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We proposed a model of intergroup contact wherein contact promotes understanding of outgroup perspectives, perspective taking relates to reduced intergroup anxiety that in turn is associated with lessened stereotyping and more positive intergroup attitudes. Additionally, we examined if implicit attitudes followed this model or were directly impacted by contact. White undergraduates (n = 153) completed measures of contact, perspective taking, intergroup anxiety, stereotype endorsement, and implicit and explicit intergroup attitudes. Our model fitted the data well but explained explicit attitudes and stereotyping better than implicit attitudes. Supporting an environmental association interpretation, contact was the only significant predictor of implicit attitudes. Findings support a dual-process model wherein implicit and explicit attitudes represent separate constructs and support the value of contact in improving intergroup attitudes.

Bacteria use two-component systems (TCSs) to sense and respond to their environments. Free-living bacteria usually contain dozens of TCSs, each of them responsible for sensing and responding to a different range of signals. Differences in the content of two-component systems are related with the capacity of the bacteria to colonize different niches or improve the efficiency to grow under the conditions of the existing niche. This review highlights differences in the TCS content between Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a case study to exemplify how the ability to sense and respond to the environment is relevant for bacterial capacity to colonize and survive in/on different body surfaces. ; B.R is recipient of a PhD grant from Universidad Pública de Navarra. Work in the Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities grant BIO2017-83035-R Agencia Española de Investigación/Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, European Union. A.F.H. is supported by the European Research Council ERC under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program Grant Agreement ERC-ADG-2014 Proposal no 670932 Dut-signal from EU awarded to José R. Penadés and was the recipient of a Tenovus Project Grant (S16-12). ; B.R is recipient of a PhD grant from Universidad Publica de Navarra. Work in the Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities grant BIO2017-83035-R Agencia Espanola de Investigacio'n/Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, European Union. A.F.H. is supported by the European Research Council ERC under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program Grant Agreement ERC-ADG-2014 Proposal no 670932 Dut-signal from EU awarded to Jose R. Penades) and was the recipient of a Tenovus Project Grant (S16-12).

AbstractIndonesia has various historical cultural properties from Megalithic to Colonial Era. However, their existence are in danger due to the armed conflict which may break out in unspecified and unpredictable time and place. Therefore, this issue has to be the main concern in regard to the existence of Indonesian historical Cultural Properties. Meanwhile, Indonesia as a member of The Hague Convention 1954 and UNESCO Convention 1977 still does not have a particular regulation regarding the protection of historical properties during armed conflict. This Article will examine the Indonesia's urgency in creating particular regulation through National Legislation and also inserting enhanced protection to the cultural properties which are considered great importance for all peoples. Hence, these cultural properties will have international protection during armed conflict.IntisariIndonesia memiliki keanekaragaman benda budaya yang bersejarah dari peninggalan era megalitikum hingga kolonial. Namun, eksistensi benda budaya tersebut terancam oleh konflik bersenjata dan konflik bersenjata dapat saja terjadi kapanpun dan dimanapun dan juga tidak seorangpun dapat memprediksinya, persoalan ini yang harus menjadi pertimbangan utama karena benda budaya akan sangat rentan ketika terjadi bila konflik bersenjata terjadi di Indonesia. Sementara itu, Indonesia merupakan negara peserta dari Konvensi Den-Haag 1954 dan Konvensi UNESCO 1977, hanya saja hingga saat ini Indonesia belum memiliki peraturan khusus terkait perlindungan benda budaya pada masa konflik bersenjata. Artikel ini akan menguji urgensi Indonesia untuk membuat peraturan khusus dan memasukan pengaturan enhanced protection pada benda budaya yang dinilai memiliki nilai keluhuran bagi umat manusia agar mendapat perlindungan secara internasional jika terjadi konflik bersenjata di masa depan.

Unterhaltsvereinbarungen in Familienbeziehungen liegen an der Schnittstelle von Vertrags- und Familienrecht. Ausgehend von einem weiten Unterhaltsbegriff beleuchtet Carolin Scheuer, welche Arten von Unterhaltsvereinbarungen im deutschen Recht typischerweise in Erscheinung treten und welche materiell- und prozessrechtlichen Regeln auf sie anwendbar sind. Sodann untersucht sie die Anwendbarkeit der Europäischen Unterhaltsverordnung, der Brüssel Ia-Verordnung, des Haager Unterhaltsprotokolls und der Rom I-Verordnung auf Unterhaltsvereinbarungen. Sie zeigt auf, dass sämtliche Vereinbarungen der Europäischen Unterhaltsverordnung und dem Haager Unterhaltsprotokoll unterfallen, soweit sie Ansprüche aufgrund einer Familienbeziehung regeln, die der Bedarfsdeckung des Gläubigers dienen. Auf das Bestehen gesetzlicher Unterhaltspflichten kommt es für die Einordnung aus Gründen der Rechtssicherheit nicht an