Suchergebnisse

Vietnam'da faaliyet gösteren borsaya kayıtlı şirketler üzerinde gerçekleştirilen bu deneysel çalışma, kurumsal yönetişim ve şirket performansı arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada kurumsal yönetişim; CEO'nun ikili rolü, yönetim kurulunun büyüklüğü, kurulun özerkliği ve sahiplik konsantrasyonları dâhil olmak üzere bir dizi değişken ile temsil edilmiştir. Buna ek olarak şirket performansı; (i) varlık getirisi (ROA), (ii) özsermaye karlılığı (ROE), (iii) Altman'ın (1968) z-skoru ve (iv) Tobin'in Q oranı olmak üzere dört farklı yöntemle ölçülmüştür. Vietnam'da faaliyet gösteren 177 şirketten oluşan veri kümesi üzerinde 2008 ile 2012 arasında 5 senelik bir süre için uygulanabilir genelleştirilmiş En Küçük Kareler (FGLS) modeli kullanılarak elde edilen bulgular kurumsal yönetişim firma performansı üzerindeki birçok etkisini ortaya koymuştur. İlk olarak CEO'nun ikili rolü şirket performansıyla pozitif korelasyona sahiptir. İkinci olarak yönetimsel insiyatifleri ve şirket performansı arasındaki ilişkide yapısal bir değişim mevcuttur. Üçüncüsü ise yönetim kurulunun özerkliğinin şirket performansı üzerinde zıt etkilere sahip olmasıdır. Dördüncü olarak, bu çalışma yönetim kurulu büyüklüğü ile şirket performansı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu destekleyen deneysel bulgulara ulaşamamıştır.

Tanzimat dönemi ile birlikte Osmanlı Devleti'nde ticari hayatta başlayan değişim ve modernleşme çalışmaları neticesinde ticari müesseselerinin değişim ve dönüşümlerine dair meydana gelen gelişmeler incelenerek hazırlanan bu çalışmada, Mustafa Şamlı Mahdumları Ticarethanesi ele alınmıştır. Haliyle Mustafa Şamlı Mahdumları Ticarethanesi çalışmanın konusunu teşkil etmiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın giriş kısmında ticari hayatın düzenleyici otoritesi olan Ticaret ve Ziraat Nezâreti'nin kuruluş süreci ile Osmanlı'da şirketleşme hukukunda meydana gelen gelişmelere değinilmekle birlikte nezâretin öncülük ettiği batı kaynaklı yeni kanun ve düzenlemeler çerçevesinde şirketlerde meydana gelen anonimleşme faaliyetleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Daha sonra 1917 yılında anonimleşecek olan Mustafa Şamlı Mahdumları Müessesât-ı Ticariyyesi hakkında bilgi verilerek ticarethanenin faaliyetleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Ticarethanenin idari yapılanmasında meydana gelen değişim sonucunda 19 Mayıs 1917 tarihinde kurulan Mustafa Şamlı Mahdumu Müessesât-ı Ticaret-i Anonim Şirket-i Osmaniyesi'nin kuruluş süreci ve faaliyetleri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirmede ana kaynak olarak istifade edilen arşiv belgelerinin yanı sıra literatürde yer alan araştırma inceleme eserlerden ve basın yayın organlarından da yararlanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda Mustafa Şamlı Mahdumları Ticarethanesi'nin kuruluş süreci ve idari yapının yaşamış olduğu değişime yönelik bilgiler ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca 1850 ile 1931 yılları arasında gerek ulusal gerekse uluslararası sahada gerçekleştirilmiş olan ticari faaliyetler incelenerek ticarethane tanıtılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çerçevede yürütülen çalışma neticesinde ticarethanenin tekstil ve madencilik sektöründe faaliyet yürüttüğü saptanmıştır. Ayrıca ticarethanenin ülke içerisinde İstanbul ve çevresi ile ülke dışında Almanya, İngiltere ve Fransa gibi batılı ülkelerle ticari münasebetler içerisinde bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.

"In the time of the 'Great Powers', Stratford Canning served as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during several long missions throughout the first half of the nineteenth century. Drafted into diplomacy by his older cousin and mentor, the statesman George Canning, Stratford arrived in the Ottoman capital at the age of 22 in January 1809, at the height of the Napoleonic Wars. He concluded his final mission there in October 1858, more than two years after the end of the Crimean War. His name became synonymous across Europe with the so-called Eastern Question, the imperial contest between the Powers for leverage in the Levant. Canning was a prominent figure in major diplomatic episoes of the period, including the crucial peace-treaty reached by the Ottomans and Russians in late May 1812, only weeks before Napoleon's invasion of Russia; the war of Greek independence in the 1820s and the negotiation of an independent Greek state in 1832; and the preliminaries of the Crimean War in 1853. He witnessed and documented dramatic moments of Ottoman politics, such as the Vaka-i Hayriye or 'Auspicious Event'- the elimination of the ancient elite palace guards, the Janissaries, by Sultan Mahmud II in June 1826. For decades Canning supported the Ottoman reform movement, and he played a role in developments preceding Sultan Abdulmecit's abolition of capital punishment for apostasy from Islam in March 1844. In The Voice of England in the East, Steven Richmond reconstructs the imperial objectives and diplomatic pratices of the period; and depicts the characters, customs and scenes of Konstantniyye, Ottoman Constantinople. Based upon Canning's personal archive, British and Ottoman diplomatic records, newspaper accounts, correspondence and memoirs, the result is an original study of East-West relations and a novel portrait of empire at the dawn of the industrial era--Bloomsbury Publishing."

Disruptive technological advances will have profound impacts on the employment landscape over the years to come. As in the past, new technologies will change the way humans live and work. Some occupations will become obsolete, while new occupations will emerge. Consequently, people will be displaced from some occupations, be forced to require new skills so that they can work in new occu- pations. Although the introduction of new technologies –robotization– has many dimensions, its effe- cts will range from structural unemployment to distribution of labor income. The first question would be what will be the impact of new technologies on labor demand? Given that new technologies expectedly increase productivity, hence income, the second question would be how the raise be distributed between low and high skilled labor. Hence, this study focuses on the effects of robotization on the structural unemployment, its implications on labor demand and its income distribution effects. I review the current situation of robotization, and make recommendations to policy makers and corporate managers to get prepared for accelerating robotization and not only to mitigate its potential adverse effects on employment and income distribution, but also to take this as an opportunity to increase the quality of life for all. ; Önümüzdeki yıllarda yıkıcı teknolojik ilerlemelerin istihdam üzerinde büyük etkileri olacaktır. Geçmişte olduğu gibi, yeni teknolojiler insanların nasıl yaşadıklarını ve çalıştıklarını değiştirecektir. Bazı meslekler modası geçip yok olacak, buna karşılık yeni meslekler ortaya çıkacaktır. Sonuç olarak, insanlar bazı meslekleri bırakacak; yeni mesleklerde çalışabilmek için ise yeni beceriler edinmek zorunda kalacaklardır. Her ne kadar robotizasyon gibi yeni teknolojilerin yaygınlaşmasının birçok boyutu olsa da, yapısal işsizlikten gelir dağılımına kadar da muhtemel etkileri olacaktır. Akla gelen ilk soru, yeni teknolojilerin işgücü talebi üzerindeki etkisinin ne olacağıdır? Yeni teknolojilerin üretkenliği, dolayısıyla toplam geliri artırdığı düşünüldüğünde, akla gelen ikinci soru ise gelirdeki artışın çalışanların farklı beceri düzeyleri özellikle de düşük ve yüksek kalifiye işgücü arasında nasıl dağılacağı olmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada robotizasyonun yapısal işsizlik, işgücü talebi ve gelir dağılımına etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Robotizasyonun mevcut durumu gözden geçirilerek, gitgide yaygınla- şan robotizasyonun işsizlik ve gelir dağılımı üzerindeki potansiyel olumsuz etkilerinin azaltılmasın yanında robotizasyonun genel yaşam kalitesini yükseltmek için bir fırsat olarak görülmesine yönelik politika yapıcılara ve şirket yöneticilerine tavsiyelerde bulunulmaktadır.

Altuğ, Barış (Dogus Author) ; There are lots of rational and irrational variables that effects stock prices. Dividend payment as a significant variable occupies an important role in the finance literature. The dividend payment polices of the firms can be an indicator for investors. Dividend payments have information contents which indicates corporations' performances. The aim of this study is to examine the dividend payment polices of ISE by panel data regression study. The purpose is to find out the variables that effect the corporations' present and future performances, and to determine the variables that effect dividend payment decisions from differently grouped and arranged data sets. Data sets are formed from annualy balance sheets and dividend payment amounts at a sixty firms sample from ISE. Collected data are arranged and grouped according to certain criterias. Corporations' dividend payments are given yearly to find out the effect of balance sheet variables on the dividend polices. By the way, we tried to make assumptions about the effects of firms' earning changes on the dividend policies. The study is given in three parts. In the firts part; literature surveys about the relevance of dividend payments on the value of the firms, and consequently the effect of dividend payments on the balance sheets are given. In the second part of the study, the important issues effecting the dividend policies of the firms are given by considering Turkish and international markets. And in the last part of the study, an application made on the variables effecting the dividend policies of the firms in ISE between 1991-2000. ; Hisse senetlerinin fiyatlarının etkilendiği kabul edilen, rasyonel ve rasyonel olmayan pek çok değişken bulunmaktadır. Bu değişkenlerden biri olan temettü politikası, üzerine yapılan araştırmalar finans literatüründe önemli bir yere sahiptir. Yatırımcılar için firmaların temettü politikaları yatırım kararı almalarında önemli olabilir. Bunun en önemli sebebi, temettü bir şirketin şu andaki ve gelecekteki performansı ile ilgili bilgiler içermektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası'nda işlem gören şirketlerin izlemekte oldukları temettü politikalarını araştırmak ve panel data regresyon metodunu kullanarak bir şirketin şu andaki ve gelecekteki performansını etkileyen, firmanın temettü dağıtım kararı almasında rol oynayan bilanço değişkenlerinin başlıca hangileri olduğunu, ve ek olarak da bu konuda belli kriterlere göre saptanmış firma grupları arasında belirgin farklar olup olmadığını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu araştırmada, yıllar itibariyle her bir hisse senedinin dağıttığı kâr payları ortaya konmuş ve şirketin bilanço verileri ile bu dağıtım kararı arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Bu yolla şirket kazançlarındaki artış yada azalışların temettü dağıtım kararını etkileyip etkilemediği konusunda sonuçlar çıkarılmıştır. Çalışmamız üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, anonim şirketlerin sermaye yapısı, kâr payı dağıtım ve dağıtılan bu temettülerin şirket değerine ve dolayısı ile bilançoya yansıması ile ilgili kavramsal açıklamalarda bulunulmuştur. İkinci bölümde, firmanın sermaye yapısı ile kâr dağıtım kararı alınmasındaki etkenler ülkemiz piyasalarını göz önünde bulunduran görüşler ortaya konmuştur. Üçüncü ve son bölümde ise, hisse senetlerini İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsasına Kota ettirmiş olan farklı sektörlerdeki işletmelerin sermaye yapıları göz önüne alınarak, farklı sektörlerde yer alan işletmelerin 1991-2000 yılı verileri kullanılarak regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. ; INTRODUCTION, i -- ÖZET, iii -- SUMMARY, iv -- TABLE OF CONTENTS, v -- PART I -- I., THEORETICAL APPROACHES ON THE DIVIDEND POLICY, 1 -- 1.1. OPINIONS ABOUT THE IRRELEVANCE OF THE DIVIDEND -- POLICIES ON THE VALUE OF THE FIRM, 2 -- 1.1.1. The Irrelevance of Dividend Policies in Perfect Markets -- (Dividend Irrelevance Theory), 2 -- 1.1.2. The Irrelevance of the Dividend Policies in Imperfect, -- Markets (Clientele Effect), 3 -- 1.2. OPINIONS ABOUT THE RELEVANCE OF THE DIVIDEND -- POLICIES ON THE VALUE OF THE FIRM, 6 -- 1.2.1. Approaches of Constructive Effect of High Dividend, 6 -- Payment on the Dividend Policies -- 1.2.1.1Bird in Hand Theory, 6 -- 1.2.1.2. Information Content of Dividends, 7 -- 1.2.1.3. Real World Factors Favoring a High Dividend Policy, 10 -- 1.2.1.3.1. Desire for Current Income, 10 -- 1.2.1.3.2. Uncertanity Resolution, 11 -- 1.2.1.3.3. Tax Arbitrage, 11 -- 1.2.1.3.4. Agency Costs, 12 -- 1.2.2. Approaches about the Irrelevance of High Dividend, -- Payments Policies on the Value of the Firm, 13 -- 1.2.2.1. Residual Dividend Policy, 14 -- 1.2.2.1.1. Pure Version, 14 -- 1.2.2.1.2. Smooth Version, 15 -- 1.2.2.1.3. Constant Dividend Payout Rate, 16 -- 1.3. DIVIDEND PAYMENT TYPES, 16 -- 1.3.1. Stock Dividends and Stock Splits, 16 -- 1.3.1.1. Reasons for Stock Dividends and Splits, 16 -- 1.3.2. Stock Repurchases, 17 -- 1.3.2.1. Methods for Repurchase, 18 -- 1.3.2.2. Reasons for Repurchase, 18 -- PART II -- II., IMPORTANT ISSUES THAT EFFECT THE FORMATION, -- OF CORPORATIONS' DIVIDEND POLICIES, 20 -- 2.1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIVIDENDS AND VALUE, 21 -- 2.2. LEGAL RESTRICTIONS, 22 -- 2.3. TAX ARRANGEMENTS, 24 -- 2.4. INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES, 25 -- 2.5. FIRMS CASH POSITION, 26 -- 2.6, RESTRICTION AND COST OF FINANCING POSSIBILITIES, 27 -- 2.7. THE STABILITY OF PROFITS, 28 -- 2.8. DEBT STATUS OF THE FIRMS, 29 -- 2.9. CONSERVATION OF AUTHORITY AT FIRM, 29 -- 2.10. CONFLICTS OF MANAGERIAL BEHAVIOUR -- AND STOCKHOLDERS' ATTITUDE, 29 -- PART III -- III., AN APPLICATION: THE ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS -- EFFECTING THE DIVIDEND POLICIES OF -- THE CORPORATIONS IN ISE, 33 -- 3.1. FORMATION OF DATA, 33 -- 3.2. METHODOLOGY, 34 -- 3.2.1. PANEL DATA, 35 -- 3.3. DATA TABLES, 36 -- 3.4. PANEL DATA AND POOLED LEAST SQUARE -- REGRESSION METHOD RESULTS FROM -- TOTAL ASSET SIZE ARRANGED DATA SET, 37 -- 3.4.1. Panel Data Regression Method Result, -- (Least Square Dummy Variable) From Balance -- Sheet Variables Based, Total Asset Size Arranged Data Set, 37 -- 3.4.2. Pooled Least Square Regression Method Result -- From Balance Sheet Variables Based, Total Asset, -- Size Arranged Data Set, 40 -- 3.4.3. Panel Data Regression Method Results -- (Least Square Dummy Variable) From Ratio Based, -- Total Asset Size Arranged Data Set, 42 -- 3.4.4. Pooled Least Square Regression Method Result -- From Ratio Based, Total Asset Size Arranged Data Set, 44 -- 3.5. PANEL DATA AND POOLED LEAST SQUARE -- REGRESSION METHOD RESULTS ARRANGED -- ACCORDING TO PHS RATIO AT ISE IN 1991, 46 -- 3.5.1. Panel Data Regression Method Result -- (Least Square Dummy Variable) From Balance Sheet, -- Variables Based, PHS Ratio Size Arranged Data Set, 46 -- 3.5.2. Pooled Least Square Regression Method Result -- From Balance Sheet Variable Based, PHS Ratio Size -- Arranged Data Set, 48 -- 3.5.3. Panel Data Regression Method Result -- (Least Square Dummy Variable) From Ratio Based, -- PHS Ratio Size Arranged Data Set, 50 -- 3.5.4. Pooled Regression Method Result From Ratio Based, -- PHS Ratio Size Arranged Data Set, 52 -- 3.6, F TESTS, 54 -- 3.6.1. Result of F Tests, 55 -- 3.7. CLASSICAL LEAST SQUARE METHOD RESULTS, 56 -- 3.7.1. Classical Least Square Method Result From Balance -- Sheet Variables Based Data Set, 56 -- 3.7.2. Classical Least Square Model Result Displaying -- Next Years' Total Dividend Payments From Balance -- Sheet Variables Based, Data Set, 59 -- 3.7.3. Classical Least Square Method Result From Ratio -- Based Data Set -- VI., CONCLUSION, 66 -- TABLES -- , T-I, THE CHOOSEN ISE FIRMS AND -- THEIR SECTORS, 68 -- , T-II, ISE FIRMS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO -- TOTAL ASSETS SIZE IN 1991, 70 -- , T-III, ISE FIRMS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO PHS -- RATIO SIZE IN 1991, 71 -- , T-IV, RATIO BASED DATA ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE -- PHS RATIO SIZE AT ISE IN 1991, 72 -- , T-V, GROUPED RATIO BASED DATA ARRANGED ACCORDING -- TO PHS RATIO SIZE AT ISE IN 1991, 74 -- T-VI, NON-GROUPED (WHOLE DATA SET) RATIO -- BASED DATA SET, 76 -- , T-VII, GROUPED BALANCE SHEET DATA ARRANGED -- ACCORDING TO TOTAL ASSET SIZE IN 1991(YTL), 91 -- , T-VIII GROUPED BALANCE SHEET DATA ARRANGED -- ACCORDING TO PHS RATIO SIZE IN ISE AT 1991 (YTL), 93 -- , T-IX, NON-GROUPED (WHOLE DATA SET) BALANCE SHEET -- DATA, 95 -- REFERENCES, 110 -- CV, 112

The aim of this master's thesis was to examine the intercultural aspects of Turkey's automobilization. The focus here was on two important rulers, in particular the idea and influence of the USA and Germany, including the well-known companies Ford and Mercedes, on Turkish automobilization. It is important because it shows us the dominance of both nations in Turkey, but also the difference of the influence of Ford and Mercedes in the automotive process of Turkey. Siegfried Jäger's Critical Discourse Analysis was used as a prevalent method. The aim of the methodology is to identify the truth that has been governed by certain power relations. The language is the construction system which presents the statements. Critical Discourse Analysis determines these statements on the basis of a structural analysis. The time from the World War I to the 1980s was investigated. Two important events were examined in the source analysis: The foundation of the Ford factory in Karaköy and the foundation of the Otomarsan bus factory in Davutpaşa. All sources come from the Cumhuriyet newspaper; 78 Ford articles from 1930, seven Mercedes articles from 1976 and five Otomarsan articles from 1976 to 1979 were examined. The source analysis has proven the importance of the automobile for Turkey and the interest of society in the automobile. Not only the guiding ideas and visions of Ford and Mercedes influence Turkish automobilization, but also the ideologies of the USA and Germany. On the part of Ford, we see an integration of Ford's work culture (e.g. 8-hour day and minimum wage) into Turkish production, which is perceived very positively by Turkish society. At the same time, Turkey is interested in the USA and in Henry Ford as an employer. Despite Ford's intensive reporting, Mercedes and Otomarsan's reporting was very low. In addition, Otomarsan's first reporting took place long after the company was founded. The newspaper articles prove that Mercedes was very present in Turkey as a German brand. Nevertheless, there is a clear separation between Mercedes and Otomarsan. Thus, Otomarsan positioned itself as a bus factory of Turkish origin ; Söz konusu yüksek lisans tez çalışmasının genel amacı, Türkiye'nin otomobilleşme sürecinde kültürlerarası etkileşim yönlerini incelemektir. Araştırma kapsamında Ford ve Mercedes gibi tanınmış ve sektörde söz sahibi olan iki şirketin yanı sıra ABD ve Almanya'nın Türkiye üzerindeki otomobilleşme etkisi incelenmiştir. Dolayısıyla araştırmanın temel amacı Türkiye'nin otomobilleşme sürecinde her iki ülkenin hakimiyetini ve aynı zamanda Ford ve Mercedes'in etkisinin farklılığını ortaya koymaktır. İlgili çalışmada bilimsel yöntem olarak Siegfried Jäger'in Kritik Söylem Analizi kullanılmıştır. Seçilen metodoloji'nin amacı, belirli bir zaman aralığında egemen olan gerçekliği tanımlamaktır. Açıklamalarda kullanılan dil ve ifade türü söylem analizinin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Kritik Söylem Analizi, söz konusu ifadeleri yapısal bir analiz ile belirlemektedir. Dönem olarak I. Dünya Savaşı'ndan 1980'lere kadar olan süreç araştırma olarak ele alınmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında Karaköy'deki Ford fabrikasının kuruluşu ve Davutpaşa'daki Otomarsan otobüs fabrikasının kuruluşu örnek olay olarak incelenmiştir. Araştırma verisi olarak kullanılan tüm kaynaklar Cumhuriyet gazetesinden elde edilmiştir. Ford ile ilgili veriler fabrikanın kuruluşundan sonra 1930 yılında yayınlanmış 78 adet haber, Mercedes ile ilgili ise 1976 yılında yayınlanmış 7 adet haber ve Otomarsan ile ilgili 1976-1979 yılları arasında yayınlanmış 5 haber incelenmiştir. Verilerin içerik ve söylem analizi ile elde edilen bulgular, otomobilin Türkiye için önemini ve toplumun otomobile olan ilgisinin yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Sadece Ford ve Mercedes'in yol gösterici fikirleri ve vizyonları değil aynı zamanda ABD ve Almanya'nın ideolojileri de Türkiye'nin otomobilleşme sürecinde etkili olmuştur. Ford firması ile ilgili olarak; Ford'un çalışma kültürünün (8 saatlik gün ve asgari ücret . gibi) Türkiye'deki üretim sistemine entegre oluşu Türk toplumu tarafından çok olumlu algılandığı görülmüştür. Aynı zamanda, bu süreçte Türkiye'de çıkan haberlere göre ABD'nin ve bir işveren olarak Henry Ford'un ilgi odağı olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak, Mercedes ve Otomarsan ile ilgili haberlerin Ford ile ilgili haberlerin yoğunluğuna kıyasla çok zayıf olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, Otomarsan ile ilgili ilk haberlerin şirket kurulduktan çok sonra gerçekleştiği görülmüştür. Gazete haberleri Mercedes'in o dönem Türkiye'de önemli bir Alman markası olarak tanındığını göstermektedir. Her ne kadar, Mercedes ile Otomarsan arasında açık bir ayrım olmasa da Otomarsanın kendisini Türkiye menşeli bir otobüs fabrikası olarak konumlandırdığı gözlemlenmektedir.

This dissertation reveals the importance of individuals in the political economy of Mesopotamian oil resources in the foundation process of Iraq after the World War I. One of the consequences of the First World War was the emergence of need for the establisment of a new order in the oil rich ex-Ottoman territories after the disintegration of the empire. The industrialized Western states at that time were in need of more and more energy due to inreasing use of energy both in military and civil areas. Since energy became a matter of priority for these countries, the oil-rich Middle East which meant to get access to new resources became an attractive region for them. The territory was also economically attractive and commercially lucrative for the major oil companies of that time. Oil was the common denominator between states and companies and there was a ground for both struggle and collaboration among these actors. In this process which ended with the the foundation of Iraq and the formation of first oil cartel, the role of Caloust Gulbenkian was interesting and noteworthy. This study approaches to the Iraqi oil issue, which has been usually handled at states level, by taking the individual as the unit of analysis. Within the framework of the theory of the international political economy, literature and archive review have been done. The importance of the role of individuals in the foundation process of Iraq has been scrutinized within the framework of descriptive analysis and the chronology generated from the oil related events of that period of time. According to the findings of the study, the efforts of Caloust Gulbenkian who was also known as "Mr. Five Percent"- the nickname pointing to his role in the process and his share in Iraqi oil- had been influential in bringing together the relevant statesmen and executives of oil companies. The long lasting struggle over Middle Eastern oil ended after a series negotiations, conferences and agreements between states and major oil companies of that time. The struggle over the sharing of the Middle Eastern oil had also been effective in the drawing of the boundaries of Iraq within the new system established in the region after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. This thesis shows that in the foundation process of Iraq the individual level of analysis is important as well as the state level in order to better understand this period. ; Bu tez Birinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra Irak'ın kuruluş sürecinde Mezopotamya petrol kaynaklarının ekonomi politiği açısından bireylerin önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı imparatorluğun dağılmasından sonra eski Osmanlı topraklarında yeni bir düzenin kurulması ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Dönemin endüstrileşmiş Batılı ülkeleri açısından da hem askeri hem sivil alanlarda artan enerji kullanımı nedeniyle daha fazla enerjiye ihtiyaç duyulması söz konusudur. Enerji bu ülkeler için öncelikli bir mesele haline gelmiştir ve petrol zengini Ortadoğu yeni kaynaklara ulaşmak için cazip bir bölge olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu topraklar büyük petrol şirketleri için de ekonomik açıdan cazip ve ticari açıdan da kazançlı bir bölge olarak görülmektedir. Petrol, devletler ve şirketler için bir ortak paydadır ve hem işbirliği hem de çatışmaya müsait bir zemin söz konusudur. İlk petrol kartelinin oluşumu ve Irak'ın kuruluşu ile tamamlanan bu süreçte Kalust Gülbenkyan'ın oynadığı rol ilginç ve kayda değerdir. Bu çalışma, genellikle devletler düzeyinde ele alınan Irak petrolleri konusuna analiz birimi olarak bireyi alarak yaklaşmaktadır. Uluslar arası Ekonomi Politik kuramı çerçevesinde literatür ve arşiv taramaları yapılarak, betimleyici analiz ve oluşturulan kronoloji çerçevesinde Irak'ın kuruluş sürecinde bireylerin oynadığı rolün önemi irdelenmiştir. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre, süreçteki rolü ve Irak petrolündeki payına atfen "Bay Yüzde Beş" olarak da bilinen Kalust Gülbenkyan'ın çabaları, ilgili devlet adamlarını ve şirket yöneticilerini bir araya getirmekte etkili olmuştur. Uzun yıllar süren Ortadoğu petrolleri üzerindeki mücadele, devletler ve petrol şirketlerinin dâhil olduğu bir dizi görüşmeler, konferanslar ve imzalanan anlaşmalar sonunda çözüme kavuşturulmuştur. Ortadoğu petrolleri üzerindeki bu paylaşım mücadelesi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun çöküşünden sonra bölgede kurulan yeni sistemde Irak'ın sınırlarının çizilmesinde de etkili olmuştur. Bu çalışma, Irak'ın kuruluş sürecinde devlet düzeyinin yanı sıra birey düzeyinde analizin de bu dönemi daha iyi anlamak açısından önemli olduğunu göstermektedir.

ÖZET Son zamanlarda meydana gelen şirket iflasları, finansal tablolar üzerinde yapılan hile ve hatalı işlemler şirketlerde güvenilir, şeffaf finansal raporlama sürecinin hayati öneme sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Sürekli değişen ekonomik koşulların ve dünyada her geçen gün artan rekabetin sonucunda, son zamanlarda işletmeler kamuoyuna güvenilir bilgi sunma hususunda üzerlerinde baskı hissetmektedir. Son zamanlarda yaşanan finansal kriz göz önüne alındığında bağımsız denetçilerin finansal piyasalarda oluşan sistematik riske önceden dikkat çekemeyip 2008 finansal krizi engellemek için proaktif rol oynamadığı kolaylıkla anlaşılmaktadır. Finansal tabloların oluşum sürecinde bağımsız denetim, hileli veya hatalı finansal tabloların finansal tablo kullanıcılarına ulaşmasını engelleme amaçlı güven sağlayıcı bir mekanizma olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Birçok şirketin yaşadığı finansal zorluklar şirketin finansal tablolarla ilgili olumlu denetim raporları almaları sonrasında açığa çıkmıştır. Bağımsız denetçilerin finansal tablolarda yer alan hileli veya hatalı işlemlerin farkına varamamalarının nedenleri kamuoyu tarafından tartışılan bir husustur. Araştırmada, bağımsız denetçilerin son zamanlarda yaşanan finansal kriz dönemi öncesinde oluşan riskleri saptayamama ve kamuoyuna bu riskler hususunda gerekli ikazları yapmama nedenlerinin neler olabileceği saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca araştırmada bağımsız denetim mekanizmasının hatalı ve hileli işlemleri saptayabilmedeki rolü ve bağımsız denetim mekanizmasının bu bağlamda karşılaştığı sınırlayıcı faktörler incelenmiştir. Bağımsız denetim sürecinde, bağımsız denetçiler belirli zorluklar yaşamaktadır. Bu zorluklar bağımsız denetim mekanizmasının sınırlayıcı faktörlerinin önemli bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye'de faaliyet gösteren bağımsız denetim firmalarında çalışan bağımsız denetçilere göre, bağımsız denetim sürecinde bağımsız denetçinin performansını etkileyebilecek problemlerin çoğu denetlenen şirketten ve mevcut politika ve düzenlemelerden kaynaklanan problemlerden oluşmaktadır. Global finansal sistemde finansal tabloların Uluslararası Finansal Raporlama Standartlarına uygun olarak hazırlanması ve Uluslararası Denetim Standartları çerçevesinde finansal tabloların denetiminin yapılması iç kontrol, iç denetim ve risk yönetimi konularında uluslararası standartlara uyumu gerekli kılmaktadır. Dünyada uygulanan denetim standartları ile gereken uyumun sağlanamaması bağımsız denetimin yaşadığı önemli sınırlayıcı problemlerden biridir. Bu bağlamda, Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanununun hükümleri ve bu hükümlerin Sarbanes - Oxley Kanunu ile karşılaştırması tez çalışmasında incelenmiştir.ABSTRACTCorporate collapses, frauds and failures arised in recent times has stated the vital importance of credible, transparent, reliable financial reporting process. As a result of daily changing economic conditions, rapidly increasing competition at business world, businesses are under pressure at providing reliable information. If we take into consideration recently happened financial crisis, we can easily realize that external auditors could not play proactive role to hinder 2008 financial crisis by drawing attention to the systematic risk in the financial markets, damaging the entire financial system. At procurement stage of financial reporting, external audit has become an outstanding factor as a trust provider mechanism to prevent fraudulent or misstated financial statements from reaching investing public. Financial difficulties of many corporations became publicly evident soon after receiving unqualified audit reports. The reasons why external auditors could not recognize misstatements or frauds are the debated issue by public eye. In research, I managed to determine what reasons caused external auditors not to inspect and forewarn the public about recently happened financial crisis. Also, at research, possible limitation factors and the role of external audit mechanism to inspect misstatements or frauds are investigated.At external audit process, external auditors live certain difficulties. These difficulties constitute an important part of the limitation factors of external audit mechanism. At external audit process, according to external auditors who are working at external audit firms in Turkey, most of the important problems that limit external auditor performance mainly arise from auditee and current policy and regulation problems. In global financial system, preparation of financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) and external auditing of financial statements in the context of International Auditing Standards ( IAS ) will require especially the adoption of international standards in the issues of internal controls, internal audit and risk management. Lack of compliance between auditing standards at world countries is also another limitative problem on external auditing. The New Code require the adoption of international standards in the matters such as internal controls, internal audit and risk management. In this regard, the New Code's provisions and comparison of major provisions of the New Code with Sarbanes Oxley Act are also investigated at this dissertation.

ÖZKüresel ilaç ve biyoteknoloji endüstrisi 2011 yılı sonu itibariyle yaklaşık960 milyar dolar tutarında bir hacme ulaşmış ve önceki beşyıllık dönemde ortalama yıllık % 7,8 seviyesinde bir büyümesergilemiştir. Yeniilaçkeşfi, geliştirmesi ve pazarlaması üstüne kurulu iş modeliyle, ve 20 yıllık patent hakkının sağladığı korumayla bu endüstrikalıcı ve istikrarlı bir büyüme yaşamıştır. Tarihsel olarak civarındabrüt kâr marjı, -50 aralığındafaaliyetmarjı ve sağlıklı serbest nakitakışı sayesinde ilaç endüstrisi kârlı bir endüstri olagelmiştir.Ancak endüstrinin büyümesini sağlayan bu ilaçların patent koruma sürelerininson yıllarda teker teker dolmasıyla endüstri yaklaşık 125 milyar dolar civarında bir satış kaybı yaşamış, vegüçlü bir yeni ürün hattınınolmamasından dolayı bu kaybı telaffi edememiştir. İlaç maliyetleri çoğunlukla devletler tarafından karşılandığından endüstri genellikle olumlu bir ekonomik büyüme ortamından yararlanagelmiştir. Yavaşlayanküresel ekonomive yaşlanan nüfusa bağlı artansağlıkkaynakları kullanımı, özellikleAmerika BirleşikDevletleri veAvrupaBirliğiülkelerinde sağlığa ayrılan fonların ekonomiye oranının artmasına neden olup endüstrinin aleyhinde bir durum yaratmıştır.Sonuç olarak ilaç şirketleri bu olumsuzpiyasa koşullarının üstünden gelmek vebüyümelerinisürdürmek içinyeni büyüme stratejileri arama yoluna gitmiş, vesüratlegelişmekte olan, ve Türkiye'nin de dahil kabul edildiği Yükselen BRIC(Brezilya, Hindistan, ÇinveBrezilya) Pazarlarına öncelik vermişlerdir. Bu ekonomilerin, %5-10 yıllık GSYİH büyüme sergilemeleri, nüfuslarının sağlık hizmetlerine erişiminin ve ihtiyariharcamalarının artması tümküresel ilaç şirketleriiçinumut verici birgörünümsunmuştur.Ancak, hergelişmekte olan piyasakendine özgünsosyo-ekonomik ve politik özellikler gösterdiğindengelişmiş piyasalardabaşarılı olmuş yöntemleri aynen uygulamak aynı başarıyı tekrarlamaya yeterli olmayacaktır. Bir önliteratür taramasıbuaraştırma konusununincelenmediğini ortaya koymuştur. Butezinamacı Yükselen Pazarlarda ilaç ve biyoteknoloji şirketlerininkârlı büyümesini teminen nitelvenicel olarak başarı etmenlerini araştırmaktır.Niteliksel araştırma yöntemi akademik kurumlarca basılmışyayınları, düşüncetankları, yaşam bilimlerisanayidergileri, hükümetlerveyönetim danışmanlıkfirmalarının yayınları taranması ve bahsi geçen başarılı uygulamaların saptanması şeklinde gerçekleştirilmiştir.Retrospektif gözlemselmalianalizigerçekleştirmek amacıyla ise, küresel ölçektefaaliyet gösteren en büyük 14ilaç vebiyoteknoloji şirket verileri yatırımcılara açık kaynaklardan derlenmiş, ve endüstride yaygın olarak kullanılan finansal yaklaşım yöntemi kullanılarak ikiayrı gruptaincelenmiştir.Sermayekârlılığı ve yatırımcılara geri dönüş değişkenleri 2009 den2011'i kapsayanüç yıllık birsüre içindedeğerlendirilmiştir. 2007-2011dönemine de bakılmakla beraber 2008ekonomik krizinin olumsuz ve tekil etkileri dolayısıyla bu dönemi kullanmaktan vazgeçilmiştir. Buçalışma, ilaç ve biyoteknolojişirketleri için bu firmaların ürün portföylerinin farklı olmasından dolayı, ayrı ayrı tekrarlanmıştır.Karşıılaştırmalıçıkarıma gidebilmek içintakvim ve maliyıllarnormalize edilmiştir.Araştırmaya alınan ilaç ve biyoteknoloji firmaları AmerikaBirleşik Devletleri, İngiltereveyaİsviçre merkezli, dünya çapındaoperasyonları olan,yıllık satışları 20 ila61 milyar dolar aralğında ve hisseleri NYSE veya NASDAQ'ta işlem gören firmalar arasından derlenmiştir.Yatırımcıya Geri Dönüşve Yatırılan Sermaye Dönüşü parametrelrini belirlemek için kamuya aşık şirketlerin malikaynaklarıtoplanmış vedaha sonrakarşılaştırmalısonuç eldeedebilmek içintakvim yıllarıyla firmaların maliyıllarıayarlanmak suretiylenormalize edilmiştir.Nitel çalışma ilaç ve biyoteknoloji firmalarının Gelişmekte OlanPazarlarda yatırımcıdeğeri oluşturmak ve rekabetçi kalmak için tez kapsamında bulunan yedibaşarı faktörü aşağıda sıralanmıştır:1. Yerli Üretim Yapabilme Kabiliyeti2. Hızlı ve iyi ilişkilere dayanan Ruhsat ve Düzenleme Yetenekleri3. Ticari Organizasyon ModelininYükselen Pazar Koşullarınahitabedebilmesi4. GenişveVerimli bir Dağıtım Ağına Sahib olabilmek5. Devlet İhalelerinde Dinamik FiyatlandırmaYetenekleri6. Yerel Klinil Çalışma yapan düşünce liderlerini küreselKlinik Çalışma ve ürün geliştirme yapan liderlerlebütünleştirebilen bir Medikal Bölüm kabiliyeti, ve7. Yetkin ve yetenekli yerel personele erişim, işe alma ve işte tutma becerisi.Nicel olaraksa, Amerika BirleşikDevletleri'nde elde edilensatışYatırımcıya Geri Dönüş itibariylepozitif birkorelasyon gösterirken Yükselen Pazarlardakı satış geliri ilepozitif bir korelasyongörülmemiştir. Aynı örneklem için, Yatırılan Sermaye Kârlılığı hemilaç ve biyoteknolojifirmalarının satış gelirleri ilepozitif bir korelasyongöstermiştir. Bu bulgular, firmaların Yükselen Pazarlara girerken Yatırımcıya Geri Dönüş açısından getiri beklememelerini ve Yatırılan Sermaye Geri dönüşübazında da mütevazıbir beklentiiçinde olmalarını ortaya koymaktadır.ABSTRACTThe global pharmaceutical industry generated approximately $960 billion in revenue in 2011 demonstrating a 7.8% compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) for the preceding five years. This industry, with its foundation in discovering, developing and marketing innovative medications had the benefit of patent lives -lasting around 20 years- providing sustenance for the business to grow steadily. It has been historically a profitable business with gross margins around 80% and operating margins in the range of 40-50%.While the industry enjoyed sustained free cash flow, over the last few years, it has been challenged by the expiry of patents of its products leading to massive revenue losses estimated around $125 billion and lack of a robust product pipeline to replace the lost revenue. Since the industry heavily relies on the governments to pay for its medicinal products, it thrives on a healthy economic mega-system. Industry's challenge was further compounded by a slowing global economy and an aging population utilizing more healthcare resources and increasing healthcare costs in developed countries, particularly in the United States and the European Union countries. These unfavorable market conditions pushed the pharmaceutical companies to identify new strategic value levers to sustain its growth, and consequently the industry set out to expeditiously expand its footprint in the emerging markets. As the beneficiaries of the globalizing economy, the BRIC (Brazil, India, China & Brazil) bloc of countries and Turkey had offered the biggest growth platform. These economies have demonstrated a vivid GDP growth in the range of 5-10% annual growth and, thanks to an increase in access to medicine and surge in discretionary spending of their population; offer a promising outlook to all global companies. In this context, products of pharmaceutical companies are well-positioned to address healthcare needs of the growing and aging populations in the Emerging Markets.Nonetheless, each individual emerging market demonstrates unique socio-economic and political characteristics, and even as a bloc do not present characteristics similar to developed markets due to a variety of underlying reasons.A preliminary literature review had indicated that this research topic was not sufficiently examined leaving an opportunity to investigate. Consequently, the objective of the thesis was established to explore this non-trivial Emerging Markets growth challenge on qualitative and quantitative fronts that would link both business strategy and financial outcome aspects to the pressing dilemma of profitably growing in the Emerging Markets.In order to perform the retrospective observational financial analysis, a total of 14 large companies operating on a global scale were identified, and investigated in two distinct groups under pharmaceutical and biotechnology company peer sets.A shareholder value analysis framework was utilized to map out the financial levers of value generation focusing on Total Return on Shareholder Value (TRS) and Return on Invested Capital (ROIC). The relationships between the geographic revenue breakdown and the two aforementioned parameters were tested by conducting a correlation analysis. These two parameters were collected over a three year period from 2009 through 2011. Similarly, a five year period ranging from 2007 through 2011 was also initially explored but then later discontinued since the 2008 economic downturn was identified as a disruptive confounding factor to the ability to draw meaningful conclusions.The correlation analysis was performed separately for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Pharmaceutical companies operate with a more traditional, primary care focused small molecule product portfolio whereas the biotechnology companies discover, develop and market expensive biologics products targeting specialists. Therefore, these two groups of life sciences companies were investigated in separate peer groups.The selected pharmaceutical companies were the largest among their peers by revenue which ranged from $20 to $61 billion. Correspondingly, their market capitalization was also among the highest in their peer set. While these companies were headquartered in the United States, United Kingdom or Switzerland; their common stock were all traded in NYSE. Also, they all recognized revenue through their worldwide operations that would allow to compare performance by geographic denominations. Similarly, seven largest biotechnology companies were all publicly traded in NYSE.Company financials to determine TRS and ROIC were collected through public sources, and later normalized by adjusting their fiscal years to the calendar years to be able to draw comparative conclusions.The qualitative study led to the identification of the following seven key success factors that the pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies need to perform exceptionally well to stay competitive in the Emerging Markets:1.Local Manufacturing Presence2.Building Agile Regulatory Affairs Capabilities3.Commercial Model Addressing Emerging Market Needs4.Broad and Efficient Distribution Network5.Dynamic Pricing and Contracting Capabilities6.Emerging Market Medical Affairs Capabilities Connecting Local Thought Leaders to Global Clinical Development Leaders7.Access to and Retention of Local TalentThe quantitative analysis suggested that TRS did not show a positive correlation with the revenue booked in the Emerging Markets whereas the United States revenue showed a positive correlation. For the same sample set, the ROIC showed a positive correlation with the revenue booked by both pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, suggesting that in the period of this study life sciences companies that enter the Emerging Markets should not expect an appreciation for their stock price while they will gain some modest returns on their invested capitals.

"DOLL STEPS" AS A BRAINSTORMING GAME TO IMPROVE THE SPEAKING SKILL IN PROCEDURE TEXT OF THE NINTH GRADERS OF SMPN I MOJOKERTO JOURNAL BY ELIASANTI AGUSTINA NIM. 102084007 ADVISOR Dra. THERESIA KUMALARINI, M.Pd. NIP. 19521014 197903 2 001 SURABAYA STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM 2014 "DOLL STEPS" AS A BRAINSTORMING GAME TO IMPROVE THE SPEAKING SKILL IN PROCEDURE TEXT OF THE NINTH GRADERS OF SMPN I MOJOKERTO Eliasanti Agustina English Study Program FBS Surabaya State University elia.englishedu2010@gmail.com Dra.Theresia Kumalarini, M.Pd. Lecturer of English Study Program FBS Surabaya State University kumala_rini52@yahoo.co.id ABSTRAK Pengajaran berbicara bahasa Inggris di banyak sekolah tidak memfasilitasi siswa untuk menjadi terampil. Akibatnya, keterampilan berbicara mereka masih kurang memuaskan. Dengan demikian, guru harus menggunakan cara yang tepat untuk mengajarkan keterampilan berbicara berdasarkan kebutuhan siswa. Di sini peneliti menyarankan guru untuk menerapkan permainan brainstorming bernama "DOLL STEPS" yang bertujuan untuk membantu siswa memiliki kesempatan yang sama untuk menjadi aktif dan kritis, membangun kebiasaan untuk berbicara menggunakann bahasa Inggris, berbagi dan mendapatkan pengetahuan, berbicara dengan fasih dan bebas , berkaitan dengan topik yang diberikan , siap dengan tugas inti dalam pelajaran berbicara, dan belajar untuk memperhatikan pembicara yang lain. Penelitian ini fokus pada berbicara teks prosedur. Penelitian kuantitatif eksperimental ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kemampuan berbicara siswa setelah penerapan "DOLL STEPS". Populasinya adalah siswa kelas Sembilan di SMPN 1 Mojokerto, sedangkan sampelnya adalah IX E sebagai kelompok eksperimen dan IX F sebagai kelompok kontrol. Untuk mendapatkan data, masing-masing kelompok diberi pre-test untuk menemukan kesetaraan kemampuan dan post-test untuk menemukan pencapaian yang berbeda. Peneliti menggunakan rumus t -test untuk menganalisa data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa skor post-test dari kelompok eksperimen lebih tinggi daripada kelompok kontrol. Kesimpulannya, direkomendasikan kepada guru bahasa Inggris bahwa permainan "Doll Steps" dapat digunakan untuk mengajar keterampilan berbicara sehingga dapat mencapai target belajar bahasa Inggris . Keyword : "Doll Steps", Keterampilan Berbicara , Teks Prosedur ABSTRACT The teachings of speaking in many schools do not facilitate students to be skillfull in speaking. Consequently, their oral skill is still unsatisfactory. Thus, the teacher has to use an appropriate way to teach speaking based on the students' need. Here the researcher suggested the teacher to implement brainstorming game namely DOLL STEPS which aims to help students have the same chance to be active and critical, build a habit to speak English, share and get knowledge, speak in fluent and free way, be enganged with the topic given, be ready in the main speaking task, and learn to pay attention to other's talk. This study focuses on speaking procedure text.This experimental quantitative research aims to know how the students' speaking skill after the implementation of "DOLL STEPS" is. The population was the ninth graders of SMPN 1 Mojokerto, whose sample was IX E as the experimental group and IX F as the control group. To get the data, each group was given a pre-test to find their equality and post-test to find the different achievement. The researcher used t-test formula to analyze the data. The result of the study showed that the post-test scores of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group. Finally, it is recomended that English teachers use Doll Steps game in teaching speaking skill to meet the target of learning English. Keyword: Doll Steps, Speaking Skill, Procedure Texts INTRODUCTION English proficiency is a must in the era of communication and globalization. English is seriously learned by many people to have a good prospect in the communication and also to get more information of international world. It can be seen in Indonesia that English is learned by children from elementary school to students of higher education. Therefore, our government seriously provides the appropriate curriculum about this subject. English lesson in junior high school function as a tool of self-development of students in science, technology and art. After completing their studies, they are expected to grow and develop into individuals who are intelligent, skilled and personable also ready to take a role in national development. In line with the explanation above is Indonesian law number 20 year 2003 about National Education System Article 37 paragraph 1, one of them states that language study materials include a foreign language with consideration of foreign languages, especially English is an international language which is a very important utility in global society (2006 : 282). Hence, English language become the principle subject which determines student graduation. This is proven by the fact that English is the subjects that is always included in the national examination in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of National Education Number 78 Year 2008 on National Examination for Secondary level in Article 6 states that the subjects tested in the examination include Indonesian, English, Mathematics, and Science. In the process of learning English, a teacher must be able to master the language pretty well. Moreover she must be able to master how to teach English properly and how to transfer knowledge and experience of the teacher to the learners. Thus, there has to be many efforts to do in order to create an interesting English learning that can motivate students to enhance learners' capacity in learning English. That is why, it is recommended that the teaching of English, should bring English atmosphere in it. Being a good teacher, she should be able to bring it in teaching and learning process, because if the atmosphere can not be brought into the process, the students will not get a clear purpose, why they have to learn the lesson and what is the importance of learning it for their daily lives. According to Depdiknas (2006:307), the teaching of English consists of four language skills, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing and other three components, pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Each skill has different purposes to help students master English. The uppermost important language skill in learning English is a skill in oral communication or generally called speaking. As declared by Aliakbar & Jamalvadi, speaking is crucial since it is the vehicle of social solidarity, social rank, the business world and as a medium for learning language. Learning objectives of speaking have been clearly stated in the English curriculum. The goal is students are able to communicate efficiently. "Learning speaking should improve the communication skills of learners to be able to express and learn to follow the appropriate social and cultural development" (Kayi, 2006: 1). Unfortunately the current condition shows that English Foreign Language (EFL) learners, in this term is Indonesian learners, are reluctant to speak English in the classroom. The problem is commonly found in EFL class. It is caused by some factors such as they do not have the confidence to do conversation in English, they are afraid of making mistakes and then laughed by their peers, they have limited vocabulary so that they know what to say in bahasa but not in English and many more. Sometimes the topic given is too high for them so they prefer to be silent. In addition, some students did not get a chance to speak in class because of the domination by particular learners. Consequently, students have fewer opportunities to learn from speaking than the more oral students. For sure it will affect to their ability and their score in speaking skill as well. Students who do not take charge in their learning are unable to take full advantage of learning opportunities. This is a problem that faces many Asian students who are generally more reserved than western students (Tsui , 1996). As teachers, we can try to overcome students' problem by using suitable warm-up activities, in this case called brainstorming game. Basically the use of brainstorming game in teaching and learning activities is not a must considering the effectiveness and time required. However, occasionally it is necessary to use the game to support the implementation of learning English. Brainstorming game can facilitate and create a strong positive effect on the atmosphere and also relaxed for students in doing classroom learning activities, considering that English is still a scourge for most students. That warm-up activity also helps students to have an overview about the main speaking task. In addition, the nature of game is fun so it can increase students' motivation and able to overcome shyness. Consequently, they will be able to express their ideas freely because through playing the game they may not consider that they are learning. Implementation of learning strategy in SMPN 1 Mojokerto strongly support the achievement of the speaking purpose itself. Learning strategy requires students to be independent, critical, and active in expressing their opinion. However at the presentation time most of the students do not focus in listening to the speaker. Sometimes they are busy with their own tasks even do not appreciate the presenter. Moreover, frequently there are learners who like to cut the talks of presenter with things that are not discussed. This affects condition of other students and causes confussion in the classroom. Teachers will be exhausted to remind them repeatedly. Dealing with the issues above, a teacher needs appropriate strategy and media which can control the class order and boost students' score in speaking English. There are some alternatives of speaking games that can be used in order to improve the students' speaking ability. One of the games that can be used is the Doll Steps game. This game is actually taken from the Chain Story ideas that are commonly used in the teaching of narrative text and also Talking Stick, but the writer gives a little modification in the content of the media itself, so that produces a new media that is Doll Steps game. As a result students will pay attention to the presenter when she is speaking. This teaching strategy can be used in teaching any texts. Based on Competence Based Curriculum Issued (KTSP) 2006, there are five genres that are introduced to Junior High school students. Those are procedure, descriptive, recount, narrative and report text. Those kinds of texts are expected to be mastered by the students well. Among those genres, a procedure text is easily understood by the students as it is commonly found in their environment. The text can be found on the sachet of instant foods and beverages also on the box of electronic machine. Additionally, procedure text is a genre which has to be mastered by students, especially the ninth graders as it is already stated in Standar Isi and Standar Kompetensi. In procedure text, students are told the way how something is achieved by doing sequence steps. The text includes set of suggestion on how to do something, how to operate something and how to get to a certain place or direction. To apply Doll Steps for procedure text, the speaker gives direction or step. All students will be treated fairly. They will get same chance to speak, so it is expected by applying this game, students will be able to speak English effortlessly and without hesitant. Doll Steps will be very advantageous for teaching speaking procedure text of the ninth graders in SMPN 1 Mojokerto. This study will discus the activities during the learning process using Doll Steps. The implementation here will be different from the concept in general as it will be modified by the music so that students feel comfortable. Researcher found a previous study on the use of brainstorming carried out in Oral Communication classes at a Japanese senior high school which was observed by Culen (1998) entitled, "Brainstorming Before Speaking Task". Brainstorming used was Information Gap. The evaluation of the study showed that an increase in speaking time and a more positive atmosphere are two benefits that brainstorming can bring to speaking class. Based on the background and the problems above, the research conducted to investigate how the students' speaking skill after the implementation of Doll Steps is. METHOD Concerning with the research question in the previous chapter, the writer used experimental quantitative research design. According to Ary, (1985) in Denik lejar (2012) Experimental design refers to the conceptual framework where the experiment is conducted. There were two groups involved in this study, experimental group (class IX E ) and control group (class IX F), which were randomly assigned. The two groups were given a pre-test to examine whether they were in the equal level or not. Then the experimental group was given a treatment by using Doll Steps in their teaching and learning process for several times. On the contrary, the control group was taught conventionally. At the end, both of the groups were given a post-test to measure the effectiveness of Doll Steps for teaching speaking procedure texts to Junior High school. The population used in this research was the ninth graders of SMP Negeri I Mojokerto. The researcher chose two classes randomly as the samples. In this research, the researcher chooses probability sampling, especially cluster random sampling. After getting two classes, the researcher randomly assigned which one was the experimental group and which was the control group. The two chosen classes should be equal, to avoid any unexpected effect. In this study, the sample was class IX E as the experimental group, and class IX F as the control group. Each of them consists of 26 students. This study used test as the instrument. The tests consisted of pre-test and post-test. The items used in the tests were exactly the same. The pre-test and post-test were administered to know whether the model of learning is successful or not. From the two tests, the researcher got scores of speaking tests as the data. Before the tests were administered, a tryout was conducted to analyze the reliability of the test be used for pre-test and post-test also to know the appropriate test items for the students' level. The try-out test was given to the students who were given neither pre-test nor post-test. The number of the test items was just 2 instructions in the form of oral test. The results showed that the test items had a high validity because all of the components of the test items were according to the standard competency (see table 1) and has been approved by the experts (lecture of UNESA and the English teacher of SMPN I Mojokerto). While to know the reliability, the researcher used interrater reliability method. It means, one test will be administered once, but it is scored by two people. If the result from those two people are same or almost the same, means the test are valid and can be used in collecting data. Therefore, for the results showed that the test items were in high validity and reliability. Table 1 Scale of Validity Test Item Standard Competency Validity How to send a picture through e-mail How to make a glass of iced lemon tea 4.2.1 Mengungkapkan makna dalam monolog pendek sederhana dengan menggunakan ragam bahasa lisan secara akurat, lancar, dan berterima untuk berinteraksi dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dalam teks berbentuk procedure Valid Valid When the students came in front of the class and produced a monologue related to the lesson given, their performance was analyzed and scored based on some aspects. They are pronunciation, grammar, fluency, vocabulary, organization and comprehension. Each aspect has its own point and description. The measurement adopted from Oller (Language Tests at School, 1979, pp. 320-323). A quantitative data analysis was conducted in this study. The scores of students' speaking tests were analyzed by using t-test­ formula because the result of the study was determined by the comparison of the post-test scores of the two groups. Moreover it is used to analyze the significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the two groups. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Result The Implementation of Doll Steps in Teaching Speaking The research was done on December 9th up to 12th 2014. Furthermore, six meetings were needed to accomplish the research; try-out, pre-test, treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3, and post-test. It is held to find out the influence of using brainstorming game called "DOLL STEPS" to improve students' speaking skill in Procedure text. It was investigated through comparing the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test between the experimental and control group. Below is the statistics table of scores of both groups in pretest and posttest. Table 2 Scores of Pre-test for Experimental and Control Group Based on the calculation of the scores, it was found that the mean of the pretest scores of the experimental group was 70.2 and the control group was 65.4. From the table above, it can be seen that the Tvalue of pretest of the Experimental and control group with the level of significance of .05 and 58 (60) degree of freedom was 1.3 and the Ttable was 2,009. If the T table was higher than the Tvalue . it means that there is no significant difference between Experimental and Control group. Oller's speaking measurement considers that both of the groups belong to level 3. From those results, the researcher assumed that the members of the two groups had equal level of speaking ability before the treatments were given. Table 3 Scores of Post-test for Experimental and Control Group From the calculation, the Mean of Experimental group was 81.9 which belongs to level 3+ and the Mean of Control group was 66.8 which belongs to level 3. It was clearly seen that the scores of experimental group the Mean of experimental group was much higher than the Mean of control group. Moreover the level of experimental is one level above the control group. The scores also have a better improvement. It can be seen at the pretest, the mean of experimental group was 70.2 and belongs to level 3. It significantly increased at the post-test the mean of which 81.9 and belongs to level 3+. It is because the experimental group was given a treatment by using Doll Steps game. The game was able to help students to produce oral speaking text fluently. The significant difference of the post-test scores of experimental The T value of post-test scores of experimental and control groups with level significance .05 and 58 (60) degree of freedom was 8.9 and the T table was 2.009. From the table above, it can be seen that the result of T table was lower than the T value. Therefore, it shows that there was a significant difference between two groups. In other words, there was a significant improvement between those who were taught by using Doll Steps game. Discussion As stated in chapter II, Kattlen (2005:31) defines that speaking as an interactive process of constructing meaning involves producing, receiving and processing information. However, some teachers and pupils mean every sound which comes out of the mouth is called speaking activity. It is totally wrong since speaking is human daily activity in which human expresses the ideas through the oral words about his need, feelings and thought that he wants other people hear. It must use his oral words not the words from the texts, recorders or other people's words. In the second chapter, it can be seen that speaking is a productive skill not a receptive skill, so here the speaker must produce meaningful words not copying or imitating. Therefore, it is necessary that students not only be able to pronounce words correctly but also produce oral words fluently in order to improve the speaking skill of the students, in this case is in a procedure text. Then, the researcher favored Doll Steps game as an alternative way to ease students creates a procedure text orally. The oral words should create spontaneously which means that the words must be original words from the learners. Moreover from the contrasting scores of the post-test between two groups, it can be stated that Doll Steps game can be an effective game for teaching speaking procedure texts. The test items consisted of two instructions. In this section, the researcher tried to analyze the findings of the research which was conducted in SMP Negeri I Mojokerto. The first analysis was about the pre-test scores of the experimental and control groups. The result of the pre-test showed that there was no significant difference of both groups. It means that the two groups have equal ability. The second analysis was the post-test scores of Experimental and control groups. Table 3 shows that the mean of post-test scores for Experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Furthermore, the calculation of the t-test showed that there was a significant difference of post-test scores of Experimental and Control group. It seems that the treatments given to experimental group was successful. Table 3 describes clearly that Doll Steps game is effective for teaching speaking procedure texts. It is supported by the result showed that the scores between experimental and control were significantly different. It caused by the treatments given to experimental groups affected the students' speaking ability. The treatments were given three times. During the treatments, the researcher applied steps of Doll Steps game. At the first treatment, the researcher explained and modeled the steps of Doll Steps first. After the researcher explained the strategy and the material, the students were taught a procedure text by applying Doll Steps game. From several treatments, the researcher was sure that "Doll Steps" is effective as an alternative strategy for teaching speaking procedure texts for the ninth graders in SMP Negeri I Mojokerto. Applying Doll Steps allows the following benefits some of which are stated in the second chapter: It takes students to be a critical learner as they develop independence in practicing speaking. It allows students to practice freely. Here they may speak fearless as no one will cut or correct their says as long as it relates with topic given. All the students will be active speakers for they will get their turn to speak up. It engages students in speaking around the topic. It makes students learn to focus on what his friends' saying because in this game they should listen to the step mentioned by their friends to continue the next step. It scaffolds speaking with a variety of texts in all curriculum areas. It helps students to have a habit in speaking English. It makes students easy to produce the procedure text orally in the main activity since this game gives them chance to take and share knowledge with each other. It creates good English athmosphere in class which brings fun and purpossive learning activity. 10. Learners learn to appreciate one another. In conclusion, the calculation of the post-test from experimental and control groups using t-test showed that there was significant difference between them. Moreover the scores of Experimental group increased rapidly. It is statistically proved that Doll Steps game is effective for ninth graders in SMP Negeri I Mojokerto to improve their ability to speak the Procedure texts. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion According to the findings in this research, in the previous chapter, it can be concluded that the post-test scores of the experimental group, who were taught by using Doll Steps game are higher than those of the control group who was taught as usual. It was proven by comparing the mean of post-test between the experimental (81.9) which is considered as level 3+ and control group (66.8) with just in level 3 which is clearly stated by the statistical computation between those two groups. Moreover, it was found that the t value of the t-test (8.9) was higher than the t table (2.00). The result of speaking ability of the experimental group students showed that most of them are very good in spoken procedure with the 3+ level. Some of them got excellent scores with the level 4 even 4+. It means that most of them were able to speak the language with suffecient structural accuracy and vocabulary to participate effectively in most formal and informal conversation on practical, social, and professional topics. Whereas some of them who got 4 and 4+ level were able to use the language fluently and accurately at all levels normally pertinent to professional needs (Oller:1979). Therefore, the research question of this study has been answered well. From the findings above, it can be stated that the Null hypothesis, which stated that there is no significant difference in the speaking ability of procedure texts between the students who are taught by using Doll Steps game and those who are not is rejected. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis which stated there is a significant difference in the speaking ability of procedure texts between the students who are taught by using Doll Steps game and those who are not is confirmed. It can be assumed that teaching speaking procedure texts to ninth graders by using Doll Steps game helps the students to create a procedure text orally in a fluent way and reach a higher achievement. If the teacher implements the Doll Steps game to teach speaking of procedure texts, the students will be able to produce oral procedure text not only easily but also well structured and fluently because from the Doll Steps game they will become confident and critical learners, use their previous knowledge for the speaking task, feel free and confident through the game. Through their friends' sentences they will gain new knowledge such as new vocabulary and how to arrange a good procedure text, so that they can produce the oral text well. In conclusion, it can be said that Doll Steps game is one of the effective teaching speaking games that can be used to teach speaking production of procedure text in the classroom. Suggestion Based on the result of the study, the researcher recommends some advices which are essential. The suggestion may be beneficial for the English teachers and other researchers who conduct a study on speaking skill. For the English teacher Nowadays, when the teaching and learning process is no longer teacher centered but student centered, so the teachers should have some criterion namely: Creative teacher Creative means teachers can do variation in teaching process such as adapting and creating new technique, media, strategy or even game. Good facilitator It means that as a facilitator, teachers should be able to explore students' ability, for instance courage them to solve their learning problem, produce much ideas, give same chance to each students, and give supportive feedback. Selective teacher Teacher should selective in choosing the media, technique, strategy and game used to teach. The things must be appropriate to the curriculum, need, proficiency, and age of the students so that the learning process can meet the target. From all the characteristics above, students will be excited in practicing English orally Linked to the 2006 curriculum, the objective is to make learners able to express the text orally to be used for communication purpose (BSNP, 2006:24). Accordingly, the teacher should use suitable way, one which is giving Doll Steps game. Doll Steps game can give benefits and be implemented as an appropriate game for the students to produce oral procedure texts. For the other researchers Relating to the successful usage of brainstorming game called "DOLL STEPS" to boost speaking score of the ninth graders of SMPN 1 Mojokerto, other researchers who are interested in investigating speaking skill are recommended that they look further on other related aspects of this study. Furthermore, it is suggested to develop this study by exploring the use of this game for other kinds of genre, skills, and level of the students REFERENCES Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen, C. K., & Razavieh, A. 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