Suchergebnisse

The basic question of why nations import arms is addressed by identifying clusters of variables most closely correlated with arms import levels, both for the world's aggregate of countries and by region. From prior impressionistic studies of arms transfers a set of six hypothesized clusters is proposed, entailing: (1) national characteristics such as geography and population; (2) governmental characteristics such as regime type; (3) military characteristics such as defense expenditures; (4) economic characteristics such as degree of wealth and level of trade; (5) international conflict involvements; and (6) international political alignment and alliance entanglements. Each of these is measured with data from Kidron & Smith's, The War Atlas, supplemented by ACDA's, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, and by scholarly studies. The cluster with the largest impact on arms import levels consisted of military variables, especially budgetary expenditures and nuclear status. Economic and alignment variables were next in overall importance, followed by conflict involvement; national characteristics and regime type had very little influence. The inertial nature of arms importation was indicated by the high correlation between 1970s and 1980s import levels. Size of the military, levels of military expenditure, and war involvement in the 1980s had the strongest association with Latin arms acquisition, while military spending and nuclear potential dominated for the Middle East. In East Asia and the Pacific, beginning levels of indigenous weapons production and relatively low defense expenditures were associated with imports, while the impact of South Africa caused African import levels to be highly related to wealth, armed force size, and war involvements. In Europe, bloc politics and the presence of foreign bases constituted the main correlates of arms importation. The findings imply the need to control militarization if the global arms trade is to be contained.

AbstractAsia is predominantly a rural society. And yet, a quarter century ago, when the Asian countries emerged as politically independent nations from centuries of colonial rule, they adopted a development model2 which was indifferent if not inimical to rural development. Support for this model, which essentially permitted continuation of existing international economic relationships, came from two external sources-the developed countries of the West and the developed centrally planned countries.3 Recent years have also witnessed a heightened concern in the Third World countries over the problem of economic development. In most developing countries, past development efforts appear to have failed to bring about a real development breakthrough. Yet the recent spate of world economic crises, associated with global inflation-cum-recession, oil price increases, food shortages, instabilities in the world commodity markets, have hit many developing countries very hard, especially those in South Asia which have actually experienced a reduction in average per capita living standards over the past few years. In Malaysia, some even suggested that although money income has gone up, there are disquieting signs that the quality of life is deteriorating and that many people are finding it more and more difficult to satisfy their basic needs.4 Then the crisis of the world's agriculture and its peasant masses had led to the proposal of a number of development strategies in the rural areas (i.e. Redistribution of land; Abolition of rents and tenant arrangements; Landholding reform; Intensification of peasant agriculture; Family farms; Cooperatives; and Collective farms, etc.), all of which have been tried with more or less success in different parts of the world. Within this paper, we will specially look at the rural development efforts of Malaysia, especially some of the issues and problems encountered by some of it's rural development programmes.

• Influenza is continuing the claim victims in Lowell and throughout the state• Preventative measures must be used again to beat the disease• It was thought that the disease was gone, but since its reappearance, must be fought again to drive it from the city• The flu is pandemic and spread throughout the world; it was initially thought to spread by war, but it did not end when the war ended• "It is almost certain to appear again next winter" and "having gained strength• "Flu killed more Americans this fall than were killed in all the American battles with Germany."• In Lowell, the four McGilly sisters succumbed to the disease, the worst family case of influenza in the community• It is said that every dollar spent is a dollar spent to protect American life as the disease attacks half the population• The serums used have not been tested and certified by scientific authorities; testing and research cost money• A small set of experiments at the Naval hospital at Chelsea have proven successful, but is said to have been too small to prove conclusive• It is believed that to be effective, research work on the influenza should begin now• It is believed a liberal appropriation from the U.S. government of at least $5,000,000 should be granted without delay, and part of the money should go to the surgeon generals of the army, navy, and U.S. public health service, with the rest going to the president • "The entire amount should be spent in isolating the flu germ, (and) experimenting with the best methods of treatment" • It is believed there was an incalculable loss with this past winter's losses to the epidemic as there were many deaths in the United States, South America, France, England, Asia, and Central Europe• The discovery of a real flu preventative would be a gift to the world ; Newspaper article ; 10

Der Klimawandel, das Artensterben, globale Migrationsbewegungen und zunehmende politische Gewalt zeugen von den multiplen Krisen des Anthropozäns. Diese Krisenhaftigkeit macht Ungewissheit mehr denn je zu einer Grundbedingung des Zusammenlebens und stellt sowohl bestehende Mensch-Natur-Verhältnisse als auch unsere Vorstellung von Zukunft als linearer Fortschritt grundlegend in Frage. Dieses Buch versammelt Beiträge, die sich aus einer praxistheoretischen Perspektive mit dem Spannungsfeld von umkämpften Zukünften und Ungewissheit vor dem Hintergrund der Allgegenwärtigkeit sozial-ökologischer Krisen auseinandersetzen.

Der vorliegende Bericht ist Teil der modularen DEval-Evaluierung von Maßnahmen zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel. Ziel des Berichts ist es, die Effektivität, entwicklungspolitische Wirksamkeit und Nachhaltigkeit von Anpassungsmaßnahmen der deutschen EZ zu bewerten. Die Evaluierung untersucht Maßnahmen in den Sektoren Landwirtschaft, Wasser und Umweltschutz sowie die Unterstützung nationaler Klimabeiträge und Anpassungspläne. Dafür wurden eine Synthese von Projektevaluierungen und ein Systematic Review internationaler Studien sowie eine georäumliche Wirkungsevaluierung und vergleichende Fallstudien durchgeführt.

Building on concepts from Science & Technology Studies, the author investigates practices and infrastructures of computer modeling and science communication in climate impact research. The book characterizes how scientists calculate future climate risks in computer models and scenarios, but also how they circulate their insights and make them accessible and comprehensible to others. By discussing elements such as infrastructures, visualizations, models, software and data, the chapters show how computational modeling practices are currently changing in light of digital transformations and expectations for an open science. A number of inventive research devices are proposed to capture both the fluidity and viscosity of contemporary digital technology.

This open access book makes a case for a socially inclusive energy transition and illustrates how engineering and public policy professionals can contribute to shaping an inclusive energy transition, building on a socio-technical systems engineering approach. Accomplishing a net-zero greenhouse gas emissions economy in 2050 is a daunting challenge. This book explores the challenges of the energy transition from the perspectives of technological innovation, public policy, social values and ethics. It elaborates on two particular gaps in the design of public policy interventions focused on decarbonization of the energy system and discusses how both could be remedied. First, the siloed organization of public administration fails to account for the many interdependencies between the energy sector, the mobility system, digital infrastructure and the built environment. Cross-sector coordination of policies and policy instruments is needed to avoid potentially adverse effects upon society and the economy, which may hamper the energy transition rather than accelerate it. Second, energy and climate policies pay insufficient attention to the social values at stake in the energy transition. In addressing these gaps, this book intends to inspire decision makers engaged in the energy transition to embrace the transition as an opportunity to bring a more inclusive society into being.

Mit Fridays for Future haben die Klimaproteste eine zuvor nie erreichte gesellschaftliche Breite und politische Aufmerksamkeit erlangt. Doch wer beteiligt sich eigentlich an dieser sozialen Bewegung, was motiviert die Menschen zu protestieren und welche Einstellungen haben die Beteiligten? Mehrere Umfragen unter Protestierenden aus dem Jahr 2019 bilden den Ausgangspunkt der Analyse von Sebastian Haunss, Moritz Sommer und 26 weiteren Autor*innen dieses Buchs. In zwölf Kapiteln geben sie Einblicke in Entscheidungs- und Mobilisierungsstrukturen lokaler Fridays for Future-Gruppen, analysieren die Reaktionen auf die Proteste in Medien, Politik und Gesellschaft und untersuchen die Einstellungen von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen zu Themen des Klimawandels. Die einzelnen Kapitel sind so geschrieben, dass sie einem breiteren Publikum einen Zugang zu den ersten Forschungsergebnissen zu Fridays for Future bieten.

This volume weaves together a variety of perspectives aimed at confronting a spectrum of ethico-political global challenges arising in the Anthropocene which affect the future of life on planet earth. In this book, the authors offer a multi-faceted approach to address the consequences of its imaginary and projective directions. The chapters span the disciplines of political economy, cybernetics, environmentalism, bio-science, psychoanalysis, bioacoustics, documentary film, installation art, geoperformativity, and glitch aesthetics. The first section attempts to flesh out new aspects of current debates. Questions over the Capitaloscene are explored via conflations of class and climate, revisiting the eco-Marxist analysis of capitalism, and the financial system that thrives on debt. The second section explores the imaginary narratives that raise questions regarding non-human involvement. The third section addresses 'geoartisty, ' the counter artistic responses to the speculariztion of climate disasters, questioning eco-documentaries, and what a post-anthropocentric art might look like. The last section addresses the pedagogical response to the Anthropocene.

Ökologische Modernisierung gilt als Leitprinzip zeitgemäßer Umweltpolitik. Die ökomodernen Kernforderungen nach »Sustainable Development« und »Green Economy« zielen auf eine fortschreitende Entwicklung, die um eine Nachhaltigkeitskomponente ergänzt werden soll. Anhand von Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) fragt Timmo Krüger nach den aktuellen Dynamiken in den Kämpfen um die Hegemonie in der internationalen Klimapolitik. Er zeigt: Da CCS-Technologien auf der fossilen und zentralisierten Energieinfrastruktur basieren, spitzt sich hier die Frage zu, inwieweit es zur adäquaten Bearbeitung der ökologischen Krise einer umfassenden Transformation gesellschaftlicher Strukturen bedarf.

The Anthropocene, in which humankind has become a geological force, is a major scientific proposal; but it also means that the conceptions of the natural and social worlds on which sociology, political science, history, law, economics and philosophy rest are called into question.

The Anthropocene and the Global Environmental Crisis captures some of the radical new thinking prompted by the arrival of the Anthropocene and opens up the social sciences and humanities to the profound meaning of the new geological epoch, the 'Age of Humans'. Drawing on the expertise of world-recognised scholars and thought-provoking intellectuals, the book explores the challenges and difficult questions posed by the convergence of geological and human history to the foundational ideas of modern social science.

If in the Anthropocene humans have become a force of nature, changing the functioning of the Earth system as volcanism and glacial cycles do, then it means the end of the idea of nature as no more than the inert backdrop to the drama of human affairs. It means the end of the 'social-only' understanding of human history and agency. These pillars of modernity are now destabilised. The scale and pace of the shifts occurring on Earth are beyond human experience and expose the anachronisms of 'Holocene thinking'. The book explores what kinds of narratives are emerging around the scientific idea of the new geological epoch, and what it means for the 'politics of unsustainability'.