В статье обсуждаются вопросы адаптации военнослужащих к экстремальным условиям, характерным для воинской службы, дается характеристика факторам, влияющим на адаптацию к экстремальным условиям среды, роль их в возникновении дезадаптационных процессов, перехода в новое качество – болезнь. Показано, что служебно-боевая деятельность отличается от других видов человеческой деятельности по своим целям, задачам, по условиям, в которых приходится ее осуществлять, по средствам, с помощью которых она осуществляется, по возникающим в ней трудностям. Экстремальные условия деятельности связывают с возникновением психической напряженности, а также напряженность рассматривается как самостоятельная характеристика ситуации. Показано, что до сих пор нет общепринятых и достаточно обоснованных критериев различения экстремальной ситуации. Выделяются условия, делающие стрессогенные факторы экстремальными. ; The article discusses the adaptation of the military servicemen to the extreme conditions, characteristic of military service, describes the factors that influence the adaptation to extreme environmental conditions, their role in the emergence of disadaptative processes, transition into the new quality – the disease. It is shown that the military service activity is different from other types of human activity in its aims, objectives, according to the circumstances in which it has to implement, according to the means by which it is carried out on emerging difficulties in it. Extreme conditions and activities associated with the occurrence of psychological tension, and tension is regarded as an independent characterization of the situation. It is shown that there are still no generally accepted and sufficiently strong criteria for distinguishing extreme conditions. Allocated the conditions that make stress factors as extreme.
Выполнение служебно-боевых задач в экстремальных условиях сотрудниками милицииобуславливают повышенный риск развития у сотрудников милиции расстройств адаптации и посттравматических стрессовых расстройств.Поэтому лучшей стратегией предупреждения расстройств адаптации среди личного состава органов внутренних дел является организация и проведение психореабилитационных мероприятий со всеми сотрудниками, побывавшими в Северо-Кавказском Регионе. ; Carrying out military service tasks in extreme conditions of police employees causes high risk of breaking the adaptation and after injury stress syndrome. Because of that the best strategy of healing the after injury stress syndrome among the staff of MVD are organizing and helding psychological rehabilitation with all of the staff, that has been in North-Caucases Region.
В статье рассматривается необходимость систематизации и нормативного закрепления в специальных законодательных и иных нормативных правовых актах терминов, обозначающих различные экстремальные ситуации, их специфику, общественную опасность, в целях эффективной организации деятельности ОВД по преодолению возникших чрезвычайных ситуаций, выработки и своевременного принятия упреждающих оперативных решений, подготовки профессиональных кадров, владеющих понятийным аппаратом. ; The article is necessity of systematization and regulatory consolidation in special legislative and other regulations of terms, that mean different extreme situations, their specifics, public danger, in order to organize effective activities in organs of internal affairs to overcome the problems with emergency, develop and approve prompt decisions about preparation of professional forces, who knows conceptual apparatus.
Статья посвящена актуальной и малоразработанной проблеме изучения «экстремальной политики». Авторы полагают, что «экстремальная политика» это особый вид человеческой деятельности. Экстремальная политика определяется как деятельность, осуществляемая по поводу власти в экстремальных условиях (ситуациях), связанная с отсутствием различного рода ресурсов, недостатком времени на анализ и долгосрочный прогноз политической ситуации, разработку и принятие политических решений, дефицитом актуальной информации и ее свободной циркуляции, господством авторитарных лидеров-конкурентов. ; The article is dedicated to the actual and underdeveloped problem of defining «extreme politics». The authors suppose that «extreme politics» is a special kind of human activities. Extreme politics is defined by the authors as an activity conducted for power in extreme conditions (situations) tied with insufficiency of different resources, lack of time for analysis and long-term prognosis of political situation and political decision-making, deficit of actual information and its free circulation, dominance of authoritative leaders-competitors.
В статье произведен анализ сущности понятия «готовность» и на этой основе сформулировано собственное представление о понятии «готовность военнослужащего к деятельности в экстремальной ситуации». Кроме того, выделены условия, определяющие успешность процесса формирования готовности военнослужащих к деятельности в экстремальных ситуациях. ; The article gives the analysis of the notion "readiness" and on the basis of it the interior realization of the notion "readiness development of the military to extreme situation activity" is represented. In addition, the conditions that determine the successful process of development of the military to extreme situation activity are stated.
В статье проведен анализ кризисных и экстремальных ситуаций в образовательной среде военных вузов. Показано, что курсанты военных вузов переживают ряд кризисных периодов. Указывается на необходимость разрешения кризисных ситуаций для развития личности будущего офицера. Руководящему и профессорско-преподавательскому составу рекомендовано организовывать психолого-педагогическое сопровождение курсантов военных вузов в кризисных и экстремальных ситуациях на протяжении всего периода обучения. Делается вывод о том, что командиры и преподаватели военного вуза должны подготавливать курсантов к преодолению кризисных и экстремальных ситуаций. ; In the article the analysis of crisis and emergency situations in the educational environment of military high schools is carried out. It is shown that cadets of military high schools go through the whole range of crisis periods during their training It is suggested that supervisors ofhigh schools should use remedying crisis situations for personal development of a future officer. The author also recommends organizing psycho-pedagogical support for cadets of military high schools in crisis and emergency situations throughout all period of training. The main conclusions are that commanders and teachers of military high schools should prepare cadets for overcoming crisis and emergency situations.
В статье представлены различные подходы к определению понятия «готовность», раскрывается сущность и структура готовности военнослужащих к деятельности в экстремальных ситуациях. ; In this article various approaches to definition of concept «readiness» are presented, the essence and structure of readiness of military men to activity in extreme situations reveals.
В работе проанализированы особенности организации физической подготовки в вооруженных силах США, Англии, Франции и Германии, относительно формирования психологической готовности военнослужащих к действиям в экстремальных условиях. Определены направления возможного совершенствования системы физической подготовки в Вооруженных Силах Украины с целью подготовки военнослужащих, которые проходят службу по контракту, к действиям в военных действиях (миротворческих операциях). ; The features of organization of physical training are In-process analyzed in military forces of the USA, England, France and Germany, in relation to forming of psychological readiness of servicemen to the actions in extreme terms. Certainly directions of possible perfection of the system of physical training are in Military Forces of Ukraine with the purpose of preparation of servicemen which pass service by contract, to the actions in military operations (peacemaking operations).
В статье исследуются психические состояния специалистов, чья деятельность связана с экстремальными условиями (ликвидация последствий аварий, катастроф, боевые действия); выявляется инвариантная связь психических реакций в условиях витальной угрозы с базовыми конституционально-личностными свойствами, что может являться научным основанием для профориентационной работы и отбора персонала ; The article studies psychical conditions of specialists whose activity is associated with extreme conditions (liquidation of results of emergencies, natural disasters, military actions); the authors discover the invariant connection of psychic reactions in conditions of vital threat with basic constitutional and personal features that could be a scientific base for the vocational guidance work and selection of the staff
Introduction. Traumatic eye injuries belong to socially signifi cant problems not only of the ophthalmology, but also Ukraine's health care system. According to recent data, about 20% of ophthalmologic disorders associated with lesions of the orbit, eyeball and adnexa. Eyeball subatrophy develops in 13% of cases after an injury, in 25% of cases – anophthalmos and 30% of cases – wall-eya cornea, which is the main cause of disability and disabilities. In Ukraine, to date studies of organ injury, resulting in extreme situations (mass unrest, natural disasters, war injuries) were extremely small. Clearly we need a change of approach to the teaching of ophthalmology section, taking into account the new experience gained Ukrainian ophthalmologists.The aim of the study: assess the need for the development of modern educational recommendations under the heading «The eye injury» to improve the interns-ophthalmologists and doctors-ophthalmologists quality of training.Material and methods. The analysis of existing educational materials under the heading «The eye injury» with regard to Ukraine published data on eye injuries in extreme situations was carried out.Results and discussion. Clearly, we need a change of approach to the teaching of ophthalmology section, taking into account the experience of Ukrainian ophthalmologists for the events on the Maidan, and the anti-terrorist operation (ATO) in eastern Ukraine. Results of the analysis of educational materials for the interns and doctors-ophthalmologists in the section «The eye injury» showed that the counts of the logical structure, algorithms management of patients, as well as situational and tests on eye injuries in extreme situations should be fi nalized due to changes in the structure and severity of combat damage the eye in Ukraine. Thus, according to T. A. Krasnovid et al. (2016), the vast majority of the victims at the time of the ATO, injuries were mine blast (91.3% of cases). Unlike peacetime injuries, where the nature of the damage was one-sided, were mostly bilateral nature of military operations in Ukraine visual organ injury, and in 34.8% of cases were combined, and combined with the wounds of the upper, lower limbs and internal organs [4].It is also important to note that medical interns need new knowledge in the diagnosis and tactics of such patients, given that in most cases the injury observed damage to all structures of the eye with a primary injury of the posterior segment (hemophthalmus, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies). According to A. I. Tselomudriy et al., (2016), the majority of the wounded in the ATO observed penetrating, gunshot and mine-explosive wounds the eyes, and in 27.5% of lesions were bilateral, contusions and burns were observed in 15% of cases and in 14% of cases occurred eye crushing, which led his subatrophy or enucleation during the stage of primary surgical treatment. In preparing interns ophthalmologists should also pay attention to the fact that the optimal organization of care to such patients is a two-stage system: the fi rst medical assistance and specialized surgical care in order to reduce the duration of treatment.Conclusions. Improving the teaching section «The eye injury» for doctor-intern-ophthalmologists and doctors-ophthalmologists, development of new educational materials will help in the further work of interns and doctors-ophthalmologists on the organization of patient care with injuries of eye and orbit, obtained in extreme situations, to further reduce the time of treatment and rehabilitation of victims of such a contingent. This is relevant pedagogical direction of work in the departments of ophthalmology. ; До настоящего времени в Украине исследований травмы органа зрения, полученной в экстремальных ситуациях, было недостаточно.Принимая во внимание опыт украинских офтальмологов, обусловленный событиями на Майдане и в антитеррористической операции, необходимо изменить подход к преподаванию раздела «Травма органа зрения». Усовершенствование преподавания данного раздела и разработка новой учебно-методической литературы по этой теме поможет в работе интернов и врачей-курсантов по организации оказания медицинской помощи пациентам с травмами органа зрения и орбиты, полученными в экстремальных ситуациях. ; Беручи до уваги досвід українських офтальмологів, набутий за час подій на Майдані і в антитерористичній операції, стала необхідною зміна підходу до викладання розділу «Травма органа зору». Вдосконалення викладання згаданого розділу і розробка нової навчально-методичної літератури по цій темі допоможе в роботі інтернів і лікарів-курсантів з організації надання медичної допомоги пацієнтам з травмами органа зору і орбіти, отриманими в екстремальних ситуаціях.
Introduction. Traumatic eye injuries belong to socially signifi cant problems not only of the ophthalmology, but also Ukraine's health care system. According to recent data, about 20% of ophthalmologic disorders associated with lesions of the orbit, eyeball and adnexa. Eyeball subatrophy develops in 13% of cases after an injury, in 25% of cases – anophthalmos and 30% of cases – wall-eya cornea, which is the main cause of disability and disabilities. In Ukraine, to date studies of organ injury, resulting in extreme situations (mass unrest, natural disasters, war injuries) were extremely small. Clearly we need a change of approach to the teaching of ophthalmology section, taking into account the new experience gained Ukrainian ophthalmologists.The aim of the study: assess the need for the development of modern educational recommendations under the heading «The eye injury» to improve the interns-ophthalmologists and doctors-ophthalmologists quality of training.Material and methods. The analysis of existing educational materials under the heading «The eye injury» with regard to Ukraine published data on eye injuries in extreme situations was carried out.Results and discussion. Clearly, we need a change of approach to the teaching of ophthalmology section, taking into account the experience of Ukrainian ophthalmologists for the events on the Maidan, and the anti-terrorist operation (ATO) in eastern Ukraine. Results of the analysis of educational materials for the interns and doctors-ophthalmologists in the section «The eye injury» showed that the counts of the logical structure, algorithms management of patients, as well as situational and tests on eye injuries in extreme situations should be fi nalized due to changes in the structure and severity of combat damage the eye in Ukraine. Thus, according to T. A. Krasnovid et al. (2016), the vast majority of the victims at the time of the ATO, injuries were mine blast (91.3% of cases). Unlike peacetime injuries, where the nature of the damage was one-sided, were mostly bilateral nature of military operations in Ukraine visual organ injury, and in 34.8% of cases were combined, and combined with the wounds of the upper, lower limbs and internal organs [4].It is also important to note that medical interns need new knowledge in the diagnosis and tactics of such patients, given that in most cases the injury observed damage to all structures of the eye with a primary injury of the posterior segment (hemophthalmus, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies). According to A. I. Tselomudriy et al., (2016), the majority of the wounded in the ATO observed penetrating, gunshot and mine-explosive wounds the eyes, and in 27.5% of lesions were bilateral, contusions and burns were observed in 15% of cases and in 14% of cases occurred eye crushing, which led his subatrophy or enucleation during the stage of primary surgical treatment. In preparing interns ophthalmologists should also pay attention to the fact that the optimal organization of care to such patients is a two-stage system: the fi rst medical assistance and specialized surgical care in order to reduce the duration of treatment.Conclusions. Improving the teaching section «The eye injury» for doctor-intern-ophthalmologists and doctors-ophthalmologists, development of new educational materials will help in the further work of interns and doctors-ophthalmologists on the organization of patient care with injuries of eye and orbit, obtained in extreme situations, to further reduce the time of treatment and rehabilitation of victims of such a contingent. This is relevant pedagogical direction of work in the departments of ophthalmology. ; До настоящего времени в Украине исследований травмы органа зрения, полученной в экстремальных ситуациях, было недостаточно.Принимая во внимание опыт украинских офтальмологов, обусловленный событиями на Майдане и в антитеррористической операции, необходимо изменить подход к преподаванию раздела «Травма органа зрения». Усовершенствование преподавания данного раздела и разработка новой учебно-методической литературы по этой теме поможет в работе интернов и врачей-курсантов по организации оказания медицинской помощи пациентам с травмами органа зрения и орбиты, полученными в экстремальных ситуациях. ; Беручи до уваги досвід українських офтальмологів, набутий за час подій на Майдані і в антитерористичній операції, стала необхідною зміна підходу до викладання розділу «Травма органа зору». Вдосконалення викладання згаданого розділу і розробка нової навчально-методичної літератури по цій темі допоможе в роботі інтернів і лікарів-курсантів з організації надання медичної допомоги пацієнтам з травмами органа зору і орбіти, отриманими в екстремальних ситуаціях.
The article analyzes modern scientific ideas about the psychological state and specifics of mental states of servicemen during adaptation to activities in extreme conditions. It is established that the psychological state of a serviceman in special and extreme conditions is a subjective reflection of the situation in the form of a stable holistic reaction in the dynamics of mental activity, which is expressed in the unity of behavior and excitement during professional activities. Introduction. The problem of human readiness for military activity, in modern realities, becomes especially relevant. The complexity and responsibility of the tasks solved by the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the area of environmental protection, the length of stay of personnel in extreme conditions, make high demands on the psychological state and adaptive capacity of servicemen to work in these conditions. According to combat experience, the physical and mental health, and often the lives, of military personnel depend on their effective adaptation to extreme conditions. The purpose of the article – to consider modern scientific ideas about mental states, their classification and basic approaches to the study in the context of adaptation of servicemen to work in extreme conditions. Methods. The methodological principles of the article are a set of principles, approaches, general scientific and special methods of psychology of activity in special conditions. This made it possible to outline and analyze the relationship between general and specific factors in the occurrence of servicemen's negative mental states, traumatic factors of combat conditions. Originality. The scientific novelty of the article is that for the first time in a study aimed at determining the peculiarities of changes in the psychological characteristics of servicemen due to prolonged exposure to extreme service conditions in the area of environmental protection, a more generalized integrated category "psychological state" was used. what the current state of man is characterized by certain physiological, psychological and behavioral aspects. Conclusion. It is established that the psychological state of a serviceman in special and extreme conditions is a subjective reflection of the situation in the form of a stable holistic reaction in the dynamics of mental activity, which is expressed in the unity of behavior and excitement during professional activities. The adaptive function of the state is to establish a correspondence between the actualized needs of the individual, his capabilities and resources, taking into account the specific conditions of existence, characteristics of activities and behavior. This feature allows you to maintain the highest possible level of health, the ability to behave properly and succeed. Updated views on the psychological state of servicemen in special and extreme conditions, require further research into problems related to the study of the peculiarities of its changes under the influence of service conditions in the area of environmental protection. ; В статье проведен анализ современных научных представлений о психологическом состоянии и специфике психических состояний военнослужащих во время адаптации к деятельности в экстремальных условиях. Установлено, что психологическое состояние военнослужащего в особых и экстремальных условиях является субъективным отражением им ситуации в виде устойчивой целостной реакции в динамике психической деятельности, которая выражается в единстве поведения и волнения во время выполнения профессиональной деятельности. ; У статті проведено аналіз сучасних наукових уявлень про психологічний стан та специфіку психічних станів військовослужбовців під час адаптації до діяльності в екстремальних умовах. Встановлено, що психологічний стан військовослужбовця в особливих умовах є суб'єктивним відображенням ним ситуації у вигляді стійкої цілісної реакції в динаміці психічної діяльності, яка виражається в єдності поведінки та хвилювання під час виконання професійної діяльності.
The article analyzes modern scientific ideas about the psychological state and specifics of mental states of servicemen during adaptation to activities in extreme conditions. It is established that the psychological state of a serviceman in special and extreme conditions is a subjective reflection of the situation in the form of a stable holistic reaction in the dynamics of mental activity, which is expressed in the unity of behavior and excitement during professional activities. Introduction. The problem of human readiness for military activity, in modern realities, becomes especially relevant. The complexity and responsibility of the tasks solved by the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the area of environmental protection, the length of stay of personnel in extreme conditions, make high demands on the psychological state and adaptive capacity of servicemen to work in these conditions. According to combat experience, the physical and mental health, and often the lives, of military personnel depend on their effective adaptation to extreme conditions. The purpose of the article – to consider modern scientific ideas about mental states, their classification and basic approaches to the study in the context of adaptation of servicemen to work in extreme conditions. Methods. The methodological principles of the article are a set of principles, approaches, general scientific and special methods of psychology of activity in special conditions. This made it possible to outline and analyze the relationship between general and specific factors in the occurrence of servicemen's negative mental states, traumatic factors of combat conditions. Originality. The scientific novelty of the article is that for the first time in a study aimed at determining the peculiarities of changes in the psychological characteristics of servicemen due to prolonged exposure to extreme service conditions in the area of environmental protection, a more generalized integrated category "psychological state" was used. what the current state of man is characterized by certain physiological, psychological and behavioral aspects. Conclusion. It is established that the psychological state of a serviceman in special and extreme conditions is a subjective reflection of the situation in the form of a stable holistic reaction in the dynamics of mental activity, which is expressed in the unity of behavior and excitement during professional activities. The adaptive function of the state is to establish a correspondence between the actualized needs of the individual, his capabilities and resources, taking into account the specific conditions of existence, characteristics of activities and behavior. This feature allows you to maintain the highest possible level of health, the ability to behave properly and succeed. Updated views on the psychological state of servicemen in special and extreme conditions, require further research into problems related to the study of the peculiarities of its changes under the influence of service conditions in the area of environmental protection. ; В статье проведен анализ современных научных представлений о психологическом состоянии и специфике психических состояний военнослужащих во время адаптации к деятельности в экстремальных условиях. Установлено, что психологическое состояние военнослужащего в особых и экстремальных условиях является субъективным отражением им ситуации в виде устойчивой целостной реакции в динамике психической деятельности, которая выражается в единстве поведения и волнения во время выполнения профессиональной деятельности. ; У статті проведено аналіз сучасних наукових уявлень про психологічний стан та специфіку психічних станів військовослужбовців під час адаптації до діяльності в екстремальних умовах. Встановлено, що психологічний стан військовослужбовця в особливих умовах є суб'єктивним відображенням ним ситуації у вигляді стійкої цілісної реакції в динаміці психічної діяльності, яка виражається в єдності поведінки та хвилювання під час виконання професійної діяльності.
