-Economy, 1500—Present: A Critique of Neo-Modernization Theories; Sahan S. Karatasli -- Chapter 19. Mind the Gaps! Clustered Obstacles to Mobility in the Core/Periphery Hierarchy; Marilyn Grell-Brisk and Christopher Chase-Dunn -- Chapter 20. Global Inequality and Global Poverty; Robert Holton. PART: ON ECOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION: Chapter 21. Reconfiguring Ecology in the Twenty-First–Century. Social Movements as Producers of the Global Age; Geoffrey Pleyers -- Chapter 22. Globalization, Marginalization, and the External Arena; Robert Schaeffer -- Chapter 23. Global Indigenism and the Web of Transnational Social Movements; Christopher Chase-Dunn, James Fenelon, Thomas D. Hall, Ian Breckenridge-Jackson, and Joel Herrera -- PART: GLOBALIZATION IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH: VIEWS FROM THE ASIA-PACIFIC: Globalization and Political Economy Chapter 24. Globalization in Asia or Asian Globalization?; Habibul Haque Khondker -- Chapter 25. China's Global Rise: From Socialist Self-reliance to the Embracement of Economic Globalization; Yin-wah Chu -- Chapter 26. The Newness of the Chinese Developmental State Under Xi's Administration; Falin Zhang -- Chapter 27. India's Transition: A New Complex of Capitalism and Hindu Nationalism; Anjan Chakrabarti, Anup Dhar, and Sayonee Majumdar -- Chapter 28. Socially Sustainable Globalization? The Domestic Politics of Globalization in Australia; Tom Conley. Part: Impact of Globalization on Culture -- Chapter 29. Neoliberalism Without Guarantees: The Glocality of Labor,Education, and Sport in Japan from the 1980s to the 2000s; Koji Kobayashi and Steven J. Jackson -- Chapter 30. "The Impact of Globalization on Chinese Culture and "Glocalized Practices" in China"; Ning Wang -- Chapter 31. Border-Crossing and Interfacing in Asia: Approaches, Patterns, and Consequences; Ming-Chang Tsai -- Chapter 32. Transformations in Kinship Relations in a Globalized India: Interrogating Marriage, Law, and Intimacy; Rukmini Sen Part: Globalization, Law and Democracy -- Chapter 33. The Ascent of Asian Strongmen: Emerging Market Populism and the Revolt Against Liberal Globalization; Richard Javad Heydarian -- Chapter 34. Globalization and Indian Political Modernity; Leïla Choukroune -- Chapter 35. Whose Democracy? Governing Indonesia in a Globalized World; Lena Tan PART: VIEWS FROM SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: Globalization and Political Culture -- Chapter 36. Globalization, Democracy, and Good Governance in Africa; Ngozi Nwogwugwu -- Chapter 37. Political Globalization in an African Perspective: Continuity and Change; Goran Hyden Globalization, Poverty and Economic Development -- Chapter 38. Human Capital Contribution to the Economic Growth of Sub-Saharan Africa: Does Health Status Matter? Evidence from Dynamic Panel Data; Abel Kinyondo and Mwoya Byaro -- Chapter 39. Globalization, Poverty, and Development in Africa: Looking Past to the Future; Samuel Ojo Oloruntoba, Ebenezer Babajide Ishola,and Israel Kehinde Ekanade -- Chapter 40. Africa's Industrialization and Prosperity: Time for Structural Change; David Sseppuuya PART: VIEWS FROM LATIN AMERICA: Globalization and Political Economy -- Chapter 41. Latin America: Between the Promises of Globalization and the Chimera of Nationalism; Ronaldo Munck -- Chapter 42. Globalization and the Transformation of Latin America's Political Economy; William I. Robinson -- Chapter 43. The Caribbean and Global Capitalism: Five Strategic Traits; Jeb Sprague -- Part Impact of Globalization on Culture: Chapter 44. Through Thick and Thin: Globalization and Contested Conceptualizations of the Rule of Law in Latin America; Craig L. Arceneaux -- Chapter 45. Indigenous People in Pluricultural Nations of Latin America; June Nash PART: DESIGNS FOR A FUTURE WORLD ORDER: Introduction: TOWARD A DEMOCRATIC GLOBALIZATION Chapter 46. Re-embracing the Masses Economically by Financialization; Jürgen Schraten -- Chapter 47. A Manifesto for Good Globalization: Or, the Manifesto as Method; Paul James -- Chapter 48. Forging a Diagonal Instrument for the Global Left: The Vessel; Rebecca Álvarez and Christopher Chase-Dunn -- Chapter 49. Alternatives to Neoliberal Globalization; Vishwas Satgar PART: ALTERNATIVE CIVILIZATIONAL DESIGNS: Chapter 50. Global Mobilization in the Name of Islam: the Global Imaginary of Political Islam; Amentahru Wahlrab and Rebecca A. Otis -- Chapter 51. Tian Xia: A Confucian Model of State Identity and Global Governance; Tongdong Bai -- Chapter 52. Russian Civilization and Global Culture: Alternative or Coexistence?; Ilya Ilyin and Olga Leonova -- Chapter 53. (Re)Constructing Neo-Confucianism in a "Glocalized" Context; Ning Wang PART: TOWARD AN INTER-CIVILIZATIONAL AND COSMIC WORLD ORDER: Chapter 54. From Cultural Pluralism and Civilizational Disintegration to a Global Cultural-cum-civilizational System; Alexander N. Chumakov -- Chapter 55. From World Politics to a World Political System; Olga Leonova and Ilya Ilyin -- Chapter 56. The Final Frontier of Global Society and the Evolution of Space Governance; Eytan Tepper -- PART. CONCLUSION: Chapter 57. Toward a New Globalization Paradigm and a UDHR-Based Inter-civilizational World Order - Ino Rossi.

With growing awareness of the current climate crisis, it has become better recognized that natural resource management has global as well as local implications. Discourse on the importance of sustainability has followed. Natural resource sectors have been known as areas prone to corruption risks due to the usually high revenues involved. Despite the absence of a universally agreed upon definition, it is in general recognized that corruption undermines social and economic development and can impede sustainable resource management. This research sets out to explore the dynamics contributing to corruption risks in natural resource sectors, with an emphasis on renewable resources, and how such risks can be addressed. To shed light on the research question, a qualitative case study approach was chosen, comparing fisheries in Iceland, arable soils in Ukraine and forestry in Romania. A total of 40 semi-structured interviews were conducted with various stakeholders recruited through snowball sampling. The interviews were coded and then analysed by generating causal loop diagrams, a qualitative mapping approach in the field of system dynamics. The main results from this study suggest that the resource sectors under study all transformed towards economies of scale, facilitating the consolidation of large vertically integrated companies with increased economic efficiency demand. The resulting inequality between large and smaller actors in the sectors seems to increase perceived risk of both corruption and unsustainable management practices in all our cases. Public institutions´ capacity and capabilities to monitor resource sectors need adequate resources, else corruption risks can increase because of perceived lack of monitoring. To alleviate corruption risks, transparency in resource management can strengthen accountability and promote sustainability. However, focus on transparency as a policy tool can be misplaced in instances where higher-level intervention points are needed to ensure sustainable resource management, as solutions are context dependent. ; Med ökad medvetenhet om den nuvarande klimatkrisen har det blivit bättre erkänt att hantering av naturresurser har såväl globala som lokala konsekvenser. Diskurs om vikten av hållbarhet har följt. Naturresurssektorer har varit kända som områden som är utsatta för korruptionsrisker på grund av de vanligtvis höga intäkterna. Trots avsaknaden av en allmänt överenskommen definition är det allmänt erkänt att korruption undergräver social och ekonomisk utveckling och kan hindra hållbar resurshantering. Denna forskning syftar till att utforska dynamiken som bidrar till korruptionsrisker i naturresurssektorer, med tonvikt på förnybara resurser, och hur sådana risker kan hanteras. En kvalitativ jämförande studie valdes ut för att belysa forskningsfrågan, som undersökte fiskeresurserna på Island, marken i Ukraina och avverkning i Rumänien. Totalt genomfördes 40 semistandardiserade intervjuer med ett brett spektrum av intressenter genom ett snöbollurval. Data kodades och analyserades sedan med metoder som har sitt ursprung i teorin om dynamiska systemmodeller för att utveckla kvalitativa flödesscheman över sambandet mellan orsak och verkan. De viktigaste resultaten från denna studie tyder på att de undersökta resurssektorerna alla har omvandlats till skalfördelar, vilket underlättar konsolideringen av stora vertikalt integrerade företag med ökad efterfrågan på ekonomisk effektivitet. Den resulterande olikheten mellan stora och mindre aktörer inom sektorerna verkar öka risken för både korruption och ohållbar hantering i alla våra fall. Offentliga institutioners kapacitet och förmåga att övervaka resurssektorer behöver tillräckliga resurser, annars kan korruptionsrisker öka på grund av upplevd brist på övervakning. För att lindra korruptionsrisker kan transparens i resurshantering bidra till ansvarsskyldighet och främja hållbarhet. Fokus på transparens som ett politiskt verktyg kan emellertid vara felplacerat i fall där det behövs ingripanden på högre nivå för att säkerställa hållbar resurshantering, eftersom lösningar är kontextberoende. ; Með aukinni þekkingu um þær áskoranir sem heimurinn stendur frammi fyrir í tengslum við hamfarahlýnun hefur þróast meiri skilningur á því að nýting náttúruauðlinda hefur bæði staðbundnar sem og alþjóðlegar afleiðingar. Umræða um mikilvægi sjálfbærni hefur fylgt í kjölfarið. Spillingarhættur viðloðandi nýtingu náttúruauðlinda þekkjast vel vegna þeirra gífurlegu fjármuna sem þar eru í húfi. Þrátt fyrir að ekki sé til almenn skilgreining á hugtakinu spilling, þá er það almennt viðurkennt að fyrirbærið sem slíkt grafi undan félagslegri og efnahagslegri þróun, og geti hamlað sjálfbærri nýtingu náttúruauðlinda. Meginmarkmið doktorsritgerðarinnar er að rannsaka gangverk þeirra þátta sem stuðla að spillingu við stjórnun náttúruauðlinda, með áherslu á stjórnunarkerfi endurnýjanlegra auðlinda í Evrópu, og hvernig greina megi og draga úr spillingarhættum í slíku samhengi. Betri skilningur á því gangverki gefur tækifæri á að bera kennsl á lykilþætti hugsanlegra endurbóta, sem gætu nýst við stefnumótun sem miðar að því að draga úr spillingarhættum í auðlindastjórnunarkerfum. Eigindleg samanburðarrannsókn var valin til þess að varpa ljósi á rannsóknarspurninguna, þar sem fiskveiðiauðlindin á Íslandi, jarðvegur í Úkraínu og skógarhögg í Rúmeníu voru til rannsóknar. Alls voru tekin 40 hálfstöðluð viðtöl við breiðan hóp hagsmunaaðila í gegnum snjóboltaúrtak. Gögnin voru svo kóðuð og greind með aðferðum sem eiga uppruna sinn í fræðum kvikra kerfislíkana í þeim tilgangi að þróa eigindleg flæðirit yfir tengsl orsaka og afleiðinga. Meginniðurstöður benda til þess að breytingar í átt að stærðarhagkvæmni hafi átt sér stað innan þeirra auðlindakerfa sem voru til rannsóknar fyrir tilstilli aukinnar kröfu um hagkvæmni, sem auðvelduðu samþjöppun fyrirtækja innan greinanna. Það hefur leitt til vaxandi misrétti milli stórra fyrirtækja og smærri aðila, sem virðist gera það að verkum að aukinnar hættu á spillingu og ósjálfbærri nýtingu auðlinda gætir í öllum tilvikum. Stofnanir sem framfylgja lögum og reglum, auk þess að sinna eftirliti innan auðlindageiranna, þurfa að hafa getu og bjargráð til þess að sinna lögbundnu hlutverki sínu. Ófullnægjandi eftirlit getur aukið spillingarhættur. Niðurstöður gefa einnig til kynna að gagnsæi í nýtingu auðlinda getur leitt af sér aukna ábyrgðaskyldu og stuðlað að sjálfbærni. Samt sem áður getur verið varhugavert að einblína á gagnsæi sem stefnumótunartæki í tilfellum þar sem þörf er á íhlutunarpunktum á hærra stigi til að tryggja sjálfbæra nýtingu auðlinda, þar sem hafa ber í huga að lausnir eru háðar samhengi. ; Double degree regulated by a Cotutelle agreement as set in Grant No. 675153. ; AdaptEconII

Background Youth with intellectual disabilities usually experience poorer post-school outcomes than youth with any other disabilities and youth in the general population (McConkey, Dowling, Hassan & Menke, 2013). Youth with intellectual disabilities are often marginalized and discriminated against regarding skills development and work opportunities as society seems to place high value on an individual's intellect (International Labour Organisation, 2015). However, international experience shows that youth with intellectual disabilities can become valuable employees with adequate training (Scheef, 2016). Participation in sports has shown to have a positive correlation with quality of life, satisfaction with life, community reintegration, and mood as well as employment opportunities for persons with disabilities (Diaz, Miller, Krauz & Fredericson, 2019). Hence it became useful to explore skills development and vocational training opportunities in sports that could facilitate youth with intellectual disabilities to access work skills training and work opportunities in urban Zimbabwe. Aim The overall aim of the study was to explore how participation in activities related to sports organisations and events enables youth with intellectual disabilities to access livelihood opportunities to become economically active. Objectives The objectives of the study were: 1. To identify any possible skills development and vocational training opportunities for youth with intellectual disabilities in sports events and organisations in Zimbabwe. 2. To describe the personal factors of youth with intellectual disabilities that enable them to access skills development and vocational training. 3. To identify environmental factors that enable youth with intellectual disabilities to access self-employment, supported employment or formal employment. 4. To determine the role of family, caregivers, and guardians in shaping the livelihood options of youth with intellectual disabilities. 5. To determine the role of skills trainers in developing the pre-vocational skills and vocational training in general for youth with intellectual disabilities. 6. To determine the role of sports coaches and managers in shaping the life skills' development of youth with intellectual disabilities who partake in sports. Methodology The research was a qualitative study in the form of critical ethnography. Critical ethnography speaks on behalf of minority groups such as the point of view of youth with intellectual disabilities' by stating what is and how it can be changed (Duff, Rogers, and Ross, 2016). The design was a collective study as more than one study site was used. The research took place at two adult vocational training centres for youth with intellectual disabilities and at three sports events. Participants were recruited by purposive sampling. Six youths with intellectual disabilities, five parents, caregivers, or guardians of youth with intellectual disabilities, two sports managers or organisers, two sports coaches and two skills trainers of youths with intellectual disabilities participated in the study to make a total sample size of seventeen. Participation observations, semi-structured interviewing and reflective journaling were used as data collection methods. Findings Untapped work opportunities were identified for youth with intellectual disabilities who participated in sports; however, they remained as lost opportunities as they were not being fully utilized. The youths had potential enablers for employability, but they were not being given access to work opportunities. The youths were invisible to potential employers owing to the remote location of their vocational training centres. Female youths were being prejudiced regarding livelihoods' development owing to the remote nature of the training centres, which made it unsafe for them to travel there. There were limited resources for the livelihoods' development of the youth due to economic hardships the country was facing. The government's support for livelihoods' development of the youth was inadequate. Families, peers, and the community were segregating youth with intellectual disabilities, which had the effect of disempowering them and their parents regarding the youths' livelihoods' development. The parents had shared feelings of fear and anxiety over what would become of their youth once they finished school or if their parents died. There was a lack a collective action amongst the parents regarding the youths' livelihoods' development. The parents' support regarding their children's livelihoods' development was inadequate and their knowledge on how to enhance their youths' livelihoods development was insufficient. The parents were also not getting sufficient support from society to empower their youth. The youths with intellectual disabilities were often left out of economic activities at sports events and in the greater community. The sports coaches and skills trainers were not actively planning or advocating for the youths to participate in economic activities at sports events. Conclusion This study explored the livelihoods' developments that were possible for youths with intellectual disabilities through their participation in sports. It was necessary to find effective ways to develop youths with intellectual disabilities' opportunities to become economically active as engagement in work activities is a basic human right. This study established that the parents of the youths needed to take the initiative regarding the livelihoods' development of their children. The youths and their parents needed to take collective action and find their political voice to advocate for skills training and work opportunities to the training centres, the community, and potential employers as well as the government. The parents needed to take their negative perceptions, which were acting as indirect blocks and which were disempowering them, as motivators to enact positive change for their children's livelihoods' development. It was necessary for parents, skills trainers, and sports coaches to market the youths to potential employers. At the training centres, the administration, skills trainers, and sports coaches need to consider a curriculum change to include a work attachment for the youth in inclusive employment. Sports coaches and skills trainers need to teach life skills intentionally that are transferrable in work situations and provide the youth with opportunities to practice the skills learnt in work settings. The sports coaches and skills trainers needed further training on how to use sports participation as a medium to enhance the youths' livelihoods' development. Sports managers needed to incorporate youth with intellectual disabilities and their training schools in economic activities in sports organisations and at sports events. Female youths with intellectual disabilities needed to be encouraged to attend the vocational training centres by providing for their interests and providing them with safe transportation to attend the vocational training centres.

Objetivo: Esta investigación busca generar reflexión y analizar el debate existente sobre la maternidad subrogada o gestación por sustitución (en adelante GS) y su impacto en el ámbito de los DDHH, con la intención de verificar si a la luz del derecho internacional se puede considerar la GS como forma contemporánea de esclavitud. A estos efectos, este trabajo se articula a partir de las siguientes preguntas de investigación: ¿Existen elementos dentro de la práctica de la maternidad subrogada que podrían ser calificables como promotores de una situación de esclavitud? ¿De qué forma se traslada el debate de la relación entre maternidad subrogada y la esclavitud en el ámbito internacional?Metodología: Se ha optado por emplear una metodología cualitativa descriptiva, consistente en la revisión y el análisis de la normativa legal, jurisprudencia, doctrina y bibliografía jurídica. El procedimiento de acceso a la información de las fuentes secundarias se ha llevado a cabo a través de los siguientes motores de búsqueda y bases de datos bibliográficos: Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar y Scielo. A su vez, se ha recurrido a los distintos repositorios y bases de datos de Naciones Unidas y estudios especializados en la temática de la GS.Resultados: Se presenta un estado del arte sobre la GS, su significado y alcance de los embarazos de pago, las posibles modalidades y controversias que envuelve el mismo. Se destaca la contribución de la doctrina y jurisprudencia internacional y pone de manifiesto la laguna de la literatura relacionada a las formas contemporáneas de esclavitud, desde la explotación y mercantilización de los cuerpos de las mujeres.Contribuciones: Interpretar cuáles serían los aspectos calificables como promotores de una situación de esclavitud, a raíz de las posibles vulneraciones de la legislación internacional en dicha materia y otros instrumentos de derecho internacional, es vital a la hora de determinar los atributos de derecho de propiedad que podrían operar en el caso de la gestación por sustitución. De esta manera, mediante la determinación de tales atributos, se expone en qué circunstancias la maternidad subrogada es o no una forma contemporánea de esclavitud.Palabras clave: Gestación por sustitución; derechos humanos; formas contemporáneas de esclavitud; derecho internacional. ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this research is to analyze the existing debate on surrogacy or surrogate motherhood y and its impact in the field of human rights, with the intention of verifying whether, in light of international law, surrogacy can be considered a contemporary form of slavery. To this end, this work is structured around the following research questions: Are there elements within the practice of surrogacy that could be described as promoters of a situation of slavery? How is the debate on the relationship between surrogacy and slavery tackled internationally?Methodology: Apply a descriptive qualitative methodology, consisting of the review and analysis of the legal regulations, jurisprudence, doctrine and legal bibliography. The procedure to access the information from secondary sources has been carried out through the following search engines and bibliographic databases: Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and Scielo. The various repositories and databases of the United Nations and specialized studies on the subject of surrogacy have been also used.Results: A state of the art on surrogacy is outlined, its meaning and scope of paid pregnancies, as well as the possible modalities and controversies involved. Through the contribution of the international doctrine and jurisprudence this study highlights the gap in the literature related to contemporary forms of slavery, from a perspective that also considers the exploitation and commercialization of women's bodies. Contributions: Firstly, this study analyses the qualifying aspects and the attributes that promote a situation of slavery. Secondly, it determines the possible violations of international legislation and other instruments of international law in the process of determining the property rights that could operate in the case of surrogacy. By identifying such elements, the study offers the instruments to identify the instances in which surrogacy could be considered a form of contemporary slavery.Keywords: surrogacy; human rights; contemporary forms of slavery; international law. RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o debate existente sobre a barriga de aluguel ou maternidade de aluguel e seu impacto no campo dos direitos humanos, com a intenção de verificar se, à luz do direito internacional, a barriga de aluguel pode ser considerada uma forma contemporânea de escravidão. Para tanto, este trabalho está estruturado em torno das seguintes questões de pesquisa: Existem elementos na prática da barriga de aluguel que possam ser descritos como promotores de uma situação de escravidão? Como o debate sobre a relação entre barriga de aluguel e escravidão é abordado internacionalmente?Metodologia: Aplicar uma metodologia qualitativa descritiva, consistindo na revisão e análise dos regulamentos legais, jurisprudência, doutrina e bibliografia jurídica. O procedimento de acesso às informações de fontes secundárias foi realizado por meio dos seguintes mecanismos de busca e bases de dados bibliográficas: Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar e Scielo. Os vários repositórios e bases de dados das Nações Unidas e estudos especializados sobre o tema da barriga de aluguel também têm sido utilizados.Resultados: Delineia-se o estado da arte sobre a barriga de aluguel, seu significado e alcance das gestações pagas, bem como as possíveis modalidades e controvérsias envolvidas. Por meio da contribuição da doutrina e jurisprudência internacional, este estudo destaca a lacuna na literatura relacionada às formas contemporâneas de escravidão, a partir de uma perspectiva que considera também a exploração e comercialização dos corpos das mulheres. Contribuições: Primeiramente, este estudo analisa os aspectos qualificadores e os atributos que promovem uma situação de escravidão. Em segundo lugar, determina as possíveis violações da legislação internacional e outros instrumentos de direito internacional no processo de determinação dos direitos de propriedade que poderiam operar no caso de barriga de aluguel. Ao identificar tais elementos, o estudo oferece os instrumentos para identificar as instâncias em que a barriga de aluguel pode ser considerada uma forma de escravidão contemporânea.Palavras-chave: Barriga De Aluguel; Direitos Humanos; Formas Contemporâneas De Escravidão; Lei Internacional.

L'obiettivo della ricerca è quello di analizzare i gruppi parlamentari nell'ambito di una prospettiva comparta. Pertanto si è proceduto ad analizzare come questi vengano a configurarsi in quattro diverse esperienze. Le esperienze oggetto di indagine si caratterizzano per essere tutte appartenenti alla categoria delle democrazie consolidate. Tuttavia esse si distinguono sotto il profilo della forma di governo adottata, in quanto uno degli obiettivi principali della ricerca è quello di valutare l'incidenza che la peculiare forma di governo in uso in un determinato sistema può avere sulla definizione della disciplina, della natura e del ruolo attribuito ai gruppi parlamentari. Segnatamente, l'indagine si incentra sulle esperienze di: Stati Uniti, Inghilterra, Spagna e Francia. Per ciascuna esperienza si è poi proceduto ad analizzare i profili relativi: alle fonti in cui è contenuta la disciplina dei gruppi parlamentari, in particolar modo analizzando se essa fosse oggetto, o meno, di regolamentazione formale ed andando a valutarla anche sotto gli aspetti quantitativi e contenutistici; ai profili dedicati alla costituzione ed alla regolamentazione interna dei gruppi; alle dinamiche attinenti ai rapporti tra i gruppi ed i partiti politici cui essi fanno riferimento, analizzando questi ultimi anche alla luce di quanto espressamente previsto dalle clausole contenute negli statuti dei partiti politici; ai rapporti tra i gruppi ed i loro singoli membri, valutandoli soprattutto nell'ottica del principio di libertà di mandato del singolo parlamentare, in particolar modo andando a verificare se questo sia espressamente affermato nel sistema di riferimento e le eventuali contrazioni a cui va incontro nell'ambito della concreta prassi applicativa; alle funzioni svolte dai gruppi nelle assemblee legislative di riferimento, con particolare attenzione al ruolo da essi giocato nella composizione degli organi delle camere (in particolare le commissioni), nella ripartizione dei tempi dei dibatti parlamentari e nello svolgimento del procedimento legislativo. Per ciascuna esperienza, inoltre, si è cercato di evidenziare le specifiche peculiarità che la caratterizzano, tentando di mettere in luce le ragioni che le giustificano, sia sotto il profilo storico-evolutivo, sia sotto quello culturale. In conclusione, si cercato di mettere a confronto i dati emersi dalle diverse esperienze, al fine di evidenziare le similitudini e le differenze intercorrenti tra le stesse e le eventuali ragioni che ne stanno alla base. In particolar modo, nelle conclusioni si è tentato di mettere a confronto le diverse esperienze, per saggiarne le eventuali assonanze e dissonanze, sotto i profili: dell'incidenza della forma di governo prescelta sugli aspetti contenutistici, quantitativi e delle fonti in cui è contenuta la disciplina dedicata a gruppi parlamentari; delle dinamiche intercorrenti tra i gruppi parlamentari ed i partiti di riferimento, al fine di saggiare il grado di controllo che questi ultimi vengono ad esercitare sui primi, le modalità con cui esso si esplica e le eventuali ragioni che possono giustificarlo; dei rapporti intercorrenti tra i gruppi, i partiti politici di riferimento ed i singoli parlamentari al fine di valutare complessivamente il rispetto del principio di libertà di mandato del singolo parlamentare e di analizzarne le eventuali compressioni, cercando, per queste ultime, di comprendere i motivi che le producono. The aim of the research is to analyse parliamentary groups from a comparative perspective. We therefore analysed how they are configured in four different experiences. The experiences under investigation are all characterised by belonging to the category of established democracies. However, they differ in terms of the form of government adopted, since one of the main objectives of the research is to assess the impact that the particular form of government in use in a given system may have on the definition of the discipline, nature and role attributed to parliamentary groups. In particular, the investigation focuses on the experiences of: United States, England, Spain and France. For each experience, we then proceeded to analyse the profiles relating to the sources in which the regulation of parliamentary groups is contained, in particular by analysing whether or not it is subject to formal regulation and by assessing it also in terms of its quantity and content; the profiles devoted to the constitution and internal regulation of the groups; the dynamics relating to the relations between the groups and the political parties to which they refer, analysing the latter also in the light of the clauses contained in the statutes of the political parties; the relations between the groups and their individual members, assessing them especially in the light of the principle of freedom of mandate of the individual parliamentarian, in particular by verifying whether this is expressly stated in the system of reference and the possible contractions to which it is subject in the concrete application practice; the functions performed by the groups in the legislative assemblies of reference, with particular attention to the role they play in the composition of the bodies of the chambers (in particular the commissions), in the allocation of time for parliamentary debates and in the conduct of the legislative process. In addition, an attempt has been made to highlight the specific characteristics of each experience, and to highlight the reasons justifying them from both a historical and cultural point of view. In conclusion, an attempt was made to compare the data that emerged from the various experiences, in order to highlight the similarities and differences between them and the possible reasons behind them. In particular, the conclusions attempt to compare the various experiences in order to assess any similarities and differences in terms of the impact of the chosen form of government on the content, quantity and sources of the rules governing parliamentary groups; the dynamics between parliamentary groups and the parties of reference, in order to assess the degree of control that the latter exercise over the former, the ways in which it is exercised and any reasons that may justify it; the relations between the groups, the political parties of reference and the individual parliamentarians, with a view to assessing the overall respect for the principle of freedom of office of the individual parliamentarian and to analysing any possible constraints, seeking to understand the reasons for the latter.

Ilmaispelit ovat mullistaneet pelialan. Pelin tarjoaminen ilmaiseksi ja tulojen kerääminen vapaaehtoisilla pelinsisäisillä maksuilla on osoittautunut tuottavimmaksi tavaksi ansaita peleillä. Mallin ansiosta pelejä pelataan nyt enemmän kuin koskaan, ja niiden taloudellinen merkitys on moninkertaistunut. Samaan aikaan ilmaispelit ovat saaneet osakseen kritiikkiä, jonka mukaan ne tarjoavat heikompia pelikokemuksia ja käyttävät hyväkseen pelaajia manipuloiden nämä pelaamaan ja maksamaan. Kritiikistä ja pelikokemusten muutoksista huolimatta ilmaispelien tutkimus on edelleen pitkälti keskittynyt tarkastelemaan taloudellisia näkökulmia tavoitteena tuottojen maksimointi ja parhaiden toteutustapojen löytäminen. Pelaajien näkökulmia tarkastellaan pääasiassa lokitietojen ja määrällisten kyselyjen avulla, ja eksploratiivinen, laadullinen tutkimus on ollut vähemmistössä. Ilmaispelien merkityksiä ja yhteyksiä pelikulttuuriimme ja yhteiskuntaamme ei ole juuri tutkittu. Tämä väitöskirja tarttuu haasteeseen tutkimalla ilmaispelejä useista näkökulmista ja useilla, laadullisiin lähestymistapoihin keskittyvillä menetelmillä. Työ luo laajaa ymmärrystä siitä, miten ja miksi ilmaispelit nousivat suosioon, miten ne ovat muuttaneet pelejä ja mitä ongelmallisia piirteitä niihin liittyy. Väitöksen päähuomiot liittyvät viiteen kohtaan: 1) ilmaispelien aliarvostukseen, 2) rahan ja pelikokemuksen välisiin ainutlaatuisiin haasteisiin, 3) reiluuden erilaisiin kehyksiin, 4) läpinäkyvyyden ja lainsäädännön tarpeeseen ja 5) ilmaispelien mullistavaan voimaan muuttaa pelien kulutusta ja tuotantoa. Tulokset osoittavat, että suuresta suosiostaan huolimatta ilmaispelejä arvostetaan muita pelejä vähemmän. Tämä koskee erityisesti mobiili- ja kasuaalipelejä ja kuvaa sitä, miten arvioimme ja arvotamme pelejä. Arvostuksen puute liittyy osaltaan ilmaispelien luonteeseen. Ne ovat usein päättymättömiä ja hidastempoisia ja tarjoavat muista peleistä poikkeavia haasteita. Niiden tarjoamat kokemukset eroavat perinteisistä, meritokraattisista arvoista, jotka tyypillisesti liitetään peleihin, ja erityisesti rahaa maksamalla eteneminen on ristiriidassa näiden arvojen kanssa. Arvostuksen puute taas näkyy esimerkiksi siinä, miten peleistä keskustellaan, miten niitä arvioidaan (tai ei arvioida lainkaan) pelimediassa ja miten niitä tutkitaan. Ilmaispelien pelaajia voidaan myös sulkea pelaajayhteisöistä tai pelaajaidentiteeteistä. Samalla ansaintamallin haasteet ovat tuoneet esiin uusia, luovia suunnitteluratkaisuja, jotka lisäävät pelikokemusten monimuotoisuutta ja tarjoavat joustavampaa pelaamista laajemmille yleisöille. Ilmaispeleihin liittyvät eettiset ongelmat tulee ottaa vakavasti. Läpinäkyvyyden puutteeseen, ongelmapelaamiseen, samankaltaisuuteen uhkapelien kanssa, alaikäisille markkinointiin ja yksityisyyteen liittyvät kysymykset nostavat esiin tärkeitä huolia. Samalla kun ilmaispeliyhtiöiden tulee antaa pelaajille tarpeeksi tietoa ja rakentaa työkaluja vahinko-ostosten ja ongelmapelaamisen estämiseksi, peliala tarvitsee myös ulkoapäin tulevaa säätelyä. Jotta lainsäädäntö olisi reilu ja toimiva, tarvitsemme tutkijoiden ja teollisuuden asiantuntemusta lakiasäätävissä elimissä. Haasteista ja aliarvostuksesta huolimatta ilmaispelien vaikutus peliteollisuuteen ja pelien kulutukseen on sekä merkittävä että peruuttamaton. Siten ne ansaitsevat huomiomme ja kriittisen tarkastelun oikeutettuna osana pelikulttuuriamme. Jos ei tunne ilmaispelejä, ei tunne pelejä. ; Free-to-play games have permanently transformed the game industry. Offering a game for free and gaining income through voluntary purchases during gameplay have proven to be the most successful way to gain revenue. Due to the model, more people than ever before play games, and the economic significance of games as business has multiplied. Simultaneously, the model has received a backlash for offering inferior, imbalanced game experiences that take advantage of players, manipulating them into playing and paying. Despite the criticism and changes in game experiences, the research on free-to-play games is still heavily focused on economic aspects, with the goal to maximize revenue and find the best practices by which to implement the model. The voices of players are measured mostly through log data or quantitative surveys, while exploratory, qualitative research has been in the minority. The significance of free-to-play games and their connection to our game culture and society are still lacking critical inspection. This dissertation takes up the challenge by studying free-to-play games from various perspectives through multiple methods, concentrating on qualitative approaches. The work shows the broad view of how and why free-to-play games have become so successful, how they have transformed games, and what problematic aspects are connected to them. The main claims of this dissertation are connected to: 1) the undervaluation of free-to-play games; 2) the unique challenges between money and gameplay experience; 3) the different framings of fairness and equality; 4) the need for transparency and legislation; and 5) the transformative power of free-to-play games on the consumption and creation of games. The results show that while free-to-play games are played extensively, they are less valued than other games. This is especially true with mobile or casual free-to-play games and is descriptive of how we appraise and evaluate games. The lack of appreciation is connected to the nature of many free-to-play games, which are often never-ending and slow-paced, and offer challenges that differ from other games. The experiences that these games offer are different from the traditional, meritocratic values we have come to expect from games, and especially allowing advancement with money is in direct conflict with these values. The devaluation is shown in how the games are discussed, how they are reviewed (or not reviewed at all) by game journalists, and how they are studied. The players who engage with these games can also be excluded from gaming communities and gaming identities. At the same time, the challenges of the revenue model have resulted in new, creative solutions that bring diversity into game experiences and offer flexible playing for wider audiences. The ethical issues connected to free-to-play games do need to be taken seriously. Problems connected to a lack of transparency, problematic playing, a resemblance to gambling, marketing to under-aged players, and privacy issues raise valid concerns. While free-to-play companies need to be especially mindful in giving players enough information and to implement tools to prevent accidental purchases and problematic playing, the industry also needs regulation that comes from outside itself. Thus, to create fair and functional legislation, we need academic and industry expertise in the committees doing the legislative work. Despite the challenges and undervaluation that free-to-play games encounter, it is an indisputable fact that their impact on the game industry and on game consumption is both formidable and irreversible. They therefore deserve our attention and a critical exploration as a legitimate part of game culture. If you do not know free-to-play games, you do not know games.

Od 1990. godine, čitav region Istočne i Jugoistočne Evrope počeo je sa transformacijom svojih ekonomija iz centralno planskog sistema u tržišni, što se označava pojmom tranzicija. Postavka istraživačke studije je sagledavanje stanja sektora poljoprivrede Republike Srbije i Bosne i Hercegovine, koji su prošli kroz proces ekonomske tranzicije. Ideja tranzicije privrede, odnosno poljoprivrede je rast proizvodnje i BDP, povećanje efikasnosti i ostvarivanje boljih proizvodno-ekonomskih performansi. Cilj istraživanja je utvrditi da li je i u kojoj meri tranzicija poljoprivrede dovela do njenog razvoja, koji su propusti napravljeni i kakve mere agrarne politike kreirati u funkciji daljeg razvoja poljoprivrede i ruralnih područja. U izvođenju vrednosnih sudova i kritičkih zapažanja celokupnog procesa tranzicije agrosektora korišćene su određene naučne metode poput naučnog studiranja, indikatori, grafički metod, statistički metod, deskriptivna analiza i sinteza, komparatvini metod i drugi naučni metodi. Strategija poljoprivredne tranzicije u bivšim socijalističkim zemljama imala je za cilj poboljšanje efikasnosti i produktivnosti poljoprivrede zamenom institucionalnih i organizacionih karakteristika komandne ekonomije sa atributima pozajmljenim iz prakse tržišne ekonomije. Transformacija od kolektivne do efikasnije individualizovane poljoprivrede (privatizacija), koja će ostvarivati veći nivo prihoda je krajnji cilj. Tranziciju poljoprivrede prati nepovoljna vlasnička struktura i niska produktivnost, neefikasnost agrarne politike, spor razvoj institucija podrške, neadekvatan zakonodavni okvir i neuspešna privatizacija. Proces privatizacije obeležen je sa mnogo kontroverzi i zloupotreba, pa je i to imalo negativan odraz na ukupne efekte. Pored nabrojanog, efekti tranzicije poljoprivrede se ogledaju i u smanjenom obimu investicija, padu stočarske proizvodnje, spoljnotrgovinska razmena uglavnom sirovina i proizvoda niskog stepena finalizacije, depopulaciji sela, nepovoljnoj agrarnoj strukturi, malim pomacima na planu podiznja konkurentnosti i produktivnosti i nekonzistentnoj agrarnoj politici. Ni poljoprivredno zadrugarstvo nije revitalizovano, a kamoli ostvarilo neki značajan uspeh, tim pre, jer nije vraćeno poljuljano poverenje u zadružni oblik organizovanja, niti su zadružni principi usvojeni. Prelazak na tržišnu ekonomiju ostavio je Srbiju i Bosnu i Hercegovinu daleko iza najuspešnijih zemalja Centralne i Istočne Evrope. BiH zaostaje po mnogim pitanjima vezanim za strukturne reforme, koje su pratile ekonomsku tranziciju zemalja u regionu. U Republici Srbiji je stanje nešto bolje, ali svakako ispod očekivanja i s velikim kašnjenjima, pa su samim tim pozitivni efekti značajno slabiji. Stanje u BiH u posttranzicionom periodu je takvo da nedostaje institucionalna podrška i podsticajne mere agrarne politike na svim nivoima, počev od države preko kantona i opština, a tržišne reforme poljoprivrednog sektora nailaze na probleme i zastoje. Tranzicija poljoprivrede u BiH nije donela očekivane efekte, s obzirom da nije modernizovana, niti je zasnovana na efikasnosti, konkurentnosti, intenzivnosti i tržišnosti. Nešto bolja situacija je u Republici Srbiji, ali svakako nije razvijen sektor poljoprivrede, niti su u potpunosti ostvareni zacrtani ciljevi tranzicije. ; Since 1990, the entire region of Eastern and Southeastern Europe has begun to transform its economies from the central planning system to the marketplace, which is referred to as the concept of transition. The research study setting is to look at the state of the agriculture sector of the Republic of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, which went through the process of economic transition. The idea of a transition of the economy, that is agriculture, is the growth of production and GDP, increasing efficiency and achieving better productioneconomic performance. The aim of the research is to determine whether and to what extent the transition of agriculture has led to its development, what omissions have been made and what measures of agrarian policy are to be created in the function of further development of agriculture and rural areas. Certain scientific methods such as scientific study, indicators, graphic method, statistical method, descriptive analysis and synthesis, comparative methods and other scientific methods have been used in performing value judgments and critical observations of the whole process of transition of agrosectors. The agricultural transition strategy in the former socialist countries aimed to improve the efficiency and productivity of agriculture by replacing the institutional and organizational characteristics of the command economy with attributes borrowed from the practice of a market economy. Transformation from collective to more efficient individualized agriculture (privatization), which will achieve higher level of income is the ultimate goal. The transition to agriculture is accompanied by an unfavorable ownership structure and low productivity, inefficiency of agrarian policy, slow development of support institutions, inadequate legislative framework and unsuccessful privatization. The privatization process was marked with a lot of controversy and abuse, which also had a negative impact on the overall effects. In addition to the above, the effects of agriculture transition are reflected in the reduced volume of investments, the decline in livestock production, the foreign trade of mostly raw materials and products of low level of finalization, depopulation of the village, unfavorable agrarian structure, small shifts in raising competitiveness and productivity and inconsistent agricultural policy. Even agricultural cooperatives were not revitalized, let alone achieved some significant success, the sooner because no shattered confidence in the cooperative form of organization was returned, nor cooperative principles were adopted. The transition to the market economy left Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina far behind the most successful countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Bosnia and Herzegovina lags behind many issues related to structural reforms, which have followed the economic transition of countries in the region. In the Republic of Serbia, the situation is somewhat better, but certainly below expectations and with big delays, so the positive effects are significantly weaker. The situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the post-transition period is such that institutional support and incentive measures of agrarian policy at all levels, starting from the state through cantons and municipalities, are lacking, and market reforms of the agricultural sector are facing problems and delays. The transit of agriculture in Bosnia and Herzegovina did not produce the expected effects, as it was not modernized nor based on efficiency, competitiveness, intensity and marketability. There is a somewhat better situation in the Republic of Serbia, but the agriculture sector is certainly not developed, and the goals of transition have not been fully met.

This thesis starts with the premise that to address ecological and climate crises, we need to understand their psychological and cultural roots found in the separation of modern societies from the natural world. This separation permeates mainstream approaches to sustainability that either sustain business-as-usual of the unbridled economic growth, or reform it with greener markets and technologies. At the same time, there is an emerging interest in alternative transitional ecopreneurs who have a different relationship with the natural environment and an agency with potentially more radical consequences for societal change. I look at ecopreneurs within the contemporary back-to-the-land movement, asking the following question: How do ecopreneurs reconnect with the land, and what does this mean for degrowth? My exploration was grounded in a dialogue between the literature on degrowth, ecopreneurship, critical organisational studies, and ecological embeddedness; and the ethnographic study of eleven back-to-the-landers who started small-scale ecological farms and permaculture enterprises in Sweden. I adopted a critical, narrative, and ethnographic research approach. The empirical research consisted of two studies that relied on narrative interviews and deep observations. The result was four essays that together, with the help of stories of back-to-the-land ecopreneurs, develop a process theory of ecological embedding. Ecological embedding is a process by which an ecopreneur is becoming more rooted in the land that provides the ecological conditions for life and economic activity. This process may be catalysed by psychological suffering in modern societies – an inner revolt – with examples of burn-out from the "rat race", experiential deprivation of the office work, and ecological anxiety. The way back-to-the-land ecopreneurs develop, nurture, and negotiate their physical, emotional and spiritual ties with the land shapes the ongoing sensemaking and organising that is central to the formation of their alternative livelihoods and enterprises. It is also established that ecological embedding requires physical and psychological work on behalf of the back-to-the-land ecopreneur who navigates the contested terrain between the mainstream economy and alternative degrowth futures. The overall contribution consists in using the voices of back-to-the-landers in order to present their everyday experiences and critical knowledges about ecological embedding and transitions to a society that lives within planetary boundaries. Back-to-the-landers practice alternative forms of ecopreneurship that depart from the discursive and material conditions of the modern growth economy, and that revolve around a different set of values and objectives such as a more grounded life, non-materialist conceptions of well-being, regenerative ethos, post-capitalist relations, conviviality, resilience, alternative food economies and forms of local development. It is important to recognise the critical role of this new generation of individuals and families who enter alternative agriculture based on environmental and lifestyle aspirations, and who work hard to realise these aspirations on a daily basis, in spite of immense personal challenges and systemic hurdles that come from lacking institutional and political support. If we take seriously the ecopsychological crises of the modern civilisation and growth capitalism, to reconnect with local ecologies and to creatively downscale our economies becomes crucial. And this is not going to be an easy task. ; Denna avhandling börjar med premissen att vi för att möta de ekologiska kriserna, inklusive klimathotet, behöver förstå krisernas psykologiska och kulturella rötter som återfinns i separationen mellan moderna samhällen och naturen. Denna separation genomsyrar de konventionella hållbarhetsstrategierna som antingen upprätthåller den eviga ekonomiska tillväxten eller reformerar den med grönare marknader och teknik. Samtidigt växer det fram ett intresse för alternativ omställning genom ekoprenörer som har en annorlunda relation till naturen och ett agentskap med potentiellt mer radikala konsekvenser för samhällsförändring. Jag betraktar ekoprenörer inom den nya gröna vågen genom följande fråga: Hur återanknyter ekoprenörer till jorden, och vad betyder detta för nedväxt? Mitt utforskande grundade sig i en dialog mellan, å ena sidan, litteraturen inom nedväxt, ekoprenörskap, kritiska organisationsstudier och ekologisk inbäddning, och, å andra sidan, en etnografisk studie av elva "gröna vågare" som startat småskaliga ekologiska jordbruk och företag inom permakultur i Sverige. Min forskningsansats var kritisk, narrativ och etnografisk. Den empiriska forskningen bestod av två studier som baserades på narrativa intervjuer och djupa observationer. Resultatet blev fyra essäer som tillsammans, med hjälp av berättelser av ekoprenörer inom den nya gröna vågen, utvecklar en processteori av ekologisk inbäddning. Ekologisk inbäddning är en process genom vilken en ekoprenör förstärker sin relation, och återanknyter till jorden och platsen som ger de ekologiska förutsättningarna för liv och ekonomisk verksamhet. Denna process kan katalyseras av psykologiskt lidande i moderna samhällen – ett inre uppror – med exempel som utbrändhet genom ekorrhjulets krav, kontorsarbetets alienering och klimatångest. Hur ekoprenörer i den gröna vågen utvecklar, vårdar och förhandlar sina fysiska, emotionella och andliga band med jorden formar deras pågående meningsskapande och organisering som är centrala för alternativa livsstilar och verksamheter. Det visar sig även att ekologisk inbäddning kräver fysiskt och psykologiskt arbete av gröna våg-ekoprenören som navigerar i den omstridda terrängen mellan tillväxtekonomin och alternativa framtider bortom tillväxt. Huvudbidraget är att använda röster av gröna vågare för att presentera vardagliga erfarenheter och kritisk kunskap om ekologisk inbäddning och övergång till ett samhälle som lever inom planetens gränser. De utövar alternativa former av ekoprenörskap som avviker från den moderna tillväxtekonomins diskursiva och materiella förhållanden, och som kretsar kring en annan uppsättning av värden och mål, som ett jordat liv, icke-materialistiska uppfattningar om välbefinnande, regenerativt etos, post-kapitalistiska relationer, resiliens, alternativa matekonomier och former av lokal utveckling. Det är viktigt att erkänna den kritiska roll som en ny generation individer och familjer kan spela; de som kommer in i alternativt jordbruk utifrån sina miljö- och livsstilsambitioner, och som dagligen arbetar hårt för att förverkliga dessa ambitioner trots enorma personliga utmaningar och systemhinder på grund av avsaknat institutionellt och politiskt stöd. Om vi tar den moderna civilisationens och tillväxtkapitalismens ekopsykologiska kriser på allvar kommer det vara avgörande att återanknyta till lokala ekologiska förhållanden och att skala ner våra ekonomier på kreativa sätt. Och det kommer inte att vara lätt.

U radu se razmatra ekološko obrazovanje u Srbiji, kroz analizu trenutnog stanja, ukazivanje na ključne probleme u ovoj oblasti i moguće pravce daljeg razvoja. U prvom delu rada dat je prikaz razvoja ekološkog obrazovanja u našoj zemlji sa naglaskom na ključne faze u ovom procesu. Put razvoja ekološkog obrazovanja u Srbiji kretao se od izrazitog antropocentrizma i antagonizma između čoveka i prirode, preko umerenog antropocentrizma sa primesama ekoncentrizma, do dominantnog ekocentrizma. Primetno je da razvoj ekološkog obrazovanja u našoj zemlji kasni bar jednu deceniju u odnosu na društvene okolnosti, što otvara brojne implikacije za obrazovni sistem i društvo u celini. Kada je u pitanju nastavni proces, analiza stanja pokazuje pomake koji su učinjeni implementiranjem novih sadržaja iz oblasti ekologije i održivog razvoja u postojeće predmete, kao i uvođenjem izbornih predmeta koji se odnose na ekološko obrazovanje. Pomaci su učinjeni i u domenu vannastavnih aktivnosti koje su obogaćene sadržajima iz oblasti ekologije, kao i u okviru obrazovnih politika škola, uvođenjem posebnih rubrika u školske programe kojima se definišu planirane aktivnosti iz ove oblasti. U drugom delu rada napravljen je osvrt na ključne probleme do kojih se došlo analizom postojećeg stanja u oblasti ekološkog obrazovanja. Kao največi problem izdvaja se primetni jaz između usvojenog znanja iz oblasti ekologije i individualnog delovanja pojedinca u svakodnevnom životu u pravcu očuvanja životne sredine. Pored toga, u nastavi se još uvek u nedovoljnoj meri primenjuju interdisciplinarni pristup i projektna nastava zasnovana na istraživanju čiji je doprinos u učenju ekoloških sadržaja potvrđen u nalazima brojnih istraživanja. U trećem delu rada date su preporuke za dalji razvoj ekološkog obrazovanja u našoj zemlji koje se prevashodno odnose na način učenja ekoloških sadržaja u okviru škole i koje imaju važne implikacije za kreatore obrazovnih politika, lidere u školama i praktičare. Na prvom mestu, škole bi trebalo da budu usmerene na stvaranje mogućnosti za istinski, receptivni i refleksivni odnos učenika sa prirodom. To bi značilo da se u procesu učenja ekoloških sadržaja primene pristupi čiji je uspeh već potvrđen, poput interdisciplinarnog pristupa i projektne nastave. Ostvarivanju ovog cilja pomoglo bi i intenziviranje vannastavnih aktivnosti kroz unapređivanje već postojećih (ekskurzije, nastava u prirodi) kao i uvođenjem novih, na primer ekoloških kampova i drugih organizovanih aktivnosti u prirodi koje podrazumevaju veću angažovanost učenika. Na taj način bi bilo omogućeno da se znanja stečena u nastavi povežu sa neposrednim iskustvom u prirodi. Time bi se podigao kvalitet dobijenih znanja iz ove oblasti, a ostvario bi se i pozitivan uticaj na voljni i emocionalni aspekt ličnosti učenika, što bi vodilo ka njihovoj većoj svesti o potrebi zaštite životne sredine, kao i njihovoj većoj participaciji u konkretnim aktivnostima koje se tiču očuvanja prirode i njenih resursa. Na kraju, ukazano je na važnost finansijskog aspekta, pa se kao preporuka za obrazovnu politiku ističe da su potrebna veća ulaganja kako bi škole mogle dobijena sredstva da iskoriste za podizanje svojih kapaciteta u oblasti ekološkog obrazovanja, obogaćivanje nastavnih resursa, kao i za obučavanje nastavnog kadra. ; The paper deliberates environmental education in Serbia by analysing the current situation, pointing to key problems in this area and potential trends of further development. The first part of the paper is an overview of environmental education development in our country with an emphasis on key stages in this process. The developmental path of environmental education in Serbia has unfolded from strong anthropocentrism and antagonism between the man and nature, through moderate anthropocentrism with hints of ecocentrism, to dominant ecocentrism. It is obvious that development of environmental education in our country is at least a decade late vis-à-vis social circumstances, which opens a number of implications for education system and overall society. With regard to teaching process, the current situation analysis reveals the progress made by implementing new contents from the fields of ecology and sustainable development in the existing subjects, as well as by introducing elective courses related to environmental education. The progress has also been made in terms of extracurricular activities that have been enriched with ecology contents, as well as within educational policies of schools by introducing special sections in the school curricula that define planned activities in this field. The second part of the paper focuses on the key issues arising from the analysis of current situation in environmental education. The greatest problem is an apparent gap between acquired ecology knowledge and the individual's actions in everyday life regarding environmental protection. In addition, the interdisciplinary approach and research-based project teaching whose contribution to learning the environmental contents has been acknowledged by results of numerous studies are still not adequately applied in teaching. The third part of the paper provides recommendations for further development of environmental education in our country. They primarily refer to the way environmental education is taught in school and have important implications for education policy makers, school leaders and practitioners. Primarily, the schools should aim at creating opportunities for genuine, receptive and reflective relationship of students with nature. This would mean using already validated approaches to learning of environmental contents, such as interdisciplinary approach and project-based teaching. Intensifying the extracurricular activities through improvement of already existing activities (excursions, outdoor classes) and introduction of new ones, for example eco-camps and other organized outdoor activities involving a greater student engagement, would also help in achieving this goal. In this way the correlation between the classroom-obtained knowledge and immediate experience in nature would be enabled. This would improve the quality of knowledge from this field, and have a positive effect on wilful and emotional aspect of students' personality. This would also lead to their greater awareness of the need for environmental protection, as well as their greater participation in particular activities related to conservation of nature and its resources. Finally, the importance of financial aspect is underlined and the recommendation for education policy refers to requirement for greater investments. In this way, the schools could use the received funds for increasing their environmental education capacities, improving the teaching resources and training the teaching staff. ; Zbornik rezimea / 24. Međunarodna naučna konferencija "Pedagoška istraživanja i školska praksa ; Book of abstracts / 24th International Scientific Conference "Educational Research and School Practice"

The aim of the study was to establish the clinical features of the Socially-Disadaptative Post-Combat syndrome as one of the psychopathological states associated with participation in hostilities. To achieve this aim, 482 Ukrainian military personnel who took part in the anti-terrorist operation / Joint Force Operation and requested psychiatric assistance had examined. As part of the study, clinical, anamnestic, psychopathological, psychodiagnostic, follow-up, statistical research methods had used. In the course of the study, it was found that 15% of servicemen combined the presence of a certain group of symptoms, which, due to their clinical-psychopathological continuum, etiology and dynamics features, became possible to combine into a single syndrome, called the "Socially-Disadaptative Post-Combat syndrome". With this syndrome, the explosiveness, the lability of emotions and moods, dysphorism, emotional stress, conflict, non-conformal, egocentrism, an increased sense of justice, which arose some time after the return of the combatant from the combat zone, prevail. The study found that the debut of this syndrome could be attributed to the group of delayed stress response disorders, but this does not allow the following fact: the main etiological factor of the pathological condition is maladjustment in the social environment, which is caused by alienation and disharmonious perception of civilian life and its associated information space of a person who is faced with the realities of the combat situation and has developed adaptation mechanisms to it. Another etiological component of this syndrome is the emotional stress that has remained after being in a combat zone, which affects the perception of the environment. Not the last etiological component of the Socially-Disadaptative Post-Combat syndrome is the informational component of the "hybrid war" and its consequences, reflected in the verbal and behavioral practices of the civilian population. The elimination of the Socially-Disadaptative Post-Combat syndrome took place on its own immediately upon the return of servicemen to the combat zone or, in the case of a long period of stay of servicemen in a civilian environment, extremely slowly and in the conditions of treatment. The identification and establishment of the clinical features of the Socially-Disadaptative Post-Combat syndrome has expanded the understanding of the psychopathological states from the Combat stress reaction group; however, this psychopathological condition requires further analysis and research. ; Целью исследования стало установление клинических особенностей социально-дезадаптационного послебоевого синдрома как одного из психопатологических состояний, ассоциированных с участием в боевых действиях. Для реализации поставленной цели были обследованы 482 военнослужащих Украины, которые принимали участие в АТО/ООС и обратились за психиатрической помощью. В рамках исследования применяли клинико-анамнестический, клинико-психопатологический, психодиагностический, катамнестический, статистические методы исследования. В ходе исследования было установлено, что 15% военнослужащих объединяло наличие определенной группы симптомов, которые по их клинико-психопатологическому континууму и этио-динамическим особенностям, стало возможным объединить в единый синдром, получивший название «социально-дезадаптационный послебоевой синдром». При данном синдроме превалируют эксплозивность, лабильность эмоций и настроения, дисфоричность, эмоциональное напряжение, конфликтность, неконформность, эгоцентризм, повышенное чувство справедливости, которые возникали через некоторое время после возвращения комбатанта из зоны боевых действий. Исследование установило, что по своему дебюту, данный синдром можно было бы отнести к группе расстройств отсроченной реакции на стресс, впрочем, это не позволяет установить тот факт, что основным этиологическим фактором патологического состояния является дезадаптация в социальной среде, которая вызвана отчуждением и дисгармоничным восприятием гражданского быта и ассоциированного с ним информационного пространства лицом, столкнувшимся с реалиями боевой обстановки и выработавшим адаптационные механизмы к ней. Еще одним этиологическим компонентом данного синдрома является сохранившееся после пребывания в зоне боевых действий эмоциональное напряжение, которое влияет на восприятие окружающего. Не последней этиологической составляющей социально дезадаптационного послебоевого синдрома является информационный компонент «гибридной войны» и его последствия, отраженные в вербально-поведенческих практиках гражданского населения. Нивелирование социально-дезадаптационного послебоевого синдрома происходило самостоятельно, сразу при возвращении в зону боевых действий или, в случае длительного времени пребывания в гражданской среде, крайне медленно и в условиях лечения. Выделение и установление клинических особенностей социально-дезадаптационного послебоевого синдрома позволило расширить представление о психопатологических состояниях из группы боевой психической травмы; впрочем, данное психопатологическое состояние требует дальнейшего анализа и исследования. ; Метою дослідження стало встановлення клінічних особливостей соціально-дезадаптаційного післябойового синдрому як одного з психопатологічних станів, асоційова- них з участю у бойових діях. Задля реалізації поставленої мети, було обстежено 482 військовослужбовців України, які брали участь в АТО/ООС та звернулися за психіатричною допомогою. У рамках дослідження використовували клініко-анамнестичний, клініко-психопатологічний, психодіагностичний, катамнестичний, статистичні методи дослідження. В процесі дослідження було встановлено, що 15% військовослужбовців об'єднувала наявність певної групи симптомів, які за їх клініко-психопатологічним континуумом та етіо-динамічними особливостями стало можливим об'єднати в єдиний синдром, який отримав назву «соціально-дезадаптаційний післябойовий синдром». При даному синдромі превалюють експлозивність, лабільність емоцій та настрою, дисфоричність, емоційне напруження, конфліктність, неконформність, егоцентризм, підвищене відчуття справедливості, які виникали через деякий час після повернення комбатанта з зони бойових дій. Дослідження встановило, що за своїм дебютом даний синдром можна було б віднести до групи розладів відстроченої реакції на стрес, втім, це не дозволяє встановити той факт, що основним етіологічним чинником патологічного стану є дезадаптація у соціальному середовищі, яка викликана відчуженим та дисгармонійним сприйняттям цивільного побуту та асоційованого з ним інформаційного простору особою, яка стикнулася з реаліями бойової обстановки та виробила адаптаційні механізми до неї. Ще одним етіологічним компонентом даного синдрому є збережене, після перебування в зоні бойових дій, емоційне напруження, яке впливає на сприйняття оточення. Не останньою етіологічною складовою соціально-дезадаптаційного післябойового синдрому є інформаційний компонент «гібридної війни» та його наслідки, відображені у вербально-поведінкових практиках цивільного населення. Нівелювання соціально-дезадаптаційного післябойового синдрому відбувалося самостійно, одразу при поверненні до зони бойових дій або, у разі тривалого часу перебування у цивільному середовищі, вкрай повільно та за умов лікування. Виділення та встановлення клінічних особливостей соціально-дезадаптаційного післябойового синдрому дозволяє розширити уявлення про психопатологічні стани з групи бойової психічної травми; втім, даний психопатологічний стан потребує подальшого аналізу та дослідження.

The national economy in market conditions involves the country's inclusion in world integration processes. A special role in solving this problem goes to the regulation of export-import trade, in particular to the Ukrainian oilseeds market. Oilseeds crops traditionally occupy a significant place in the formation of economic growth of the country. In the current conditions, Ukraine actively interacts with the world market of oilseeds crops, participates in a complex system of export-import oilseeds trade regulation in such levels: corporate, national, intergovernmental, supranational and global. The purpose of the study is to identify trends and peculiarities of the system of regulation of exportimport trade of soya, rapeseed and sunflower as the most important crops in the structure of foreign trade of Ukraine. Methodology. The methodology of the research is based on foreign and domestic scientific articles on the necessity of combining market and state regulation of the agrarian market, as well as analytical works and generalization of expert opinions in the investigated sector of the economy. Methods of system generalization, abstract-logical, analysis and synthesis were used. Results. The paper highlights a system of international trade regulation, including oilseeds crops, which has certain levels and instruments characteristics. Particularly, the oilseeds crops market in the corporate level implies the existence of such instrument as a restrictive business practice; national – foreign economic and foreign trade policy; interstate – preferential and discriminatory regimes; supranational – integration tools; global – operates on the basis of decisions of world organizations – the World Trade Organization (WTO), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Federation of oilseed crop trade associations, seeds and fats, etc. It is revealed that the country forms its own system and structure of state regulation of foreign economic activity. An important strategic task of oilseeds producers is a choice of the optimal organizational structure of international trade. If in the trade structure of the company export is not dominant, then it is worth resorting to the services of intermediaries. The paper describes the experience of highly developed countries in regulating the agrarian market by the state, which demonstrates the protection of the domestic producer. The importance of foreign trade in the country's economy has led to the formation of foreign trade policy, which is defined as a certain course of government and power structures, the use of such principles, methods and instruments of influence on the development of foreign trade of the country, which ensures the achievement of certain goals and the realization of national interests. The positive effects of Ukraine's participation in the WTO, which regulates economic processes at the global level, were identified. The special role of the UN FAO, which is to study strategic and tactical approaches to tackling food issues on a global scale, while using the indicator as the ratio of world stocks to their world consumption was highlighted. Practical meaning. The practical results are to develop theoretical and methodological provisions and practical recommendations aimed at increasing the efficiency of development of export-import relations in the market of oilseeds production in Ukraine. The export-import policy of Ukraine should be based on the unification of efforts both on the support of the domestic commodity producer and in relation to the needs of consumers. This consensus can be achieved through direct subsidies directly to agricultural producers and indirect support by increasing the demand for domestic products of the agro-industrial sector, which is a prospect for further research. ; Функціонування національної економіки в ринкових умовах передбачає включення країни у світові інтеграційні процеси. Особлива роль у вирішенні цієї проблеми належить регулюванню експортно-імпортної торгівлі, зокрема на ринку продукції олійних культур України. Олійні культури традиційно займають вагоме місце у формуванні зовнішньоекономічного обороту країни. В умовах сьогодення Україна активно взаємодіє зі світовим ринком продукції олійних культур, бере участь у складній системі регулювання експортно-імпортної торгівлі олійними культурами на кожному її рівні – корпоративному, національному, міждержавному, наддержавному та глобальному. Мета дослідження – виявлення тенденцій та особливостей системи регулювання експортно-імпортної торгівлі соєю, ріпаком і соняшником як найважливіших культур у структурі зовнішньої торгівлі України. Методологія. Методологія дослідження базується на зарубіжних та вітчизняних наукових статтях щодо необхідності поєднання ринкового та державного регулювання аграрного ринку, а також аналітичних робіт та узагальнення думок експертів у досліджуваному секторі економіки. Було використано методи системного узагальнення, абстрактно-логічний, аналізу та синтезу. Результати. У статті досліджено систему регулювання міжнародної торгівлі товарами, у тому числі олійними культурами, що має певні рівні та характерні для них інструменти. Зокрема, по відношенню до ринку олійних культур корпоративний рівень передбачає наявність такого інструменту як обмежувальна торговельна практика; національний – зовнішньоекономічну та зовнішньоторговельну політику; міждержавний – преференційний та дискримінаційний режими; наднаціональний – інтеграційні інструменти; глобальний – функціонує на основі рішень світових організацій – Світової організації торгівлі (СОТ), Конференції ООН з торгівлі та розвитку, Продовольчої та сільськогосподарської організації ООН (ФАО), Федерації асоціацій торгівлі олійними культурами, насінням і жирами тощо. Важливість зовнішньої торгівлі в економіці країни обумовило формування зовнішньоторговельної політики, яку визначають як певний курс дій урядових і владних структур, використання таких принципів, методів та інструментів впливу на розвиток зовнішньої торгівлі країни, завдяки яким забезпечується досягнення визначених цілей та реалізація національних інтересів. У статті зазначені позитивні наслідки від участі України у СОТ, що регулює економічні процеси на глобальному рівні. А також зазначено особливу роль ФАО ООН, що полягає у вивченні стратегічних і тактичних підходів у вирішенні продовольчої проблеми в глобальному масштабі, при цьому використовує такий показник як відношення світових запасів продукції до їх світового споживання. Практичне значення одержаних результатів полягає в розробці теоретико-методичних положень і практичних рекомендацій, спрямованих на підвищення ефективності розвитку експортно-імпортної торгівлі на ринку продукції олійних культур України в контексті міжнародного регулювання. Експортноімпортна політика України повинна ґрунтуватися на об'єднанні зусиль як щодо підтримки вітчизняного товаровиробника, так і по відношенню до потреб споживачів. Даний консенсус можна досягнути шляхом прямих дотацій безпосередньо сільськогосподарським товаровиробникам та непрямої підтримки через збільшення попиту на вітчизняну продукцію агропромислового сектора, що буде перспективою для подальших досліджень.

This thesis analyzes questions and develops a methodological approach to local development based on the mobilization and activation of local and specific territorial resources by studying the role of collective action in the organization of local actors and the increase of the value added productions. On the basis of an overall analysis of these economic conditions, the objectives of this thesis are to (1) characterize the situation of rural communities in a mountainous area of southern Albania; 2) to study the particular context of the post-communist era and its consequences for rural communities; (3) identify local products with particular characteristics and assess trends in their potential markets; and (4) discuss local farming practices and community governance structures and analyze their capacity to support a virtuous circle of rural development; in order to (5) formulate recommendations tailored to local and national decision-makers.We chose Korçë district, in southeast Albania, to conduct our case study. This search site was the main territory on which the research questions of the thesis were verified. The first article analyzes the milk and meat value chains at national and local level. Through the study of the value chains and the theory of transaction costs, we analyzed the institutional and governance aspects of the national and local milk and meat value chains. We conclude that the governance of these two value chains in Albania is weak from the economic point of view due to an inefficient institutional and legal framework, but that collective initiatives for the valorisation of emerging pastoral products can, under certain conditions, become vectors of local economic development.The need to adapt the approach to the local context made it possible to enrich the methods at each stage. The second article analyzes local farming systems. The results show that the majority of farms are small subsistence farms that self-consume the majority of their production. Land fragmentation is important, resulting in low competitiveness and low production efficiency. The results confirmed that after 1991, local agro-farming systems gradually adapted to the new political and economic context. Pasture is an important specific territorial resource for local farmers. The status of pastures that has evolved over the course of history and their management modalities are key elements in the dynamics of different local farming systems. In order to study the impact of institutional changes and pastures' governance modalities during fieldwork, the analysis has been deepened to a very local level, such as the village.The third article explores local actions after the evolution of the governance modalities of communal pastures. Frequent changes in the management of communal pastures have complicated access to resources for local farmers. The results of the Albanian case in Korçë district only partially validate the hypothesis. By analyzing the factors that did not validate the hypothesis, the general conclusions and implications for further research are discussed. ; Cette thèse analyse, questionne et développe une approche méthodologique du développement local basée sur la mobilisation et l'activation de ressources territoriales locales et spécifiques en étudiant le rôle de l'action collective dans l'organisation des acteurs locaux et l'augmentation de la valeur ajoutée des productions. Sur la base d'une analyse globale de ces conditions économiques, les objectifs de cette thèse sont de (1) caractériser la situation des communautés rurales d' une zone montagneuse du sud de l'Albanie; 2) étudier le contexte particulier de l'ère postcommuniste et ses conséquences sur les communautés rurales; (3) identifier les produits locaux présentant des caractéristiques particulières et évaluer les tendances de leurs marchés potentiels; et (4) discuter des pratiques agricoles et des structures de gouvernance collective locales et analyser leur capacité à soutenir un cercle vertueux de développement rural; afin de (5) formuler des recommandations adaptées aux décideurs locaux et nationaux.Nous avons choisi le district de Korçë, au sud-est de l'Albanie, pour mener notre étude de cas. Ce site de recherche a constitué le principal territoire sur lequel les questions de recherche de la thèse ont été vérifiées. Le premier article analyse les filières du lait et de la viande au niveau national et local. À travers l'étude de la filière et la théorie des coûts de transactions, nous avons analysé les aspects institutionnels et de gouvernance des filières nationales et locales du lait et de la viande. Nous concluons que la gouvernance de ces deux filières en Albanie est faible du point de vue économique en raison d'un cadre institutionnel et légal peu efficace, mais que des initiatives collectives de valorisation de produits pastoraux en émergence pourront, à certaines conditions, devenir des vecteurs du développement économique local.La nécessité d'adapter l'approche au contexte local a permis d'enrichir les méthodes à chaque étape. Le deuxième article analyse les systèmes d'élevages locaux. Les résultats montrent que la majorité des exploitations agricoles sont des exploitations familiales qui auto consomment la majeure partie de leurs produits. La fragmentation des terres est importante, ce qui se traduit par une faible compétitivité et une faible efficacité de la production. Les résultats ont confirmé qu'après 1991, les systèmes d'élévages locaux se sont progressivement adaptés au nouveau contexte politique et économique. Le pâturage est une ressource territoriale spécifique importante pour les agriculteurs locaux. Les statuts des pâturages ayant évolué au cours de l'histoire et leurs modalités de gestion sont des éléments-clés de la dynamique des différents systèmes d'élevages locaux. Afin d'étudier l'impact des changements institutionnels et des modalités de gouvernance des pâturages au cours du travail de terrain, l'analyse a été approfondie à un niveau très local, tel que le village.Le troisième article explore les actions locales après l'évolution des modalités de gouvernance des pâturages communaux. Des changements fréquents dans la gestion des pâturages communaux ont compliqué les modalités d'accès aux ressources pour les agriculteurs locaux. Les résultats du cas albanais réalisés dans le district de Korçë ne valident que partiellement l'hypothèse. En analysant les facteurs qui n'ont pas permis de valider l'hypothèse, les conclusions générales et les implications pour les recherches ultérieures sont discutées.