Suchergebnisse

Examines the ramifications of the ongoing politico‐economic unification taking place in Europe. Viner′s theoretical contribution in analysing customs unions is applied to the European Union (EU) in order to determine the implications of the EU on developing countries. Additionally, examines the changes taking place in the formerly planned economies of Central and Eastern Europe in an effort to understand the diversion effect faced by developing countries better. Finally, identifies different levels of competition: competition within the EU and outside the EU, competition between EU and non‐EU firms, and competition among non‐EU actors.

Defence date: 28 June 1999 ; Examining Board: Prof. Karl-Heinz Ladeur, European University Institute (Supervisor); Prof. Christian Joerges, European University Institute (Co-supervisor); Prof. Jan H. Jans, University of Amsterdam; Prof. Marc Pallemaerts, Vrije Universiteit Brussels ; First made available online on 23 February 2018 ; The project of this thesis is to investigate how law operates in politically precarious, scientifically complex and uncertain areas. It examines whether the legal framework for the regulation of health and environmental threats adequately takes into account problems of risk and uncertainty. Furthermore, it proposes structural legal reforms to optimise the conditions under which decisions for risk control are taken. Chapter I of the thesis lays down a theoretical framework for analysis of the tensions between law, risk and uncertainty. It explains why traditional modes of legal reasoning are ill-suited to deal with contemporary health and environmental threats, and proposes the adoption of a risk-oriented approach to law and regulation as a more productive alternative. The remainder of the thesis examines the practical utility of a riskoriented approach for health and environmental protection. The substantive area selected for analysis, is the European Community regulatory framework for the control of chemicals. The structure of the thesis mimics the "regulatory life cycle" of chemical substances. Chapter II focuses on the first major prerequisite for chemical control: the availability of sufficient information on chemical hazards and risks. It provides an overview and critique of existing arrangements to stimulate the production of chemical data. Chapter III addresses the question how this data is processed into a format that is relevant for the purposes of risk regulation. The prevalent technique is risk assessment. Chapter III analyses risk assessment practices prescribed in EC law, and discusses the controversies that surround the use of risk assessment in regulatory decision-making. Chapter IV discusses the stage of risk decision-making. It reviews a range of regulatory techniques that aim to secure health and environmental protection, and examines chemical risk reduction mechanisms in EC law. It furthermore investigates whether and how information on chemical risks is put to use to inform decision-making processes. Each Chapter concludes with an evaluation of the incumbent legal framework, focusing in particular on its compatibility with the risk-oriented approach developed in Chapter I. Finally, Chapter V draws the strands of the preceding analyses together, and offers an overview of the main leitmotifs, strengths and weaknesses of European chemical legislation. Chapter V concludes with a number of reform proposals that, hopefully, will contribute to the ongoing discussion and elaboration of a legal framework that does not shy away from uncertainty.

Die institutionellen Ausgestaltung der Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht auf EU-Ebene ist spätestens seit der Finanzkrise 2007 bis 2009 Gegenstand intensiver Diskussionen. Neben der EU-Schuldenkrise stellen die fortschreitende Globalisierung und die zunehmende Integration der Finanzmärkte die Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union und die Union selbst vor ungeahnte Herausforderungen. Nadine Ruppel analysiert zunächst die Stärken und Schwächen des existierenden Aufsichtssystems in der EU, indem Rechtsetzung und Rechtsdurchsetzung aus den Perspektiven der rechtlichen und politischen Effektivität und

The evolution in parliaments' roles, the reasons for this and the challenges that lie in wait for future progress are all considered, with Ireland's stop-start parliamentary adaptation, the role of the Lisbon Treaty and economic crises in accelerating reform carefully analysed

This book provides a quick overview of the European Union's water and waste management legislation, reflects on European standards on Member States' policy implementation by referring to statistical data, and analyzes environmental policy-making and policy implementation of the Czech Republic in the post EU-accession period

Purpose: The aim of the research is to examine the correlation between economic development in the macroeconomic scale and the development of the real estate market. Design/Methodology/Approach: The tool of the applied computational engineering is cluster analysis, the hierarchical method based on Euclidean distance and Ward's method (algorithm). Findings: The research process carried out confirmed the existence of a dependence between macroeconomic determinants and parameters of the real estate market. A division into three homogeneous groups of countries, whose development shows signs of similarity, was obtained. This allows making comparisons between individual countries, neglecting their geographical and historical dependences. Practical Implications: The utilitarian usability of applying computational tools used in economic analyses was proved. Originality/Value: Individual clusters make a certain reference point for particular countries. The obtained results offer the possibility of applying a suitable strategy which provides bases for development and also the possibility of verifying its effects against a whole group. ; peer-reviewed