Suchergebnisse

На основе статистических данных доказано, что сельское население, проживающее на отдаленных территориях, не имеет возможности ежедневно покупать свежий хлеб. На основе теории размещения производства продовольствия доказана роль малых хлебопекарных предприятий в обеспечении населения сельских территорий свежими хлебопродуктами. На основе теории стратегического планирования внешняя среда, влияющая на развитие малых хлебопекарных предприятий, разделена на правовую среду, рынок ресурсов и рынок сбыта. Приведен перечень нормативно-правовых актов Российской Федерации, определяющих деятельность малых хлебопекарных предприятий. К рынку ресурсов отнесены рынки заемных денежных средств, технологий и оборудования, труда, энергоресурсов, сырья (муки, масложировой продукции, пищевых добавок и прочего) и услуг (информационных, коммуникационных, транспортных, торговых и других). В структуре рынков сбыта рассмотрены конкуренты, население, частные предприятия общественного питания и учреждения, приобретающие продовольствие через систему государственных закупок (лечебно-оздоровительные, образовательные, относящиеся к министерству обороны, системе исполнения наказаний и прочие). По отношению к каждому из указанных видов рынков выявлены проблемы, характерные для современной макроэкономической ситуации. Доказано, что проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются малые хлебопекарные предприятия в процессе создания и функционирования, невозможно решать без государственной поддержки. Обоснованы меры государственной поддержки малых хлебопекарных предприятий, которые необходимо реализовать на федеральном, региональном и муниципальном уровнях. На федеральном уровне такой поддержкой должно стать производство отечественного оборудования для мини-пекарен и регулирование тарифов естественных монополий, На региональном уровне наиболее значимыми предлагается считать поддержку создания в регионе производства витаминных добавок для мучных смесей на растительной основе, необходимых для профилактики заболеваний, наиболее характерных для жителей региона, и производства качественных хлебопекарных дрожжей, на муниципальном помощь в подготовке кадров и доставке хлебопродуктов в отдаленные населенные пункты. ; According to the statistical data it is proved that the rural population of remote areas has no daily opportunity to buy fresh bread. Based on the theory of location of food enterprises, the role of small bakeries in supplying rural areas with fresh bread products is proved. Based on the theory of strategic planning the external environment affecting the development of small bakeries is divided into legal environment, market of resources and sales market. The normative legal acts of the Russian Federation determining the activity of small bakeries are presented. The market of resources includes the markets of borrowed money, technologies and equipment, labor, energy, raw materials (flour, oil and fat products, food additives, etc.) and services (information, communication, transport, trade, etc.). Within the structure of the sales markets the following is studied: the competitors, population, private catering and institutions purchasing food through the public procurement system (medical, educational, military and, penitentiary, etc.). The problems specific to modern macroeconomic situation are revealed in each of these types of markets. It is proved that the problems faced by small bakeries at the stage of establishment and operation cannot be solved without government support. The measures of state support for small bakeries which should be implemented at the federal, regional and municipal levels are substantiated. At the federal level this support should involve the production of domestic equipment for small bakeries and tariff regulation of natural monopolies. At the regional level the support should involve the production of vitamin supplements for flour mixtures essential to prevent the diseases characteristic for the region, and the production of quality bakery yeast. At the municipal level the support in personnel training and delivery of bread products to remote rural communities.

The paper conducted a comparative analysis of Health key performance indicators of Ukraine, the European Union, the CIS and the European region, which showed fundamental differences Ukrainian organization of the sector from that in these regions. Concluded that the current health system in Ukraine is ineffective in market conditions and leads to deformation of the healthcare industry as a whole. The analysis of the existing system of health showed the need for substantial renovation views on government regulation in this area as well as improving the functioning of existing structures industry which will contribute to the strategic goals of health.The concept of simulation of the formation of the rational organization of the structures development in the Health, which is based on the application of economic-mathematical modeling methods and gives the opportunity to monitor the effectiveness of public administration in the industry. Among the proposed methods for the study are: the cluster analysis method, factor analysis method, the dispersion method, expert assessments, the method of additive convolution of criteria for the construction of the aggregated criteria for evaluating the distribution of financial costs of medical institutions, the optimal sets partition method.Based on the developed concepts necessity research functioning health sector at the regional level that would allow for an effective policy of the state and use a rational approach to improve the functioning of the whole system. ; В статье проведено сравнение основных показателей деятельности отрасли здравоохранения Украины и стран Европейского Союза, СНГ и Европейского региона, которое показало принципиальные отличия украинской организации отрасли от таковой в перечисленных регионах. Сделан вывод, что существующая система здравоохранения Украины является неэффективной в рыночных условиях и приводит к деформации медицинской отрасли в целом. Проведенный анализ существующей системы здравоохранения показал необходимость существенного обновления взглядов относительно государственного регулирования в данной сфере, а также то, что совершенствование функционирования существующих структур отрасли будет способствовать реализации поставленных стратегических целей в области здравоохранения.Разработана концепция моделирования процессов формирования рациональной организации развития структур в области здравоохранения Украины, которая основывается на применении методов экономико-математического моделирования и дает возможность проводить мониторинг эффективности государственного управления в отрасли. Среди предложенных для исследования методов: метод кластерного анализа, метод факторного анализа, дисперсионный метод, метод экспертных оценок, метод аддитивной свертки критериев для построения агрегированного критерия оценки распределения финансовых затрат медицинских учреждений, метод оптимального разбиения множеств.Обоснована необходимость исследования функционирования отрасли здравоохранения на региональном уровне. ; У статті проведено порівняння основних показників діяльності галузі охорони здоров'я України та країн Європейського Союзу, СНД та Європейського регіону, яке показало принципові відмінності української організації галузі від такої у цих регіонах. Зроблено висновки, що існуюча система галузі охорони здоров'я України є неефективною в ринкових умовах та призводить до деформації медичної галузі в цілому. Розроблено концепцію моделювання процесів формування раціональної організації розвитку структур у галузі охорони здоров'я України, яка ґрунтується на застосуванні методів економіко-математичного моделювання та дає можливість проводити моніторинг ефективності державного управління у галузі. Серед запропонованих для дослідження методів - метод кластерного аналізу, метод факторного аналізу, дисперсійний метод, метод експертних оцінок, метод адитивної згортки критеріїв для побудови агрегованого критерію оцінки розподілу фінансових витрат медичних закладів, метод оптимального розбиття множин.Обґрунтовано нагальну необхідність дослідження функціонування галузі охорони здоров'я на регіональному рівні.

The occupation of French Indochina by Japan from June 1940 to July 1941 constitutes a key event for World War history. Eager to escape its diplomatic isolation and the quagmire of the war in China, Japan takes advantage of German victory in June 1940 to occupy Northern Indochina, to tie up the French colony to its economy, to impose its mediation in the French-Thai conflict, occupy the Southern part of Indochina and, then, to launch the Pacific War. However, its traditional foe was the USSR. The reasons of this hubris lie in its desire to destroy the status quo enforced by western powers in Eastern Asia, as well as in an insoluble internal crisis that made Japan choose the side of totalitarian countries. The occupation of Southern Indochina in 1941 is a point of no return. This crisis where French Indochina played a crucial part allows the historian to uncover the mechanism of the decision-making process in Japan before the Second World War. Japanese leading groups do not operate on a partition between hawks and doves, but on the constant rivalry of factions who would try to take the lead of the movement for expansion. If expansion is the object of a consensus among leaders, the decision of its direction and means is the causes of fierce conflicts. However, the occupation of Indochina and the approach of the Pacific War lead to a synthesis at the top of the State, by the composition of a leading group made of military and bureaucrats who promote the totalitarian evolution of the regime coupled with the building of an empire in Asia and in the Pacific. ; L'occupation de l'Indochine française par le Japon entre juin 1940 et juillet 1941 constitue un événement-clé de l'histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Désirant sortir de son isolement diplomatique et du bourbier du conflit chinois, le Japon profite de la victoire allemande en juin 1940 pour occuper le nord de l'Indochine, arrimer la colonie française à son économie, imposer sa médiation dans le conflit franco-thaïlandais, puis occuper le sud de l'Indochine avant de se lancer dans la Guerre du Pacifique. Pourtant, son ennemi désigné est, traditionnellement, l'URSS. Les raisons de cet hybris sont à chercher dans sa volonté de détruire le statu quo imposé par les puissances occidentales en Asie orientale, ainsi que dans une crise interne insoluble qui le font choisir le camp des pays totalitaires. L'occupation du sud de l'Indochine en juillet 1941 est un point de non-retour. Cette crise où l'Indochine française a joué un rôle central, permet à l'historien de découvrir le mécanisme du processus de décision dans le Japon d'avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les groupes dirigeants japonais ne connaissent pas de lutte entre des faucons et des colombes, mais la rivalité permanente de factions qui cherchent prendre la tête du mouvement expansionniste. Car si l'expansion fait consensus, la décision, tant de la direction que des moyens, est l'objet d'âpres luttes. C'est cependant à l'occasion de l'occupation de l'Indochine et à mesure que la Guerre du Pacifique se rapproche, qu'une synthèse se fait en haut de l'État par la constitution d'un groupe dirigeant composé de militaires et de bureaucrates favorisant une évolution totalitaire du régime, couplée à la construction d'un empire en Asie et dans le Pacifique.

The occupation of French Indochina by Japan from June 1940 to July 1941 constitutes a key event for World War history. Eager to escape its diplomatic isolation and the quagmire of the war in China, Japan takes advantage of German victory in June 1940 to occupy Northern Indochina, to tie up the French colony to its economy, to impose its mediation in the French-Thai conflict, occupy the Southern part of Indochina and, then, to launch the Pacific War. However, its traditional foe was the USSR. The reasons of this hubris lie in its desire to destroy the status quo enforced by western powers in Eastern Asia, as well as in an insoluble internal crisis that made Japan choose the side of totalitarian countries. The occupation of Southern Indochina in 1941 is a point of no return. This crisis where French Indochina played a crucial part allows the historian to uncover the mechanism of the decision-making process in Japan before the Second World War. Japanese leading groups do not operate on a partition between hawks and doves, but on the constant rivalry of factions who would try to take the lead of the movement for expansion. If expansion is the object of a consensus among leaders, the decision of its direction and means is the causes of fierce conflicts. However, the occupation of Indochina and the approach of the Pacific War lead to a synthesis at the top of the State, by the composition of a leading group made of military and bureaucrats who promote the totalitarian evolution of the regime coupled with the building of an empire in Asia and in the Pacific. ; L'occupation de l'Indochine française par le Japon entre juin 1940 et juillet 1941 constitue un événement-clé de l'histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Désirant sortir de son isolement diplomatique et du bourbier du conflit chinois, le Japon profite de la victoire allemande en juin 1940 pour occuper le nord de l'Indochine, arrimer la colonie française à son économie, imposer sa médiation dans le conflit franco-thaïlandais, puis occuper le sud de l'Indochine avant de se lancer dans la Guerre du Pacifique. Pourtant, son ennemi désigné est, traditionnellement, l'URSS. Les raisons de cet hybris sont à chercher dans sa volonté de détruire le statu quo imposé par les puissances occidentales en Asie orientale, ainsi que dans une crise interne insoluble qui le font choisir le camp des pays totalitaires. L'occupation du sud de l'Indochine en juillet 1941 est un point de non-retour. Cette crise où l'Indochine française a joué un rôle central, permet à l'historien de découvrir le mécanisme du processus de décision dans le Japon d'avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les groupes dirigeants japonais ne connaissent pas de lutte entre des faucons et des colombes, mais la rivalité permanente de factions qui cherchent prendre la tête du mouvement expansionniste. Car si l'expansion fait consensus, la décision, tant de la direction que des moyens, est l'objet d'âpres luttes. C'est cependant à l'occasion de l'occupation de l'Indochine et à mesure que la Guerre du Pacifique se rapproche, qu'une synthèse se fait en haut de l'État par la constitution d'un groupe dirigeant composé de militaires et de bureaucrates favorisant une évolution totalitaire du régime, couplée à la construction d'un empire en Asie et dans le Pacifique.

Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ) в настоящее время координирует два важных международных проекта, цель которых предоставление Европейскому союзу (ЕС) научно обоснованной информации о медицинских аспектах загрязнения воздуха для всестороннего анализа политики ЕС в области качества воздуха, запланированного на 2013 г. Предоставленная информация структурирована в виде ответов на 26 формулирующих политику ключевых вопросов, которые определены Европейской комиссией (ЕК). Вопросы охватывают общие аспекты, имеющие важное значение для управления качеством воздуха, а также конкретные темы, касающиеся влияния на здоровье отдельных загрязнителей воздуха. Тексты ответов на вопросы были предоставлены по запросу большой группой приглашенных экспертов из ведущих профильных институтов по всему миру. Первые этапы обзора существующих данных показали, что в последние годы было опубликовано значительное количество информации, доказывающей неблагоприятное воздействие на здоровье взвешенных частиц (PM), озона (O 3) и диоксида азота (NO 2) в количестве, которое обычно отмечается в воздухе в Европе. Эти новые данные подтверждают выводы, изложенные в обновленном в 2005 г. Руководстве ВОЗ по качеству воздуха (РКВ), и показывают, что негативные последствия для здоровья в некоторых случаях могут иметь место при концентрациях аэрополлютантов в воздухе ниже указанных в РКВ в 2005 г. В обзоре представлены также научные аргументы в пользу принятия решительных мер по улучшению качества воздуха и уменьшению бремени болезней, связанных с загрязнением воздуха в Европе. Выводы, сформулированные в рамках этих проектов, в равной степени относятся ко всем государствам-членам и могут стать основой для разработки и реализации эффективных стратегий по уменьшению загрязнения воздуха и снижению его негативного воздействия на здоровье населения. ; For the time present the World Health Organization (WHO) is coordinating two major international projects aimed to provide the European Union (EU) with science-based information on health aspects of air pollution for a comprehensive analysis of EU policy in the field of air quality, scheduled for 2013. The information provided is structured in the form of answers to 26 policy-forming key questions, defined by the European Commission (EC). The questions cover the both general aspects that are important for air quality management, and also specific topics related to the health effects of certain air pollutants. Texts of the answers to the questions were provided on requests of large group of invited experts from leading specialized institutions around the world. First stages of the overview of existing data have shown that in recent years there has been published a significant amount of information proving adverse health effects of suspended particulate matter (PM), ozone (O 3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) in an amount, which typically occurs in the air in Europe. These new data confirm the findings reported in renewed in 2005 WHO Guidelines for Air Quality (GAQ), and show that the negative health effects in some cases may take place at concentrations of aeropollutants in the air below mentioned in the GAQ in 2005. In the review there are presented the scientific arguments in favor of adoption of strong measures to improvement air quality and reduction of the burden of diseases associated with air pollution in Europe. The conclusions formulated within a framework of these projects, are equally referred to all Member States and can become a basis for the development and implementation of effective strategies to reduce air pollution and reduction of its negative impact on the health of the population.

Дается этнокультурная характеристика корейской диаспоры Китая. Кроме того, выделяются основные социокультурные особенности корейской общины, проживающей в КНР. Также описывается процесс трансформации корейского населения Китая в ходе адаптации и интеграции в принимающее общество и связанные с этим проблемы, главной из которых является вопрос сохранения этнической идентичности корейцев. ; This article is about ethnocultural characteristics of Korean Diaspora in China. It also observes general sociocultural particularities of Korean Diaspora in China. The purpose of the article is to show how Korean Diaspora transformed during the period of adaptation and integration to Chinese society. Nowadays Korean Diaspora in China is one of the largest Korean communities beyond the Korean Peninsula. It is about 2 000 000 people. Koreans in China in contrast to Koreans in other countries could save traditional culture and native language. However they overcome long way from the Diaspora formation to adaptation to Chinese society. The Koreans's resettlement started in 1850-s. The major part of migrants was farmers, who had to emigrate by economic reasons. The main Koreans's residence area was Manchuria. The basic activity types of Koreans were farming, hunting and fishery. After annexation of Korea in 1910 Japanese government went on record that all Koreans in China were Japanese members. Japan used Koreans as an instrument to strengthen its influence in Manchuria. Although quite a number of Koreans escaped to China as political de-scendents and provide antI-Japanese national liberation movement. In 1919 Korean political oppositionists erected Provisional Government of Korea in Shanghai. After the establishment of Manchukuo puppet state all Koreans except for antI-Japanese activists began to live in comfortable conditions. Japanese government allocated enough funds to support Korean settlements, because they planned to move to mainland China in the future by means of Koreans. During civil war period Korean Diaspora advocated Communist party of China, which promulgated loyal policy toward ethnic minorities in China. When the civil war was over, the new Chinese government gave Koreans their own autonomous region and established Yan-bian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in 1952. In Yanbian the Korean University was established, then two Korean publishing houses, television and radio broadcasting company, Korean theater and museum were opened. Ethnic Koreans of China were mainly involved in agricultural sector. But after 1980-1990-s many Chinese Koreans moved from rural areas to cities. Some of them set up small business, usually based on Korean traditional cuisine, but other became laborers. The next stage was connected with establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992. After that South Korean investors came to China to establish enterprise and recruited Chinese Koreans. Moreover few ethnic Koreans worked in branches of South Korean companies in China. Therefore the position of Koreans in China is quite advantageous cause on the one hand unlike Korean Diaspora in other countries they have own autonomous region and opportunity to keep native language, traditional culture and education. But on the other hand they are just ethnic minority that is why they should conform to general movement of transforming China. Now the future of Korean Diaspora in China is uncertain. Will they be able to retain ethnic culture or dissolve in Chinese population. Nevertheless Korean Diaspora in China still keeps their ethnicity and differentiates not only from other ethnic groups of China, but Korean Diaspora in other countries.

У 1940-50-х роках теорія надійності, як самостійна галузь знань, отримує поширення в основному в авіації, військовій та ядерній індустрії. З розвитком електроніки у США стало очевидним, що слід було розробляти елементи системи насамперед надійними. Системи були настільки складними, а елементи системи впливали на велику кількість різних функцій, що тільки чіткі дії обслуговуючого інженерного персоналу могли забезпечувати мінімально необхідний рівень надійності. У 1962 році вперше був використаний метод «аналізу дерева відмов» (fault tree analysis, FTA) компанією Bell Labs для Військово-повітряних сил США, який на сьогоднішній день набув широкого поширення для аналізу причин відмов статичних систем. В статті розглянуто питання надійності ШСНУ з точки зору її структурного аналізу. На основі оцінки дерева відмов можна визначити появу події, яка може привести до небажаного порушення роботи. Таким чином, відносно просто ідентифікувати події, яких треба уникнути і впливати на те, щоб зменшити небажану подію. На основі оцінки можна зробити висновок, що насос має найвищу інтенсивність відмов і це означає, що коли настає зупинка ШСНУ, то першим розглянемо висновок, яким має бути відмова насоса і при роботі чи обслуговуванні нам потрібно зробити наголос саме на свердловинний насос. Різні компанії в різних регіонах можуть мати різну частоту відмов насосів штанг і НКТ. Потрібно побудувати дерево відмов і оцінити його, а потім треба вжити відповідні заходи, щоб усунути чи зменшити причину відмов і, таким чином, уникнути зупинки установок. ШСНУ може мати різні дерева відмов, тобто для різних типів ШСНУ чи свердловинного обладнання. Вплив на частоту відмов може бути виконано на основі інженерних, навчальних та адміністративних заходах. ; In 1940-50 years of reliability theory as an independent branch of knowledge is spread mainly in aviation, military and nuclear industry. With the development of electronics in the U.S., it became apparent that it should develop the elements of the system especially reliable. Systems are so complex, and the elements of the system affect the large number of different functions, just clear of maintenance engineering staff can provide a minimum level of reliability. In 1962, the first method has been used fault tree analysis (fault tree analysis, FTA) by Bell Labs for the Air Force United States, which today is widespread for the analysis of causes of failures of static systems. The reliability of pumping unit is studied in this article from the point of view of its structural analysis. Based on the evaluation of fault tree can be defined appearance of an event that may cause undesired malfunction. Therefore relatively easy to identify events that should avoid and influence to reduce adverse events. Based on the evaluation we can say that the pump has the highest failure rate and this means that when it stop the SRPU, the first look at the conclusion must be that the pump failure when working or do maintenance we need to do the focus on the downhole pump. Different companies in different regions can have different failure rates rod pumps and tubing. We construct a fault tree and evaluate it, and must take measures to eliminate or reduce the cause of failures and thus avoid stop settings. SRPU may have different fault tree, i.e. for different types of SRPU or downhole equipment. Effect of the frequency of failures can be made on the basis of engineering, educational, and administrative activities.

The decade 2000 saw confirming, not only at the semantic but also operational level, the long-sustainable forest management. Following the Grenelle of the environment, an agreement was concluded between the foresters and FNE, established on the principle of the multifeature of the French forest, with two concomitant objectives, from consideration strengthened by the biodiversity and by the implementation of an active forest management allowing to supply to the society more wood material and renewable source of energy. This agreement also makes reference to joint territorial declensions, to initiative of the elected representatives, to fault the forest charters of territory, or professionals of the forest upstream, through the plans of development of massif. The big national orientations must be translated, understood and adapted indeed to the closest to the ground. This new dynamics echos the development of the certification, as well by surfaces members as by the process of dialogue which it favors between the various actors who feel concerned by the forest and its management. The foresters and the stakeholders so share the big objectives of forest policy, even if some regrets appear in front of demands of intensification of protection. Indeed, the documents of management, approved by the State, synthesize all the elements concurrent in the implementation of a sustainable management, without that it is a priori necessary need to turn to other tools, so as to recognize their role integrator. This article tries, having brushed certain evolutions of the forest management, having to show the importance of the dialogue and the necessary recognition of the services returned by the forest and the foresters, for decade to come. ; La décennie 2000 a vu se confirmer, non seulement au niveau sémantique mais aussi opérationnel, la gestion forestière durable. Dans la foulée du Grenelle de l'environnement, un accord a été conclu entre les forestiers et FNE, fondé sur le principe de la multifonctionnalité de la forêt française, avec deux objectifs concomitants, de prise en compte renforcée de la biodiversité et de mise en oeuvre d'une gestion forestière active permettant de fournir à la société plus de bois matériau et source d'énergie renouvelable. Cet accord fait aussi référence à des déclinaisons territoriales concertées, à l'initiative des élus, au travers des chartes forestières de territoire, ou des professionnels de l'amont forestier, au travers des plans de développement de massif. Les grandes orientations nationales doivent en effet être traduites, comprises et adaptées au plus proche du terrain. Cette nouvelle dynamique fait écho au développement de la certification, aussi bien par les surfaces adhérentes que par le processus de concertation qu'elle favorise entre les différents acteurs qui se sentent concernés par la forêt et sa gestion. Les forestiers et les parties prenantes partagent ainsi les grands objectifs de politique forestière, même si quelques regrets émergent face à des demandes de renforcement de protection. En effet, les documents de gestion, approuvés par l'État, synthétisent l'ensemble des éléments concourant à la mise en oeuvre d'une gestion durable, sans qu'il soit a priori besoin de recourir à d'autres outils, sauf à ne pas reconnaître leur rôle intégrateur. Cet article essaie, après avoir brossé certaines évolutions de la gestion forestière, de montrer l'importance du dialogue et de la reconnaissance nécessaire des services rendus par la forêt et les forestiers, pour la décennie à venir.

The growing integration and participation of the Jewish population in politics, society, culture arts and religion shaped these spheres in Vienna during the time of the First Republic. Social dynamics of the young democracy, interplay of the different Jewish milieus, immigration from Eastern and Southeastern Europe as well as the growing cultural links with Berlin, Budapest, Paris and Prague made Austrian-Jewish culture in all areas of the development of the city of Vienna highly influential. Antidemocratic tendencies, especially antisemitism, influenced both the discourses on current events and inner-Jewish debates such as the role of Jewish religion, acculturation and Zionism. The publication "Wien und die jüdische Erfahrung 1900 - 1938. Akkulturation - Antisemitismus, Zionismus" initiated by Univ.-Prof. Frank Stern and Mag. Barbara Eichinger from the Institute for Contemporary History, University of Vienna, shows the state of the art of research on this subject. The publications focus placed on the current interdisciplinary inclusion of Austrian-Jewish cultural history. The volume of approx. 400 pages presents up-to-date research papers by the contributors as well as an academic discourse among the authors. In order to make this discourse possible, the editors organised a four day international conference in March 2007, where academics presented their research in themed panels and discussed them in an interdisciplinary framework with other experts. The contributions to this volume present this research takting into consideration the discussions among the colleagues at the conference. Those authors who did not participate in the conference and are partly working at American universities (a.o. Harriet Pass Freidenreich, Sander Gilman) provide an insight into current US American research on the subject. The contributions in German and English by 29 authors are organized into the following subject areas: "Society and politics between acculturation and tradition" (Steven Beller, Eleonore Lappin, Klaus Hödl, Albert Lichtblau), "Music between concert hall and film: Viennese composers of Jewish descent" (Peter Dusek, Karin Wagner), "Zionism in Vienna: between coffee house, cultural and political movement" (Dieter Hecht, Armin Eidherr, Hanno Loewy), "Cultural transfer between Vienna and Palestine/Israel" (Klaus Davidowicz, Sandra Goldstein), "Viennese Jewish milieus 1900 - 1938" (Evelyn Adunka, Peter Landesmann, Marcus G. Patka, Karin Stögner), "Women´s movements in Vienna"(Harriet Pass Freidenreich, Elisabeth Malleier, Michaela Raggam-Blesch), "Identity crises and antisemitism" (Gabriele Anderl, Elisabeth Brainin and Samy Teicher, Sander Gilman, Siegfried Mattl, Michael Laurence Miller), "Literature and theater in interwar Vienna" (Brigitte Dallinger, Werner Hanak, Birgit Peter), "The Road into the open on stage and screen (Wolfgang Müller-Funk, Murray G. Hall, Bettina Riedmann). The authors come from research centres in Belgium, Germany, Israel, the USA and Hungary as well as all current research centres on Jewish history in Austria (a.o. Institute for Jewish Studies, Vienna; Institute for History, Salzburg; Center for Jewish Cultural History, Salzburg; Institutte for the History of the Jews in Austria, St. Pölten; Center for Jewish Studies, Graz; Institute of Contemporary History, Vienna; University of Performing Arts, Vienna; Institut for German Studies, Vienna; Institut for Theater, Film and Media Studies, Vienna; Jewish Museum of the City of Vienna). The volume will be published in the anniversary year 2008 with a preface by the rector of the University of Vienna, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Georg Winckler.

El artículo analiza la experiencia de desarrollo llevada a cabo por el gobierno del Chaco, Argentina, entre los años 2000 y 2007 mediante la organización del territorio provincial en microrregiones. El énfasis ha sido puesto en los aspectos participativos y en el sentido que el proceso adquirió para sus propios actores. La noción de territorio, en su vinculación con el término ?campo? de Bourdieu, constituyó un concepto relevante a los efectos del análisis. En primer lugar, se explicitan los ejes teóricos del discurso oficial que origina y promueve el proceso: la opción por el desarrollo sustentable, la perspectiva de integración de lo económico con lo social y la generación de espacios participativos para la gestión de las políticas públicas. En la descripción de la experiencia se identifican las tensiones, actores y lógicas subyacentes: iniciativas y razones para la creación de cada microrregión, modalidad de la participación, consecuencias y obstáculos. El análisis muestra que la tensión entre los intereses económicos de los sectores productivos más estabilizados y las expectativas sociales de los sectores vulnerados no logra dirimirse, por lo cual la voluntad asociativa discurre en el marco de esta lógica. El Estado no puede ser un actor prescindente. Estos procesos deben contribuir a afirmar la identidad cultural y el sentido de pertenencia desde una perspectiva que reconozca la diversidad pero no legitime la desigualdad. En este contexto, se destaca la importancia de abrir espacios que permitan nuclear a la población de las distintas jurisdicciones para la discusión de ejes, la definición de políticas y la construcción de consensos que incluyan el reconocimiento del otro como igual, fortaleciendo los mecanismos de cohesión social ; This article discusses the development experience made by the Government of the Chaco, Argentina, the years 2000-2007 through the organization of the provincial territory in microrregiones. The emphasis has been put in participatory aspects and the sense that the process acquired for their own actors. A relevant for the purposes of analysis concept has been the notion of territory, in its link with the notion of ?field? proposed by Bourdieu. Firstly, the theoretical axes of the official discourse that creates and promotes the process made explicit: the choice of sustainable development, the prospect of integration of the economic aspects with social aspects, and the generation of participatory spaces for the management of public policies. Description of the experience identifies tensions, actors and underlying logic: initiatives and reasons for the creation of each microrregión, modalities of participation, consequences and obstacles. The analysis shows that the tension between economic interests of the more stabilized productive sectors and social expectations of excluded sectors fails to resolve is, accordingly the associative will runs within the framework of this logic. The State cannot be an absent actor. These processes must contribute to assert cultural identity and the sense of belonging a perspective that recognizes diversity, but not legitimizing inequality. It?s necessary to open common spaces for the people of different jurisdictions to discuss axes, define policies and build consensus that include the recognition of the other as equal, to strengthen the mechanisms of social cohesion

El artículo analiza la experiencia de desarrollo llevada a cabo por el gobierno del Chaco, Argentina, entre los años 2000 y 2007 mediante la organización del territorio provincial en microrregiones. El énfasis ha sido puesto en los aspectos participativos y en el sentido que el proceso adquirió para sus propios actores. La noción de territorio, en su vinculación con el término ?campo? de Bourdieu, constituyó un concepto relevante a los efectos del análisis. En primer lugar, se explicitan los ejes teóricos del discurso oficial que origina y promueve el proceso: la opción por el desarrollo sustentable, la perspectiva de integración de lo económico con lo social y la generación de espacios participativos para la gestión de las políticas públicas. En la descripción de la experiencia se identifican las tensiones, actores y lógicas subyacentes: iniciativas y razones para la creación de cada microrregión, modalidad de la participación, consecuencias y obstáculos. El análisis muestra que la tensión entre los intereses económicos de los sectores productivos más estabilizados y las expectativas sociales de los sectores vulnerados no logra dirimirse, por lo cual la voluntad asociativa discurre en el marco de esta lógica. El Estado no puede ser un actor prescindente. Estos procesos deben contribuir a afirmar la identidad cultural y el sentido de pertenencia desde una perspectiva que reconozca la diversidad pero no legitime la desigualdad. En este contexto, se destaca la importancia de abrir espacios que permitan nuclear a la población de las distintas jurisdicciones para la discusión de ejes, la definición de políticas y la construcción de consensos que incluyan el reconocimiento del otro como igual, fortaleciendo los mecanismos de cohesión social ; This article discusses the development experience made by the Government of the Chaco, Argentina, the years 2000-2007 through the organization of the provincial territory in microrregiones. The emphasis has been put in participatory aspects and the sense that the process acquired for their own actors. A relevant for the purposes of analysis concept has been the notion of territory, in its link with the notion of ?field? proposed by Bourdieu. Firstly, the theoretical axes of the official discourse that creates and promotes the process made explicit: the choice of sustainable development, the prospect of integration of the economic aspects with social aspects, and the generation of participatory spaces for the management of public policies. Description of the experience identifies tensions, actors and underlying logic: initiatives and reasons for the creation of each microrregión, modalities of participation, consequences and obstacles. The analysis shows that the tension between economic interests of the more stabilized productive sectors and social expectations of excluded sectors fails to resolve is, accordingly the associative will runs within the framework of this logic. The State cannot be an absent actor. These processes must contribute to assert cultural identity and the sense of belonging a perspective that recognizes diversity, but not legitimizing inequality. It?s necessary to open common spaces for the people of different jurisdictions to discuss axes, define policies and build consensus that include the recognition of the other as equal, to strengthen the mechanisms of social cohesion

El artículo analiza la experiencia de desarrollo llevada a cabo por el gobierno del Chaco, Argentina, entre los años 2000 y 2007 mediante la organización del territorio provincial en microrregiones. El énfasis ha sido puesto en los aspectos participativos y en el sentido que el proceso adquirió para sus propios actores. La noción de territorio, en su vinculación con el término ?campo? de Bourdieu, constituyó un concepto relevante a los efectos del análisis. En primer lugar, se explicitan los ejes teóricos del discurso oficial que origina y promueve el proceso: la opción por el desarrollo sustentable, la perspectiva de integración de lo económico con lo social y la generación de espacios participativos para la gestión de las políticas públicas. En la descripción de la experiencia se identifican las tensiones, actores y lógicas subyacentes: iniciativas y razones para la creación de cada microrregión, modalidad de la participación, consecuencias y obstáculos. El análisis muestra que la tensión entre los intereses económicos de los sectores productivos más estabilizados y las expectativas sociales de los sectores vulnerados no logra dirimirse, por lo cual la voluntad asociativa discurre en el marco de esta lógica. El Estado no puede ser un actor prescindente. Estos procesos deben contribuir a afirmar la identidad cultural y el sentido de pertenencia desde una perspectiva que reconozca la diversidad pero no legitime la desigualdad. En este contexto, se destaca la importancia de abrir espacios que permitan nuclear a la población de las distintas jurisdicciones para la discusión de ejes, la definición de políticas y la construcción de consensos que incluyan el reconocimiento del otro como igual, fortaleciendo los mecanismos de cohesión social ; This article discusses the development experience made by the Government of the Chaco, Argentina, the years 2000-2007 through the organization of the provincial territory in microrregiones. The emphasis has been put in participatory aspects and the sense that the process acquired for their own actors. A relevant for the purposes of analysis concept has been the notion of territory, in its link with the notion of ?field? proposed by Bourdieu. Firstly, the theoretical axes of the official discourse that creates and promotes the process made explicit: the choice of sustainable development, the prospect of integration of the economic aspects with social aspects, and the generation of participatory spaces for the management of public policies. Description of the experience identifies tensions, actors and underlying logic: initiatives and reasons for the creation of each microrregión, modalities of participation, consequences and obstacles. The analysis shows that the tension between economic interests of the more stabilized productive sectors and social expectations of excluded sectors fails to resolve is, accordingly the associative will runs within the framework of this logic. The State cannot be an absent actor. These processes must contribute to assert cultural identity and the sense of belonging a perspective that recognizes diversity, but not legitimizing inequality. It?s necessary to open common spaces for the people of different jurisdictions to discuss axes, define policies and build consensus that include the recognition of the other as equal, to strengthen the mechanisms of social cohesion

El artículo analiza la experiencia de desarrollo llevada a cabo por el gobierno del Chaco, Argentina, entre los años 2000 y 2007 mediante la organización del territorio provincial en microrregiones. El énfasis ha sido puesto en los aspectos participativos y en el sentido que el proceso adquirió para sus propios actores. La noción de territorio, en su vinculación con el término "campo" de Bourdieu, constituyó un concepto relevante a los efectos del análisis. En primer lugar, se explicitan los ejes teóricos del discurso oficial que origina y promueve el proceso: la opción por el desarrollo sustentable, la perspectiva de integración de lo económico con lo social y la generación de espacios participativos para la gestión de las políticas públicas. En la descripción de la experiencia se identifican las tensiones, actores y lógicas subyacentes: iniciativas y razones para la creación de cada microrregión, modalidad de la participación, consecuencias y obstáculos. El análisis muestra que la tensión entre los intereses económicos de los sectores productivos más estabilizados y las expectativas sociales de los sectores vulnerados no logra dirimirse, por lo cual la voluntad asociativa discurre en el marco de esta lógica. El Estado no puede ser un actor prescindente. Estos procesos deben contribuir a afirmar la identidad cultural y el sentido de pertenencia desde una perspectiva que reconozca la diversidad pero no legitime la desigualdad. En este contexto, se destaca la importancia de abrir espacios que permitan nuclear a la población de las distintas jurisdicciones para la discusión de ejes, la definición de políticas y la construcción de consensos que incluyan el reconocimiento del otro como igual, fortaleciendo los mecanismos de cohesión social. ; This article discusses the development experience made by the Government of the Chaco, Argentina, the years 2000-2007 through the organization of the provincial territory in microrregiones. The emphasis has been put in participatory aspects and the sense that the process acquired for their own actors. A relevant for the purposes of analysis concept has been the notion of territory, in its link with the notion of "field" proposed by Bourdieu. Firstly, the theoretical axes of the official discourse that creates and promotes the process made explicit: the choice of sustainable development, the prospect of integration of the economic aspects with social aspects, and the generation of participatory spaces for the management of public policies. Description of the experience identifies tensions, actors and underlying logic: initiatives and reasons for the creation of each microrregión, modalities of participation, consequences and obstacles. The analysis shows that the tension between economic interests of the more stabilized productive sectors and social expectations of excluded sectors fails to resolve is, accordingly the associative will runs within the framework of this logic. The State cannot be an absent actor. These processes must contribute to assert cultural identity and the sense of belonging a perspective that recognizes diversity, but not legitimizing inequality. It's necessary to open common spaces for the people of different jurisdictions to discuss axes, define policies and build consensus that include the recognition of the other as equal, to strengthen the mechanisms of social cohesion. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Straipsnyje aptariama graikiškojo filosofavimo genezė, t. y. nagrinėjamos pirmojo filosofijos teiginio susiklostymo prielaidos ir tų prielaidų numanoma teiginio prasmė. Filosofijos istorijoje nusistovėjusios pirmųjų filosofų teiginių interpretacijos kilmė siejama su Aristotelio filosofija. Teigiama, kad Aristotelis graikiškąjį filosofavimą jau visiškai įkurdina rašte. Iš rašto pozicijų Aristotelis žvelgia ir į pirmųjų filosofų ištaras, todėl suvokia jas vien kaip rašto (teorinio mąstymo) elementus. Straipsnyje daroma prielaida, kad filosofavimas prasidėjo ne kaip raštas, o kaip su žmogaus veikla susijęs tradicinis kalbėjimas. Filosofavimo kaip konstruktyvios kalbėjimo atmainos specifiką lėmė antikoje susiklosčiusi refleksijos situacija, kuri siejama su septynių išminčių imperatyvu 'Pažink save!' Parodoma, kad šis imperatyvas steigia skirtį tarp logo ir kosmo, kurią antikos išminčius išgyvena kaip sinkretinio gyvenimo vidujybės netektį. Straipsnio autorius interpretuoja filosofavimą kaip kalbėjimą ir veikimą, kuriais antikos išminčius siekia susigrąžinti ikirefleksinę būseną. Teigiama, kad sinkretinių mąstymo įgūdžių nepraradęs antikos išminčius savąjį filosofavimą linkęs aiškinti kaip pritapimo prie kosmo būdą. Kadangi refleksija įkurdina žmogų teorinio mąstymo erdvėje, tai pritapimo prie kosmo veiksmas tegalimas mąstymo plotmėje, todėl filosofavimą steigianti skirtis tarp logo ir kosmo besiplėtojančiame filosofavime nuaidi skirtimis kosme. Tačiau pirmieji išminčiai dar tikisi pilnatviško pritapimo prie kosmo ir tokio pritapimo regimybę jie dar pelno kosmo kaip grožio išgyvenimu, kurį Platonas ir Aristotelis sieja su nuostaba. Pirmoji kanonizuotoji filosofijos ištara interpretuojama kaip estetinį pritapimą prie kosmo referuojantis poetinis bylojimas.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: raštas, priežastis, refleksija, kosmas, pritapimas, archė, grožis, tiesa, būtis.On the Nature (of Philosophy)Skirmantas Jankauskas

SummaryThe paper deals with the genesis of Greek philosophy. The circumstances of the appearance of the first utterance in Greek philosophy and their impact upon its meaning are revealed. The traditional interpretation of the first utterances in the early Greek philosophy is attributed to Aristotle. The latter is said to have transferred Greek philosophizing totally into writing and subsequently to treat the first utterances as elements of writing. In the article, the suggestion is put forward that philosophizing did not begin as a writing but rather as a talking activity immersed in human activity in general. The specificity of philosophizing as constructive talking is related to the situation of reflection, caused by the imperative of the Seven Sages, namely by the imperative 'Know thyself!". It is shown here that the imperative introduces the difference between logos and cosmos, which is experienced by a Greek Sage as a loss of sincretic life. Philosophizing is then introduced as an activity of talking, provoked by the will to reestablish the original sincretic state. The author argues that because of syncretist skills, this activity is treated by early Greek philosophers as a way of partaking in cosmos. As reflection conveys a philosopher into the realm of theoretical thinking, partaking in cosmos is possible only as a way of thinking. Consequently, the difference between logos and cosmos in philosophizing resolves itself in the differences of cosmos. Nevertheless, the first philosophers still retained some hope for complete partaking in cosmos, and they gained the illusion of such a partaking by aesthetic experience of cosmos, which was attributed by Plato and Aristotle to wondering. Consequently, the first utterance of Greek philosophy is interpreted in this article as a kind of poetic discourse that refers to the activity of aesthetic partaking in cosmos.Keywords: writing, reason, reflection, cosmos, partaking, arche, the beautiful, truth, being.

The federal gratuities statute, 18 USC § 201(c), continues to be a source of confusion and contention. The confusion stems largely from problems of draftsmanship within the statute, as well as uncertainty concerning the relationship of the gratuities offense to bribery. Both offenses are contained in the same statute; the former is often seen as a lesser-included offense variety of the latter. The controversy stems from broader concerns about whether the receipt of gratuities by public officials, even from those they regulate, should be a crime. The argument that such conduct should not be criminalized can be traced to, and is a part of, what I have called the "counter-revolutionary critique" of the hard line on government ethics that grew out of the Watergate scandal. This Article focuses on recent federal court decisions, including the 1999 Supreme Court Sun-Diamond case, that appear to show reservations and even hostility toward the statute. These cases express concern about its potential sweep, its possible role as a trap for the unwary, and the power it gives to prosecutors. The recent District of Columbia Circuit decision in United States v. Valdes is noteworthy in giving a narrow construction to broad language, based in part on a negative view of the statute. Nonetheless, the Article contends that the gratuities statute plays an important role as an auxiliary to bribery, serving as a prophylactic statute and permitting the prosecution of "appearances" of unethical behavior. A redrafted statute could correct undue narrowing and clear up confusion about what the statute does cover. The "prohibited source" approach discussed in connection with Sun-Diamond provides a possible model. Even with a redrafted statute, the controversy is likely to continue. The Article questions whether gifts from regulated entities to their regulators, and similar forms of public sector gratuities, are examples of innocent speech that serves a valuable social function. Campaign contributions, on the other hand are often examples of such speech. Yet the Court has permitted limiting them, despite serious First Amendment objections to limits on speech and association. The compelling governmental interest that permits this regulation bears a strong resemblance to that underlying the anti-gratuity statute: fighting corruption by curbing attempts to acquire influence that cannot be adequately reached through bribery laws. The Article traces the evolution of the anti-corruption interest in the Supreme Court's decisions beginning with Buckley v. Valeo. These decisions give added impetus to the considerations underlying anti-gratuities statutes. From Buckley onward, the Court has treated preventing the appearance of corruption as an interest more or less equal to preventing quid pro quo corruption itself. Yet once the concept of appearances is introduced, the entire notion of an anti-corruption interest acquires considerable breadth. It is possible that a Supreme Court decision in Randall v. Sorrell will cut back on the scope of the anti-corruption interest in the campaign finance context. The Court is unlikely, however, to abandon completely its gratuity-like approach to campaign finance issues. Even if it does, that will only highlight the need for the gratuities statute. [Please note that a more complete version of this paper will be available after the Sorrell decision.]