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Puntland and Somaliland could be considered as the two only attempts to rebuild a State in Somalia without major involvement of external actors. At least, this is the dominant view, though not shared by the author. Beyond the discussion on this important point, both trajectories illustrate a strategic difference in the way "a Somali State" should be rebuilt. This debate was very apparent in all discussions related to federalism and it has been summed up in the confrontation of two terms: u dhashay versus ku dhashay. The first one refers to people who belong to the clan that claims the ownership of the region. The second refers, on the contrary, to people who are born in the region, without any specific conditions on their clan origin.

Michael Burgess a incontestablement marqué de son empreinte les réflexions sur le fédéralisme, vaste champ d'investigation s'il en est comme il aura pu le démontrer tout au long de sa carrière, depuis sa thèse défendue en décembre 1975 à Leicester, Royaume-Uni, avec pour titre The Imperial Federation Movement in Great Britain, 1869–1893. 40 ans plus tard, un Festschrift au nom évocateur pour celui qui a tant travaillé à la conceptualisation de la distinction entre fédéralisme et fédération, Understanding Federalism and Federation, offre sur son œuvre 15 réflexions d'anthologie, rassemblées à l'initiative de trois proches de Michael Burgess : Alain-G. Gagnon, un collègue devenu ami depuis leur première rencontre, apprend-on dans cet ouvrage, en 1985 à Paris lors d'un congrès de l'Association internationale de science politique, ainsi que Soeren Keil et Sean Mueller, deux de ses disciples, premiers docteurs formés au Centre for Federal Studies qu'il a fondé en 2005 à l'University of Kent, avec son épouse, Marie-Louise, et le soutien de la James Madison Trust.

SOMMAIRE: I. The status of the Brussels region/l. Groups linguistiques/2. Parity ministérielle/3. General considerations/II. The boundaries of the Brussels/III region. Three methodological precepts/l. Precept démocratique/2. The precept fonctionnaliste/3. The participatory precept/IV. Three avenues for reflection within the region bruxelloise/1. The Walloon/A runway La technique/B. Procedure/C. Benefits/D. Inconvénients/2. German-speaking/A. Technique/B. Procedure/C. Benefits/D. Les inconvénients/3. Cooperation/A. Technique/B. Procedure/C. Benefits/D. Inconvenients/V. Three avenues of reflection outside the Brussels region/l. Brussels and the six peripheral municipalities/A. Technique/B. Procedure/C. Benefits/D. Inconvénients/2. The trail of the electoral district of Brussels-Hal-Virvorde/A. Technique/B. Procedure/C. Benefits/D. Inconvénients/3. The runway known as 02/A. Technique/B. Procedure/C. Benefits/D. Inconvenients/[VI]. Runways inside and outside the Brussels region [VII]. Conclusions//This study was carried out as part of the work of the Future Group set up by the Catholic University of Louvain in 1997 to reflect on the issues raised, in particular in institutional terms, by the organisation of the federal state, communities and regions. ; SOMMAIRE : I. Le statut de la région bruxelloise / l. Les groupes linguistiques / 2. La parité ministérielle / 3. Considérations générales / II. Les limites de la région bruxelloise / III. Trois préceptes méthodologiques / l. Le précepte démocratique / 2. Le précepte fonctionnaliste / 3. Le précepte participatif / IV. Trois pistes de réflexion à l'intérieur de la région bruxelloise / 1. La piste wallonne / A. La technique / B. La procédure / C. Avantages / D. Inconvénients / 2. La piste germanophone / A. La technique / B. La procédure / C. Avantages / D. Les inconvénients / 3. La piste de la cooptation / A. La technique / B. La procédure / C. Avantages / D. Inconvénients / V. Trois pistes de réflexion à l'extérieur de la région bruxelloise / l. Bruxelles et les six ...

The purpose of this study is to analyse the various stages leading to the adoption of the "Coordinated Constitution"//SUMMARY: I. Article 198 of the Constitution/II. The proposal of the Federal Government/III. The work of the Constituent/IV. Compliance with Article 198 of the Constitution ; La présente étude a pour objet d'analyser les diverses étapes qui conduisent à l'adoption de "la Constitution coordonnée" // SOMMAIRE : I. L'article 198 de la Constitution / II. La proposition du Gouvernement fédéral / III. Les travaux du Constituant / IV. Le respect de l'article 198 de la Constitution

This is a short description of globalization in the German federal state of Saarland.

The "reform of the state", which took place on 13 July 2001, is part of the perspective of deepening federalism, with significant increases in powers and substantial increases in resources. It helps to create an even more federalised state. — The fifth federalist wave has the scope of the new wave. It resists singular accents. It is decisively innovating: differentiated conceptions of citizenship, antagonistic conceptions of solidarity ; La « réforme de l'Etat » qui se réalise le 13 juillet 2001, s'inscrit dans la perspective de l'approfondissement du fédéralisme, avec des accroissements significatifs de compétences, des accroissements substantiels de moyens. Elle contribue à instaurer un Etat plus fédéralisé encore. - La cinquième vague fédéraliste a les allures de la nouvelle vague. Elle résonne d'accents singuliers. Elle innove résolument : conceptions différenciées de la citoyenneté, conceptions antagonistes de la solidarité

The aim of this work is to give historical insight into the federal tax co-participation regime. There are two main periods: the pre-Federal co-participation of taxes (1853-1934), characterised as competitive federalism, and the co-participation of taxes from 1935 to the present day. In this second large period, nine stages or periods are distinguished on the basis of legislative developments and quantitative results. The first five stages include birth, maturation and processing, extending from 1935 to the end of the 1970s. The sixth period (1980-1984) starts the path towards the disruption and fall of the regime, leading to the next three periods (1985-87; 1988-89 and 1990 to the present day) of the birth and consolidation of coercive federalism. Each of these periods leaves lessons and lessons that can be useful for the design of a new scheme. Project "Regional Disparities and Fiscal Federalism: A proposal for the reform of the Federal co-participation regime for taxes in Argentina "in the Department of Economics of the UNLP is supported by the Tinker Foundation. Director of the Project: Dr Alberto Porto. Department of Economics ; The aim of this paper is to make an historical review of the Argentine Revenue Sharing System. Two main periods are distinguished: one previous to the Revenue Sharing System (1853-1934), characterized as Competitive Federalism; and the Revenue Sharing period itself, from 1935 onwards. Within this second period nine sub-periods are distinguished according to the evolution Revenue Sharing both legally and quantitatively. The first five sub-periods (from 1935 to the 70s) include the birth, maturing and improvement of the regimen; the system evolved from a Competitive to a Cooperative federalism. The sixth period (1980-1984) starts the way towards the disarticulation and the end of the regimen, giving place to the following three periods of birth and consolidation of the Coercitive Federalism. Each period generates illuminating lessons offering interesting insights for the design of a ...

Critical comment on the measures taken in the field of justice by the federal government during the COVID 19 crisis ; Commentaire critique des mesures prises en matière de justice par le gouvernement fédéral en période de crise COVID 19

These notes aim to provide a brief overview of the behaviour of the Argentinian public sector in the last century and a half. It is not a work of history but rather a partial illustration of developments. I have tried to minimise the amount of data by limiting the attention to those that seem most relevant to me. Work is likely to be unbalanced in terms of the space allocated to each topic and this is due to the fact that I have selected those that I have studied most over time. One is fiscal federalism which for many years has been at the heart of tax issues and which, due to the poor design of policies, has had at least three negative effects: first, it made it possible to expand the social welfare sector by concealing at some times its structural deficit and the postponement of a long-term solution (from the system of capitalisation of contributions at the beginning of the 1990s); secondly, because the misdesign of policies simultaneously led to a deterioration in the quantity and quality of public goods due to the lack of funding due to the diversion of funds to other purposes; thirdly, by redeployments of resources between the provinces resulting from this disruption of the system of co-participation of taxes. Another issue is public pricing and tariff policies, which were used at various times as instruments for stabilisation, income distribution, promotion of sectors and activities, which led to negative financial results that added to the public deficit and thus diverted funds from the production of public goods. The third issue that is present throughout development is the subsidiary state, the promoter of sectors and regions, a financing insurer for various activities, which diverted resources that should have been earmarked for the provision of public goods. Faculty of Economics ; Estas notas tienen como objetivo brindar un breve panorama del comportamiento del sector público argentino en el último siglo y medio. No es un trabajo de historia sino más bien una ilustración parcial de la evolución. He ...

This article proposes to apply Steen's (2008) three-dimensional model of metaphor analysis in communication to a corpus of political discourse, in this case citizen discourse. Our corpus has accordingly been analysed by making a distinction between three layers of metaphor, respectively at the linguistic (direct vs. indirect metaphors), conceptual (novel vs. conventional metaphors) and communicative levels (deliberate vs. non-deliberate metaphors). Our results suggest that making the distinction between deliberate and non-deliberate metaphors leads to meaningful political insights, notably pointing to differences in saliency of the source domains in terms of which citizens make sense of Belgian federalism. In this regard, the family domain, and more especially the metaphor BELGIAN FEDERALISM IS A LOVE RELATIONSHIP appears to function as an important conceptual reference point for the citizens' understanding of the political relations in the Belgian context.

international incentives are formulated for the consideration of environmental health by states (WHO, 1989; UN, (1992) without any significant influence on public action in Belgium. Based on the study on public regulation of electromagnetic waves (OEMs), we show how blurred boundaries between health and environment can be subject to re-ownership and framing strategies by environmental associations and public decision-makers. Starting from the observation that the qualification and labelling of public problems results from a process of social construction, we address and answer the following question: how does the OEMs' agenda evolve from health to environmental issues and what are the consequences of this new public policy image? ; Des incitations internationales sont formulées en faveur de la prise en compte de la santé environnementale par les États (OMS, 1989 ; ONU, 1992) sans que cela influence de manière significative l'action publique en Belgique. À partir de l'étude de la régulation publique des ondes électromagnétiques (OEM), nous montrons comment les frontières floues entre santé et environnement peuvent faire l'objet de stratégies de réappropriation et de « framing » de la part d'associations environnementales et de décideurs publics. Partant du constat que la qualification et la labellisation des problèmes publics découlent d'un processus de construction sociale, nous adressons et répondons à la question suivante : comment la mise à l'agenda des OEM évolue-t-elle d'une problématique sanitaire à une problématique environnementale et quelles sont les conséquences de cette nouvelle image de politique publique ?

15 16 59 ; Ávalos Brunetti, H.; Sanchís Almenara, M.; Magraner Llavador, L.; Alcantara Alcover, E. (2013). Homologación de instalaciones para pádel. Revista de biomecánica. 59:15-16. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/38786 ; Senia ; [EN] During the last years, the number of players of paddle has increased enormously in Spain and it has caused an increase in the number of facilities for this sport. In this sense, the Spanish Paddle Association (FEP) has decided to count with IBV as technical partners to start a standardization process of this kind of facilities and the elements included on them. The IBV will be the only laboratory accredited by the FEP to approve this facilities according the FEP¿s standards. ; [ES] En los últimos años el aumento de la práctica del pádel en España ha sido enorme y también la cantidad de nuevas pistas instaladas, en muchos casos sin ningún control en aspectos tan importantes como la seguridad de los usuarios. En este sentido, la Federación Española de Pádel ha decidido contar con el Instituto de Biomecánica (IBV) como socio técnico para poner en marcha un proceso de homologación de instalaciones destinadas a la práctica de este deporte, así como de los elementos que las componen. El IBV será el único laboratorio acreditado por dicha federación para llevar a cabo la homologación de pistas.

The work examines the general principles derived from the literature on the rational use of non-renewable resources, in the attempt to achieve intertemporal social optimisation of resource exploitation, and issues linked to fiscal federalism. In particular, the advantages and disadvantages of centralisation/decentralisation of resource exploitation are explored and international comparative experience is examined. A review of the evolution of the national and comparative institutional legal framework, and of quantitative aspects of the Argentinian case, finally makes it possible to draw some public policy recommendations to be adopted by the governments, with particular reference to Argentina. Project "Regional Disparities and Fiscal Federalism: A proposal for the reform of the Federal co-participation regime for taxes in Argentina "in the Department of Economics of the UNLP is supported by the Tinker Foundation. Director of the Project: Dr Alberto Porto. Department of Economics ; En el trabajo se examinan los principios generales que se extraen de la literatura sobre uso racional de los recursos no renovables, en el intento de la optimización social intertemporal de la explotación del recurso, y las cuestiones ligadas al federalismo fiscal. En particular se exploran las ventajas y desventajas de la centralización/descentralizacon de la explotación del recurso y se examina la experiencia comparada internacional. Un repaso de la evolución del encuadre jurídico institucional nacional y comparado, y de aspectos cuantitativos del caso argentino, permite finalmente extraer algunas recomendaciones de políticas públicas que deberían adoptar los gobiernos, con especial referencia a Argentina. Proyecto "Disparidades Regionales y Federalismo Fiscal: Una Propuesta para la Reforma del Régimen de Coparticipación Federal de Impuestos en la Argentina" que se realiza en el Departamento de Economía de la UNLP cuenta con el apoyo de Tinker Foundation. Director del Proyecto: Dr. Alberto Porto. Departamento de Economía

International audience This paper outlines in some detail the population dynamics of a large, free-ranging herd of Bison in Wood Buffalo National Park in northern Canada. That herd increased from a remnant of about 500 in the 1890's to an estimated 1,500 in 1922. In the late 1920's 6,600 plains Bison were added to the original population of wood Bison. Since 1930 the increase has been much slower, probably because of increased mortality caused by tuberculosis and reduced fertility caused by brucellosis. Both diseases were probably introduced with the plains Bison. In contrast, the rate of increase of three small, fenced herds of plains Bison is about 25 percent per year. Management of the fenced herds consists mainly of periodic reduction in numbers to keep the population within the carrying capacity of the range. Management of the wild, northern Bison entails mainly an attempt to reduce the incidence of tuberculosis in certain selected portions of the herd. A minor, but still significant management goal is to restore the Bison to the list of game animals by permitting the hunting of trophy bulls in areas outside the Park boundary. The bulk of the herd is being left in as nearly a natural state as possible in order to reap the maximum aesthetic benefits. At present there are about 20,000 Bison under federal government protection in the United States and Canada plus others under State, Provincial or private control. The herds are widely distributed in the western part of the continent and the future of the species seems assured.

International audience Since the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991, the Somali state has disappeared and given way to a long-lasting civil war that has allowed the rise of jihadist groups. The transition process started in 2004 officially ended in 2012 with the establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia. However, the foundations of reconstruction and reconciliation were not laid by this government resulting from a contested electoral process and which failed to put in place the administrations essential to the functioning of the State beyond the capital. This had the effect of prolonging conflict between the clans and allowed al-Shabaab to gain prominence. The election of President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed in 2017 did not accelerate the overhaul of political institutions, still governed by a provisional constitution. Following these elections, al-Shabaab carried out several attacks against government and public service targets with the aim of destabilizing and discrediting the government. In addition, civil unrest regularly agitates the country, leading to often violent protests, and the food crisis and military operations have led to the displacement of thousands of people, which allows criminal gangs to flourish. ; Depuis la chute du régime de Siad Barre en 1991, l'Etat somalien a disparu et laissé place à une guerre civile de longue durée ayant permis la montée de groupes djihadistes. Le processus de transition entamé en 2004 se termine officiellement en 2012 avec l'instauration du Gouvernement Fédéral de Somalie. Seulement, les bases de la reconstruction et de la réconciliation n'ont pas été posées par ce gouvernement issu d'un processus électoral contesté et qui n'a pas su remettre en place les administrations indispensables au fonctionnement de l'Etat au-delà de la capitale. Cela a eu pour effet de prolonger les conflits entre les clans et a permis à al-Shabaab de prendre de l'importance. L'élection du Président Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed en 2017 n'a pas accéléré la refonte des institutions ...