Suchergebnisse

The population gets more and more anxious about the development 01 nuclear plants. According to the Law for the protection of Nature, the «impact record» is a compulsory document. But if it doesn't allow to compare different sites for the plant itself and doesn't take into account all the involvements during the erection of the plants and when it is operating, this document is a very insufficient and incomplete answer to the provisions of the law. The author suggests as a conclusion that an «Agency for technology assessment» should be established in order that the parliament and the Government should have an unbiased review of the projected development with all its environmental involvements.

Although discretion is considered desirable for law enforcement officials in a democracy, its control poses a problem, particularly in the case of policemen. Police have the option of using physical force, & they also make initial decisions on criminal behavior & status. So far studies of police discretion have not been widely related to organizational theory. Research on police discretion discloses three control perspectives: through departmental rules, through community pressure, & through changes in officer decision-making capacity. However, none of these assumes that police discretion is at present satisfactory. Analysis of these models of organizational control indicates that structures designed to increase officer decision-making capacity should be enlarged. Modified Author Summary.

Research on citizen evaluations of police performance for the past decade shows that black Americans have primarily negative views. To improve police-community relations in Ur areas, various programs have been established. Using 1968 survey data from 14 cities, two kinds of programs created to improve citizen evaluations of the police are measured; individual interview data from blacks (N = 2,809) & whites (N = 2,950) were combined with aggregate city-level variables. Public evaluations of police by whites were not affected by community relations programs or complaint boards; blacks' evaluations were somewhat more favorable. Individual police officers are concluded to be most responsible for public attitudes. 1 Tables. Modified Author Summary.

An analysis of police-community relations (PCR) programs concludes that it would be useful to determine which types of PCR training are most appropriate for particular types of cities; the effect of PCR training could vary with certain city & police department characteristics. A comparison of survey data from 14 high-PCR & 12 low-PCR cities suggests the wisdom of the arguments of early advocates of PCR programs. PCR training may be a means of both humanizing the provision of law enforcement services & reducing the incidence of crime in US cities, of maintaining order while advancing the values of democracy. 1 Table, 1 Figure. Modified Author Conclusion.

In November, 1977, a seminar was held in Caracas, the Capital of Venezuela. It was organized by the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM), in which representatives of 17 Latin American countries and observers from Austria, Canada, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Portugal, Switzerland and the United States of America participated and which dealt with this 'theme of the future'.A number of resolutions adopted by the Seminar originated from an address delivered by the author. This address was generally considered to open new perspectives.The Seminar in Caracas followed a similar one held the year before in San José. In this seminar the foundations were laid for a new form of personal co‐operation between Europe and Latin America.

THE question posed in the present paper arises from the relationship of psychiatric disorder to culture. This question is: Are mental diseases the same all over the world, or do certain mental diseases exist only in one country or cultural setting and therefore are the specific product of that given culture? After a careful review of the literature supplemented by his own anthropological observations and psychiatric reports, the author was able to conclude that most of the allegedly "specific" mental sickness, which reflect in their behaviour the specific cultural content of the victim's society, are simply local varieties of a common disease process to which human beings, as such, are vulnerable.

ABSTRACTThe problem of measuring ideological proximities or identifications among children is one of the most difficult. First, the author defines the limits of measurement by means of partisan identification when applied to cultures other than the American one and to populations other than adult. Second, using more indirect means of measurement it is suggested that ideological values which may be described as left‐ or right‐wing are part of the set of values acquired by most of the children and structure most of their attitudes even if they are unaware of it and even when they are unable to qualify themselves as being on the Left or Right.

The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has interpreted the 1974 amended time provisions of The Freedom of Information Act to mean that under exceptional circumstances, where an agency diligently processes requests for information but physically cannot comply with the restricted time limits, a court may grant the agency additional time. The author suggests that the court's holding avoids a political question that a less narrow holding would embrace. If the amendments are to retain their force, Congress may need to clarify the emphasis it intends for agencies to place on the screening of requests as opposed to the performance of their normal regulatory duties.

Le vétérinaire est concerné plus que tout autre biologiste par l'expérimenta tion animale : comme protecteur des animaux contre la souffrance, comme contrôleur des mesures législatives, éthiques et sanitaires, comme spécialiste de la pathologie animale et comme biologiste conscient des multiples paramètres que doit maîtriser un protocole expérimental sur modèle vivant. L'auteur analyse ces différents aspects. ; The veterinarian is more concerned than any biologist by animal experimen tation: as protector of animals against sufference, as controller of legislative, ethics and sanitary measures, as specialist of animal pathology and as biologist conscious of numerous parameters that an experimental protocol has to subdue upon a living model. The author analyses these different aspects.

Simon Markiš, The Russian-Jewish literature and Isaak Babel'.
The author of the present article establishes that the fact of Babel's belonging to Jewish culture played a more important and profound part than generally admitted. He explains by Babel's double cultural appurtenance and by the invincible antinomies that resulted therefrom, the origin of the principal literary methods of this writer and his characteristic pathos.
Starting with Babel', he endeavours to specify the place of non-Russian cultures of Russian expression in the Soviet literature and their contribution to same. Generally speaking this study stresses the methodological problem of the participation of a specifically Jewish culture to national literatures.

This article presents a practice theory for diagnosing organizations -that is, a combination of many ideas in a relatively simple framework that can be applied in various settings. It brings together organization/environ ment, sociotechnical, and formal/informal systems concepts, and pro poses six broad categories for looking at an organization: purposes; struc ture ; relationships; rewards; leadership; and helpful mechanisms. The author illustrates how these six factors influence each other and provides clues about what to diagnose in each category, considering the infinite number of possibilities. He also suggests that what are called "process" issues show up as blocked work that can be freed by understanding and intervening in one or more of the six boxes.

A review is made of recent research, primarily by the author and his colleagues, concerned with vehicle marking and signaling and headlighting. Insofar as vehicle marking and signaling is concerned, it was concluded that the most effective likely approach to the reduction of rear-end crashes would come from development of a suitable display of the speed of a vehicle which is visible to drivers of following vehicles. Further improvements in headlighting, other than polarization, which will be dependent upon concomitant reductions in errors in headlamp aim and alignment, can be expected to take the form of three-beam headlighting systems incorporating a low or city driving beam, a mid beam, and a high beam.

Data from the 1971 Northern Ireland census by constituency matched with results of the 1973 Assembly & 1975 Convention elections indicate that religion is easily the strongest determinant of partisanship in Ulster. Its influence stretches across the two major sectarian blocs to include the center parties. Virtually no nonreligious variance was found to exist between the constituencies from which the various strands of Loyalism & Unionism, & the Social Democratic & Labor Party, drew their support. The center was found to foster the only party attracting support from a distinct social group, delineated in this case by social class. Nonvoters were drawn from constituencies linked not by religion but by socioeconomic factors. 2 Tables. Modified Author Conclusion.

This article presents a Marxist critique of the Cambridge school, focussing particularly on the work of Piero Sraffa and Joan Robinson. Taking issue with those who see Cambridge economics as a contribution in the Marxian tradition, the author stresses the differences between the approaches of Marx and the Cantabrigians. After pointing out that the latter view history in a non-Marxian way, he goes on to argue that their economics has the effect of mystifying the basic social relations of capitalism. Finally, it is noted that Cambridge economics leads to a political strategy which aims at improving the distribution of income without altering the hierarchical structure of capitalist production.

In the spring of 1973, the author conducted a survey of political scientists teaching Latin American politics at American colleges and universities. The intention was to collect and disseminate information on (1) the techniques used in teaching Latin American politics, (2) the books assigned most frequently to students, (3) the identification of political systems most frequently emphasized in the classroom, and (4) the current level of student interest in the politics of Latin America. In addition to these data, information was gathered on those who teach in the area—i.e., how many have done field research, in which countries do they have the most expertise, and which approaches to political development do they find useful in teaching Latin American politics.