Το κείμενο που ακολουθεί αποτυπώνει βασικά θεωρητικά τεκταινόμενα στο εσωτερικό της συγκρουσιακός πολιτικής, κλάδου σε φάση εκρηκτικής ανάπτυξης. Στα εξεταζόμενα θέματα περιλαμβάνονται: η γένεση και ιστορική ιδιαιτερότητα του κοινωνικού κινήματος' η επίδραση κοινωνικών και θεσμικών δομών' τα διεκδικητικά ρεπερτόρια' ο ρόλος της κουλτούρας' το ζήτημα των οργανώσεων' οι συγκρουσιακόί κύκλοι και το πρόβλημα των κινηματικών εκβάσεων. Τίθενται όμως, ακροθιγώς, και ερωτήματα που αφορούν την υφή της τρέχουσας συγκυρίας. Τι κομίζει ο 21ος αιώνας;
The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the empirical research that studies the interactions between economics and politics. In democratic regimes the set of economic policies adopted, is decided through elections where various interests either collide or ally in favor of different politico-economic outcomes. The importance of the economy in voter's decision making process, is identified as a factor that can have distortive effects on incumbents' behavior before elections as those who are opportunistically driven, have the incentive to manipulate fiscal policy to enhance voters' well-being and improve their re-election prospects. Α number of studies shows that significant and robust results in favor of this hypothesis exist. This thesis investigates whether there are other instruments and channels, besides fiscal policy, that can be used by opportunistically motivated politicians as instruments to enhance their re-election possibilities. Moreover, we study the institutional aspects upon which the emergence of such opportunistically induced effects is conditioned. In our study we employ econometric techniques in the context of dynamic panel data analysis and the areas under investigation include the level of product market regulation and the degree by which state participates in economic activity through state owned enterprises. These two areas are subject to governments' decisions and can generate rents for certain parts of the electorate. Additionally, we examine the presence of electoral effects on composite indices that capture broader institutional and legal aspects. Finally, we investigate the existence of politically induced effects at the level of sub-national governmental entities where greater institutional homogeneity can be found. For this, we study for electoral effects on fiscal policy and public hiring for the case of Greek municipalities. Our answers document that evidence of pre-electoral manipulation can be found in the areas under examination with our results depending upon various ...
Το ζήτημα της βιωσιμότητας του δημόσιου χρέους είναι κεντρικής σημασίας στην περίπτωση της Ελλάδας. Κατά κανόνα, η σχετική ανάλυση περιορίζεται στα μέτρα δημοσιονομικής πολιτικής τα οποία εκτιμάται ότι συμβάλλουν στον περιορισμό του δημόσιου χρέους, χωρίς να διερευνώνται οι παράγοντες που προκάλεσαν την κρίση χρέους της χώρας. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η διερεύνηση των προσδιοριστικών παραγόντων της κρίσης χρέους της Ελλάδας και της αναγκαίας στρατηγικής για την αντιμετώπισή της. Στο πλαίσιο αυτής της ανάλυσης αναδεικνύεται ως κεντρικής σημασίας το θέμα της κοινωνικής ανάπτυξης, η οποία βρίσκουμε ότι αποτελεί αναγκαία συνθήκη για τη διασφάλιση της μακροχρόνιας βιωσιμότητας του δημόσιου χρέους της χώρας. ; The issue of public debt sustainability is of exceptional importance in the case of Greece. As a rule, the relevant analysis is limited to the examination of the fiscal policy measures reported to contribute to reducing public debt leaving out the investigation of the factors that caused the country's debt crisis. The objective of the present paper is to explore the determinants of Greece's debt crisis and the strategy required to address it. Our work highlights the issue of social development, which is found to be a necessary condition for ensuring the long run sustainability of the country's public debt.
This thesis examines the macroeconomic effects of Fiscal and Monetary Policy through the lens of Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Models (DSGE) giving emphasis on the issue of the size of government consumption spending multipliers. The goal of any DSGE model is to explain the business cycle properties, the effects of fiscal and monetary policy and more generally perform forecasting and policy analysis of any economy. The starting point before building any DSGE model for a particular economy is to analyze the data (time series) of that economy. Therefore, in Chapter 1 I choose the Greek economy as a case study and by using real annual data for the period 1970-2007 I perform a business cycle analysis of the economy by presenting and comparing the statistical properties (first and second moment properties) of Greek business cycles with that of other developed economies or groups of developed economies mainly members of the Euro area. In addition, I examine the fiscal policy stance in Greece in the last decades. While the cyclical fluctuations of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) affect the fluctuations of many fiscal variables I focus my analysis on government consumption spending and on tax revenue. In Chapter 2, I examine the effects of fiscal and monetary policy and the size of government consumption spending multipliers in closed economy New Keynesian (NK) DSGE models by parameterizing and solving numerically a series of NK models starting from a benchmark simple model and gradually adding to it new characteristics. I show that even models of the same class of DSGE models, i.e., closed economy NK, can deliver different values of government consumption spending multipliers, depending on underlying model features, assumptions and parameter values, such as the type of the utility function reflecting households preferences over consumption and leisure, the degree of price rigidities, monetary policy reaction functions, the size of investment adjustment costs, distortionary vs lump sum taxation, proportion of Rule ...
9 ; S ; [EN] Copper is an essential element in plants. When scarce, copper is acquired from extracellular environment or remobilized from intracellular sites, through members of the high affinity copper transporters family COPT located at the plasma membrane and internal membrane, respectively. Here, we show that COPT3 is an intracellular copper transporter, located at a compartment of the secretory pathway, that is mainly expressed in pollen grains and vascular bundles. Contrary to the COPT1 plasma membrane member, the expression of the internal COPT3 membrane transporter was higher at 12 h than at 0 h of a neutral photoperiod day under copper deficiency. The screening of a library of conditionally overexpressed transcription factors implicated members of the TCP family in the COPT3 differential temporal expression pattern. Particularly, in vitro, TCP16 was found to bind to the COPT3 promoter and down-regulated its expression. Accordingly, TCP16 was mainly expressed at 0 h under copper deficiency and induced at 12 h by copper excess. Moreover, TCP16 overexpression resulted in increased sensitivity to copper deficiency, whereas the tcp16 mutant was sensitive to copper excess. Both copper content and the expression of particular copper status markers were altered in plants with modified levels of TCP16. Consistent with TCP16 affecting pollen development, the lack of COPT3 function led to altered pollen morphology. Furthermore, analysis of copt3 and COPT3 overexpressing plants revealed that COPT3 function exerted a negative effect on TCP16 expression. Taken together, these results suggest a differential daily regulation of copper uptake depending on the external and internal copper pools, in which TCP16 inhibits copper remobilization at dawn through repression of intracellular transporters. This work has been supported by grants BIO2017-87828-C2-1-P (LP) and the TRANSPLANTA Consortium (CSD2007-00057) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, and by FEDER funds from the European Union. NA-C and AC-S ...
Explanations of why migrants return to their countries of origin tend to focus on factors at micro and macro levels: from seeing it as individual choice (e. g. neoclassical economics) or household strategy (e. g. neweconomics of labor migration), to seeing it as determined by structural conditions of receiving or sending countries (e. g. economic cycles, wage differentials, etc.). Yet we know very little about how states of origin combine their policies towards emigrants to establish economic links with them, from remittances to return. With an original dataset for Latin American and Caribbean countries, we can provide an initial descriptive panorama that highlights the choices that countries make in this regard. We compare the return policies to other economic policies geared to emigrants. This helps us in detecting return policies, which is often a neglected dimension in comparative diaspora policy studies, as one among several that states oforigin develop to achieve their economic strategies. Also, this first attempt at descriptive analysis provides further paths to explore the causal links behind diaspora policy development in the realm of economic policy. ; Las explicaciones sobre por qué los migrantes retornan a sus países de origen tienden a centrarse en factores de nivel micro o macro: desde considerar la decisión como una elección individual (la perspectiva de la economía neoclásica) ó como una estrategia familiar (el punto de vista de la nueva economía de la migración laboral) hasta asumir que está determinada por condiciones estructurales de los países receptores o de origen (es decir, por los ciclos económicos, las diferencias salariales, etc.). Muy poco sabemos, sin embargo, sobre cómo los Estados de origen combinan distintas opciones de políticas hacia los emigrantes para establecer vínculos económicos con ellos, desde las remesas hasta el retorno. Empleando un conjunto de datos originales, correspondientes a países de América Latina y el Caribe, brindamos un panorama descriptivo inicial que ...
local policies in relation to Roma Face to Roma, local policies seem to be caught in an absurd cycle of evacuations from settlements, the costs of which are considerable in economic and human terms, for very limited benefits. Local experiences, often based on citizens' initiatives, suggest alternatives to these destructive and sterile cycles. ; politiques locales face aux Roms Face aux Roms, les politiques locales semblent prises dans un cycle absurde d'évacuations des campements, dont les coûts sont considérables aux plans économique et humain, pour des bénéfices bien maigres. Des expériences conduites à l'échelle locale, souvent à partir d'initiatives citoyennes, suggèrent l'existence d'alternatives à ces cycles destructeurs et stériles.
Abstract: Economic theory suggests that dollarization increases the degree of interdependence between the dollarized economy and the anchor country. We test this theory for the case of the U.S. and Ecuador. We perform cointegration and common cycles tests for data at the aggregate and industry levels. The results show that the economies of the U.S. and Ecuador were interrelated prior to dollarization. The interrelation increased after Ecuador adopted the U.S. dollar. This finding holds true for various Ecuadorian industries. Synchronization for the case of the financial industry is particularly revealing, as it shows how dollarization leads to the integration of financial markets.
International audience To palliate the irregular periodicity of Quercus suber acorn production and to sow in the appropriate time, the safe storage of seed of the species is unavoidable. Thus, the aim of this work was to find out a storage method that allows to preserve as long as possible the viability of cork oak acorns, already known as recalcitrant seeds. Thus, the storability of cork oak seeds harvested from two seed sources have been followed through a period of 21 months. After a vigorous cleaning, apparently healthy and intact acorns were subjected to three drying periods and stored under low temperature (0-2°C) within four storage containers. Five hundred acorns from each storage combination were sampled at three-month intervals for moisture content determination, germination tests and acorn losses. Additionally, a nursery experiment was carried out with fifteen-month well preserved acorns to evaluate whether or not they were able to develop further into normal seedlings. The results obtained show that cork oak acorns can be safely stored up to twenty-one months without substantial reduction in germinability. Moreover, storage life span seems influenced by seed origin and drying prior to storage. Sealed drums are better for long storage as compared to unsealed drums and sealed bags here tested. An initial moisture content ranging between 37 and 40 % would be suitable for storage success. Furthermore, results got from nursery trials showed that acorns kept inside sealed drums even ones after one-year storage produce more vigorous seedlings and that sowing of acorns in April seems optimal for containerized seedling production. Certainly, this long safe storage period known for this species is of considerable practical implication to its regeneration, set a solid base for longer seed storage and to carry out further investigations to explain viability loss in these recalcitrant seeds. ; Afin de pallier l'irrégularité des glandées de Chêne-liège et de pouvoir faire le semis des glands au bon moment, le ...
Taking as framework the importance of addressing conceptions about Nature of Science (NoS) and approaching the study of authentic science (scientific practice as is actually carried out in laboratories and other areas), we analyze the implementation of a didactic sequence using an autobiographic narration of an investigation about dengue. The process can be characterized as action research, because it was carried out in successive cycles of planning, implementation, analysis and reflection. The sequence was implemented at the university level and allowed approaching various facets of NoS: trajectories of entry into the system and actors; scientific methodology; construction of hypotheses and development of experimental designs; processes of scientific paper writing; editorial fashions; and science as socially and politically embedded. The proposal appears to have promoted changes in the representations of the students and the identification of biases in their previous scientific training. ; Tomando como marco la importancia de abordar las concepciones sobre la Naturaleza de la Ciencia (NdC) y de acercarnos al estudio de una ciencia auténtica (la práctica científica tal y como se desarrolla en laboratorios y otros ámbitos), analizamos la implementación de una secuencia didáctica utilizando el relato autobiográfico de una investigación sobre dengue. El proceso desarrollado puede caracterizarse como de investigación-acción, ya que se efectuó en ciclos sucesivos de planificación, puesta en práctica, análisis y reflexión. La secuencia fue implementada en el nivel universitario y permitió un acercamiento a diversas facetas de la NdC: trayectorias de ingreso al sistema y actores; metodología científica; construcción de hipótesis y desarrollo de diseños experimentales; proceso de escritura de artículos científicos; modas editoriales; e inserción de la ciencia en la trama social y política. La propuesta habría promovido modificaciones en las representaciones de los estudiantes, así como la identificación de sesgos en su ...
RESUMEN This article aims to assess the general orientation (expansionist or counter-shareholder) of the discretionary component of Brazilian fiscal policy in the period 1995-2017, as well as to verify its position with respect to the business cycle (pro-cyclical or counter-cyclical). To this end, we propose and apply a new methodology to separate the discretionary fiscal impulse from that part of the fiscal outcome obtained from the activation of automatic fiscal stabilisers. We conclude that tax policy: (1) generated a mostly pro-cyclical (destabilising) position of its discretionary component, which led it to amplify rather than dampen business cycles; (2) it could not prevent the government debt-to-GDP ratio from entering an unsustainable path at the end of the period. Some suggestions are made to improve their performance. ; RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar la orientación general (expansionista o contraccionista) del componente discrecional de la política fiscal brasileña en el periodo 1995-2017, así como verificar su posición respecto al ciclo económico (procíclica o anticíclica). Con este fin, proponemos y aplicamos una nueva metodología para separar el impulso fiscal discrecional de la parte del resultado fiscal que se obtiene de la activación de los estabilizadores fiscales automáticos. Concluimos que la política fiscal: 1) generó una posición mayormente procíclica (desestabilizadora) de su componente discrecional, lo que la llevó a amplificar en lugar de amortiguar los ciclos económicos; 2) no pudo evitar que la relación deuda pública/PIB entrase en una trayectoria insostenible al final del periodo. Se hacen algunas sugerencias para mejorar su rendimiento.
165802-1 165802-11 25 16 ; S Hahn, H., Frank, G., Klingler, W., St�rger, A. D., & St�rger, G. (1955). Untersuchungen �ber tern�re Chalkogenide. VI. �ber Tern�re Chalkogenide des Aluminiums, Galliums und Indiums mit Zink, Cadmium und Quecksilber. Zeitschrift f�r anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 279(5-6), 241-270. doi:10.1002/zaac.19552790502 Haeuseler, H. (1978). FIR- und Ramanspektren von ternären Chalkogeniden des Galliums und Indiums mit Zink, Cadmium und Quecksilber. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 26(4), 367-376. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(78)90171-8 Perdew, J. P., Burke, K., & Ernzerhof, M. (1997). Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996)]. Physical Review Letters, 78(7), 1396-1396. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.78.1396 ; Order-disorder phase transitions induced by thermal annealing have been studied in the ordered-vacancy compound ZnGa2Se4 by means of Raman scattering and optical absorption measurements. The partially disordered as-grown sample with tetragonal defect stannite (DS) structure and I (4) over bar 2m space group has been subjected to controlled heating and cooling cycles. In situ Raman scattering measurements carried out during the whole annealing cycle show that annealing the sample to 400 degrees C results in a cation ordering in the sample, leading to the crystallization of the ordered tetragonal defect chalcopyrite (DC) structure with I (4) over bar space group. On decreasing temperature the ordered cation scheme of the DC phase can be retained at ambient conditions. The symmetry of the Raman-active modes in both DS and DC phases is discussed and the similarities and differences between the Raman spectra of the two phases emphasized. The ordered structure of annealed samples is confirmed by optical absorption measurements and ab initio calculations, that show that the direct bandgap of DC-ZnGa2Se4 is larger than that of DS-ZnGa2Se4. This study was supported by the Spanish government MEC under grants MAT2010-21270-C04-01/03/04 and ...
1 11 260 ; S Siebers, D. L. (1998). Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in Diesel Sprays. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/980809 ; Neste Oil, Hydrotreated vegetable oil, premium renewable biofuel for diesel engines, 2014. ; [EN] The fundamental behaviour on ignition and combustion characteristics of blends of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil and Liquid Petroleum Gas was investigated in a constant high pressure, high temperature combustion chamber, using a prototype lab-scale injection system adapted from a conventional common-rail system to conduct the injection events, ensuring that fuel was liquid at any point of the injection system and avoiding the formation of fuel vapour bubbles that could alter the injected fuel behaviour. The ignition delay, flame lift-off length and the soot formation were studied by means of high-speed imaging techniques, for different operating conditions. The aim of the work is to characterize the effect of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil-Liquid Petroleum Gas blend ratios on the previously mentioned parameters. Experimental results show that the behaviour of the fuel blends follow the expected trends of conventional diesel type fuels when varying ambient temperature, density and injection pressure. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil, being the highest reactivity fraction, controls auto ignition of the blend. However, Liquid Petroleum Gas acts as combustion inhibitor increasing both ignition delay and lift-off length as its ratio in the blend increases. As a consequence, the differences observed in terms of flame radiation suggest that increasing Liquid Petroleum Gas fraction reduces soot formation as it promotes a higher air/mixture. The authors acknowledge that this research work has been partly funded by the Government of Spain and FEDER under TRANCO project (TRA2017-87694-R) and by Universitat Politècnica de València through the Programa de Ayudas de Investigación y Desarrollo (PAID01-18) program. Pastor, JV.; García Martínez, A.; Mico Reche, C.; Garcia-Carrero, AA. (2020). Experimental study of ...
Empirical evidence suggests that most firms operate in imperfectly competitivemarkets. We develop a search-matching model between wholesalers and retailers. Firms face search costs and form long-term relationships. Price bargain results in both wholesaler and retailer markups, depending on firms' relative bargaining power. We simulate the model to explore the role of product market search frictions in business cycles. We show that the way search costs are modelled is crucial to provide a realistic picture of firms' business environment and improve the cyclical properties of an otherwise standard real business cycle model.
