Suchergebnisse

An integral part of the international legal functioning of international organizations is their participation in civil and economic relations. Participation of international organizations, both intergovernmental and non-governmental, in international relations of powerless character has a certain specificity and raises a number of theoretical and practical issues. An international organization in such relations is a foreign element, the presence of which qualifies relations as international private relations. The volume and types of private transactions involving international organizations vary. On the one hand, all international organizations in order to ensure their daily activities come into private-law relations with the host country, in particular, about the communication (postal, telephone, cellular, et al.), stationery and other products or equipment, utilities consumption and t. e., on the other - organizations implement their statutory capacity through participation in international private law relations. There are number scientific researches devoted to these issues, in particular of V. Barbin, V. Kanashevsky and E. Shilina. In international relations, private international organizations act as legal entities. Usually these organizations acquire the specified status from the registration of their statutes or the roster of legal entities in the State of the location of their headquarters. Often, in the absence of regulations in the statutes of specialized agencies of the UN concerning their status in private law relations, only their active practice of involving into private transactions suggests that they act as legal entities. Regarding the international organizations the same issues arise concerning participation in private law relations of legal persons, of which the definition legal capacity goes beyond the law of one state. International organizations are the main type of international legal persons. The very concept of "international organization" covers both international intergovernmental and international non-governmental organizations. Both the first and second are the special subjects of law, they can only participate in the legal relationship defined by goals and objectives for which they were created, and the relevant statute. Typical international legal persons are an international intergovernmental organization, their participation in the relations of private character differs established practice. Regulation of the legal status of international intergovernmental organizations comes under the Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal character (1975), the Law of Treaties (1986), the Convention on the legal status, privileges and immunities of intergovernmental organizations operating in specific areas of cooperation (1980). In turn, a special international agreement concluded between States Parties of international intergovernmental organization is its charter, which can fix the status of organization as a legal entity. Participation of the intergovernmental organization in international relations of a private nature entails the need for a regulation by complex set of rules. Such a complex may contains rules of public international law, international organizations and certain rules of national law. At the same time, taking into account the specifics, the conclusion of agreements with international intergovernmental organizations is considered prestigious, profitable and responsible act for many persons of private law. The same prestigious are economic relations with international non-governmental organizations, whose participation in international private law relations, in turn, entails significantly fewer complications. ; Рассмотрены основные специфические аспекты участия международных организаций в частноправовых отношениях. Исследованы особенности статуса международного юридического лица. Проанализированы различия в подходах к правовому регулированию отношений частноправового характера с участием межправительственных и неправительственных организаций. Освещены особенности статуса Международного комитета Красного Креста, влияющие на подписание договоров частноправового характера ; Розглянуто основні специфічні аспекти участі міжнародних організацій у приватноправових відносинах. Досліджено особливості статусу міжнародної юридичної особи. Проаналізовано відмінність підходів до правового регулювання приватноправових відносин за участю міжурядових та неурядових організацій. Розкрито особливості міжнародно-правового статусу Міжнародного комітету Червоного Хреста, які впливають на укладення угод приватноправового характеру

An integral part of the international legal functioning of international organizations is their participation in civil and economic relations. Participation of international organizations, both intergovernmental and non-governmental, in international relations of powerless character has a certain specificity and raises a number of theoretical and practical issues. An international organization in such relations is a foreign element, the presence of which qualifies relations as international private relations. The volume and types of private transactions involving international organizations vary. On the one hand, all international organizations in order to ensure their daily activities come into private-law relations with the host country, in particular, about the communication (postal, telephone, cellular, et al.), stationery and other products or equipment, utilities consumption and t. e., on the other - organizations implement their statutory capacity through participation in international private law relations. There are number scientific researches devoted to these issues, in particular of V. Barbin, V. Kanashevsky and E. Shilina. In international relations, private international organizations act as legal entities. Usually these organizations acquire the specified status from the registration of their statutes or the roster of legal entities in the State of the location of their headquarters. Often, in the absence of regulations in the statutes of specialized agencies of the UN concerning their status in private law relations, only their active practice of involving into private transactions suggests that they act as legal entities. Regarding the international organizations the same issues arise concerning participation in private law relations of legal persons, of which the definition legal capacity goes beyond the law of one state. International organizations are the main type of international legal persons. The very concept of "international organization" covers both international intergovernmental and international non-governmental organizations. Both the first and second are the special subjects of law, they can only participate in the legal relationship defined by goals and objectives for which they were created, and the relevant statute. Typical international legal persons are an international intergovernmental organization, their participation in the relations of private character differs established practice. Regulation of the legal status of international intergovernmental organizations comes under the Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal character (1975), the Law of Treaties (1986), the Convention on the legal status, privileges and immunities of intergovernmental organizations operating in specific areas of cooperation (1980). In turn, a special international agreement concluded between States Parties of international intergovernmental organization is its charter, which can fix the status of organization as a legal entity. Participation of the intergovernmental organization in international relations of a private nature entails the need for a regulation by complex set of rules. Such a complex may contains rules of public international law, international organizations and certain rules of national law. At the same time, taking into account the specifics, the conclusion of agreements with international intergovernmental organizations is considered prestigious, profitable and responsible act for many persons of private law. The same prestigious are economic relations with international non-governmental organizations, whose participation in international private law relations, in turn, entails significantly fewer complications. ; Рассмотрены основные специфические аспекты участия международных организаций в частноправовых отношениях. Исследованы особенности статуса международного юридического лица. Проанализированы различия в подходах к правовому регулированию отношений частноправового характера с участием межправительственных и неправительственных организаций. Освещены особенности статуса Международного комитета Красного Креста, влияющие на подписание договоров частноправового характера ; Розглянуто основні специфічні аспекти участі міжнародних організацій у приватноправових відносинах. Досліджено особливості статусу міжнародної юридичної особи. Проаналізовано відмінність підходів до правового регулювання приватноправових відносин за участю міжурядових та неурядових організацій. Розкрито особливості міжнародно-правового статусу Міжнародного комітету Червоного Хреста, які впливають на укладення угод приватноправового характеру

Parallel proceedings in the international commercial arbitration pose a number of challenges to all parties of such proceedings. Therefore, as a means of avoiding the abovementioned problem, a mechanism of anti-suit measures was developed. Nowadays, anti-suit measures are frequently used in such countries as Great Britain, the United States, India, Pakistan, Brazil, and Venezuela. At the same time, the use of the above-mentioned measures in the countries of the European Union is limited. It is necessary to emphasize that there are discussions about the very definition of "anti-suit measures". The article offers such a definition and describes its types. The article contains examples of court decisions for each type of the anti-suit measure. Despite the fact that the purpose of anti-suit injunctions is to prevent parallel proceedings, the application of such measures gives rise to many discussions. The question arises whether international commercial arbitration has sufficient jurisdiction to issue such measures. The solution directly depends on defection of the legal nature of the arbitration agreement itself. The article describes different approaches to the definition of the legal nature of the arbitration agreement and states that if the arbitration agreement is comprehended as a contract between the parties, arbitration has the power to issue such measures. When arbitration agreement is understood as an instrument to give power to arbitration to review its jurisdiction over the dispute, in such a case the use of anti-suit injunctions is prohibited. As to the power of courts to issue such measures, the paper explains that anti-suit measures are frequently used in a common law system but are limited in the continental law, namely in the EU. According to numerous decisions of the European Court of Justice, the EU court cannot issue anti-suit injunctions toward another EU court. So, there were developed two approaches to solve the problem of parallel proceedings. Particularly these are competence-competence doctrine and lis alibi pendens. The competence-competence doctrine is widely used in the continental law. This doctrine has both a positive and negative effect. In accordance with the positive effect, the arbitrators have the right to decide whether they have the competence to consider the present dispute or not. The negative effect of the competence-competence doctrine applies to judges. According to this doctrine, judges must not consider whether they have jurisdiction over the dispute until the arbitrators decide whether the arbitrators have jurisdiction over the dispute. In accordance with the principle of lis alibi pendens, if the case is filed in two different courts, the first court to which the dispute was filed is the first one that has jurisdiction over the dispute. As a conclusion, the article proves that anti-suit injunctions could not be the best solution for the parallel proceedings issue. It is necessary for courts to find a compromise option, but not to restrict the jurisdiction of each other. Such a compromise may be found in the registration of arbitration agreements in a single online system, to which both courts and arbitrations may refer to in determination of the issue of their jurisdiction.Article received 31.01.2019 ; Статтю присвячено розв'язанню проблеми паралельних проваджень у сфері міжнародного комерційного арбітражу, оскільки паралельні провадження є небажаним явищем як для сторін арбітражного процесу, так і для арбітражного суду. Основну увагу в цій праці зосереджено на дослідженні антипозовних заходів, тому що вони дають можливість уникнути відкриття паралельних проваджень у міжнародному комерційному арбітражі та національних судах. Надано визначення таких заходів, встановлено їхні види, досліджено правову природу та наведено приклади їх практичного використання в континентальній та загальній правових системах. Крім того, в цій статті надано відповідь на питання, чи має міжнародний комерційний арбітраж достатню юрисдикцію виносити ухвали про антипозовні заходи і чи є такі заходи ефективним методом уникнення паралельних проваджень. У результаті аналізу практичного застосування механізму антипозовних заходів наведено доводи, чому антипозовні заходи не найкращий метод уникнення паралельних проваджень, запропоновано альтернативний погляд на розв'язання цієї проблеми.Матеріал надійшов 31.01.2019

Parallel proceedings in the international commercial arbitration pose a number of challenges to all parties of such proceedings. Therefore, as a means of avoiding the abovementioned problem, a mechanism of anti-suit measures was developed. Nowadays, anti-suit measures are frequently used in such countries as Great Britain, the United States, India, Pakistan, Brazil, and Venezuela. At the same time, the use of the above-mentioned measures in the countries of the European Union is limited. It is necessary to emphasize that there are discussions about the very definition of "anti-suit measures". The article offers such a definition and describes its types. The article contains examples of court decisions for each type of the anti-suit measure. Despite the fact that the purpose of anti-suit injunctions is to prevent parallel proceedings, the application of such measures gives rise to many discussions. The question arises whether international commercial arbitration has sufficient jurisdiction to issue such measures. The solution directly depends on defection of the legal nature of the arbitration agreement itself. The article describes different approaches to the definition of the legal nature of the arbitration agreement and states that if the arbitration agreement is comprehended as a contract between the parties, arbitration has the power to issue such measures. When arbitration agreement is understood as an instrument to give power to arbitration to review its jurisdiction over the dispute, in such a case the use of anti-suit injunctions is prohibited. As to the power of courts to issue such measures, the paper explains that anti-suit measures are frequently used in a common law system but are limited in the continental law, namely in the EU. According to numerous decisions of the European Court of Justice, the EU court cannot issue anti-suit injunctions toward another EU court. So, there were developed two approaches to solve the problem of parallel proceedings. Particularly these are competence-competence doctrine and lis alibi pendens. The competence-competence doctrine is widely used in the continental law. This doctrine has both a positive and negative effect. In accordance with the positive effect, the arbitrators have the right to decide whether they have the competence to consider the present dispute or not. The negative effect of the competence-competence doctrine applies to judges. According to this doctrine, judges must not consider whether they have jurisdiction over the dispute until the arbitrators decide whether the arbitrators have jurisdiction over the dispute. In accordance with the principle of lis alibi pendens, if the case is filed in two different courts, the first court to which the dispute was filed is the first one that has jurisdiction over the dispute. As a conclusion, the article proves that anti-suit injunctions could not be the best solution for the parallel proceedings issue. It is necessary for courts to find a compromise option, but not to restrict the jurisdiction of each other. Such a compromise may be found in the registration of arbitration agreements in a single online system, to which both courts and arbitrations may refer to in determination of the issue of their jurisdiction.Article received 31.01.2019 ; Статтю присвячено розв'язанню проблеми паралельних проваджень у сфері міжнародного комерційного арбітражу, оскільки паралельні провадження є небажаним явищем як для сторін арбітражного процесу, так і для арбітражного суду. Основну увагу в цій праці зосереджено на дослідженні антипозовних заходів, тому що вони дають можливість уникнути відкриття паралельних проваджень у міжнародному комерційному арбітражі та національних судах. Надано визначення таких заходів, встановлено їхні види, досліджено правову природу та наведено приклади їх практичного використання в континентальній та загальній правових системах. Крім того, в цій статті надано відповідь на питання, чи має міжнародний комерційний арбітраж достатню юрисдикцію виносити ухвали про антипозовні заходи і чи є такі заходи ефективним методом уникнення паралельних проваджень. У результаті аналізу практичного застосування механізму антипозовних заходів наведено доводи, чому антипозовні заходи не найкращий метод уникнення паралельних проваджень, запропоновано альтернативний погляд на розв'язання цієї проблеми.Матеріал надійшов 31.01.2019

Parallel proceedings in the international commercial arbitration pose a number of challenges to all parties of such proceedings. Therefore, as a means of avoiding the abovementioned problem, a mechanism of anti-suit measures was developed. Nowadays, anti-suit measures are frequently used in such countries as Great Britain, the United States, India, Pakistan, Brazil, and Venezuela. At the same time, the use of the above-mentioned measures in the countries of the European Union is limited. It is necessary to emphasize that there are discussions about the very definition of "anti-suit measures". The article offers such a definition and describes its types. The article contains examples of court decisions for each type of the anti-suit measure. Despite the fact that the purpose of anti-suit injunctions is to prevent parallel proceedings, the application of such measures gives rise to many discussions. The question arises whether international commercial arbitration has sufficient jurisdiction to issue such measures. The solution directly depends on defection of the legal nature of the arbitration agreement itself. The article describes different approaches to the definition of the legal nature of the arbitration agreement and states that if the arbitration agreement is comprehended as a contract between the parties, arbitration has the power to issue such measures. When arbitration agreement is understood as an instrument to give power to arbitration to review its jurisdiction over the dispute, in such a case the use of anti-suit injunctions is prohibited. As to the power of courts to issue such measures, the paper explains that anti-suit measures are frequently used in a common law system but are limited in the continental law, namely in the EU. According to numerous decisions of the European Court of Justice, the EU court cannot issue anti-suit injunctions toward another EU court. So, there were developed two approaches to solve the problem of parallel proceedings. Particularly these are competence-competence doctrine and lis alibi pendens. The competence-competence doctrine is widely used in the continental law. This doctrine has both a positive and negative effect. In accordance with the positive effect, the arbitrators have the right to decide whether they have the competence to consider the present dispute or not. The negative effect of the competence-competence doctrine applies to judges. According to this doctrine, judges must not consider whether they have jurisdiction over the dispute until the arbitrators decide whether the arbitrators have jurisdiction over the dispute. In accordance with the principle of lis alibi pendens, if the case is filed in two different courts, the first court to which the dispute was filed is the first one that has jurisdiction over the dispute. As a conclusion, the article proves that anti-suit injunctions could not be the best solution for the parallel proceedings issue. It is necessary for courts to find a compromise option, but not to restrict the jurisdiction of each other. Such a compromise may be found in the registration of arbitration agreements in a single online system, to which both courts and arbitrations may refer to in determination of the issue of their jurisdiction.Article received 31.01.2019 ; Статтю присвячено розв'язанню проблеми паралельних проваджень у сфері міжнародного комерційного арбітражу, оскільки паралельні провадження є небажаним явищем як для сторін арбітражного процесу, так і для арбітражного суду. Основну увагу в цій праці зосереджено на дослідженні антипозовних заходів, тому що вони дають можливість уникнути відкриття паралельних проваджень у міжнародному комерційному арбітражі та національних судах. Надано визначення таких заходів, встановлено їхні види, досліджено правову природу та наведено приклади їх практичного використання в континентальній та загальній правових системах. Крім того, в цій статті надано відповідь на питання, чи має міжнародний комерційний арбітраж достатню юрисдикцію виносити ухвали про антипозовні заходи і чи є такі заходи ефективним методом уникнення паралельних проваджень. У результаті аналізу практичного застосування механізму антипозовних заходів наведено доводи, чому антипозовні заходи не найкращий метод уникнення паралельних проваджень, запропоновано альтернативний погляд на розв'язання цієї проблеми.Матеріал надійшов 31.01.2019

The article considers legal principles of regulation for relations of guardianship, care and adoption in international family law, the regulation of these forms of arranging children in law and their interpretation in the legal doctrine of certain foreign states, the definition of features and peculiarities of these concepts, the definition of relations in this field, as well as formulation of conclusions and proposals aimed at harmonization of national legislation with the law of leading foreign states.

Legal grounds for the regulation of the relations of guardianship, care and adoption in the legislation of some foreign countries shows that there are different legislative approaches to the regulation of such forms of placement of children. Historical, religious, national factors, elements of tradition and culture – all these factors significantly affect the substantive content of the essential traits of care, and adoption in different countries.

At the same time, the basic provisions of such institutions are unchanged – both guardianship and adoption are intended to promote the upbringing and development of the child, to guarantee the exercise of their rights and legitimate interests, to ensure their care and custody.

Custody relations are regulated both on the basis of conflict law rules and in accordance with substantive rules of private international law. For example, in Ukraine the establishment and cancellation of custody of minors, disable persons are regulated by the personal law of the ward. The obligation of the guardian to accept guardianship is determined by the personal law of the person appointed by the guardian. The relationship between the guardian and the person under guardianship is determined by the law of the state the body of which appointed the guardian.

The regulation of relations for international adoption is subject to conflict of law rules. In Ukraine, adoption and its abolition are governed by the child's personal law and by the adopter's personal law. A person's ability to be an adopter is determined in accordance with his or her personal law. The legal consequences of adoption or termination are determined by the personal law of the adopter.
One of the areas of state activity regarding adoption should be effective monitoring and control over the processes of adoption including the participation of foreign entities as well as the further upbringing, care and observance of the rights and interests of children who have been adopted by foreigners.

the article analyzes the procedure of initiating parallel proceedings in the court and in the international commercial arbitration as one of the procedural tactics of the parties to achieve their goal. The attention is focused on the fact that the party that sees the potential weakness of its position in arbitration proceedings, appeals to the state court to resolve the dispute by the state judicial system. The conclusion is made about the ineffectiveness of such tactics of the parties, taking into account the existing international arbitration legislation and the competence of the arbitral tribunal. ; в статье проанализирована процедура инициации параллельных процессов в государственном суде и международном коммерческом арбитраже как одна из процессуальных тактик сторон для достижения своей цели. Внимание акцентировано на том, что сторона, которая видит потенциальную слабость своей позиции в арбитражном производстве, обращается в государственный суд для разрешения спора государственной судебной системой. Сделан вывод о неэффективности подобной тактики сторон, учитывая действующее международное арбитражное законодательство и компетенцию арбитражного трибунала. ; у статті проаналізовано процедуру ініціації паралельних процесів у державному суді і міжнародному комерційному арбітражі, як одну із процесуальних тактик сторін для досягнення своє мети. Увага акцентована на тому, що сторона, яка бачить потенційну слабкість своєї позиції в арбітражному провадженні, звертається до державного суду для розв'язання спору державною судовою системою. Зроблено висновок про неефективність такої тактики сторін, враховуючи діюче міжнародне арбітражне законодавство і компетенцію арбітражного трибуналу.

The article is devoted to the study of the International Commercial Arbitration interaction problem on the issue of interim measures. Based on an analysis of the norms of national legislation, key weaknesses and its significant gaps in this area are identified. The general world models are investigated and the foreign experience of reforming the legislation on the interaction of the International Commercial Arbitration and state courts is analyzed. Additions and amendments to domestic legislation are proposed to improve the mechanism of interaction between the International Commercial Arbitration and the state court to ensure an arbitration claim. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблеми взаємодії Міжнародного комерційного арбітражу з питання вжиття забезпечувальних заходів. Засновуючись на аналізі норм національного законодавства виявлено ключові недоліки та суттєві його прогалини у цій сфері. Досліджено загальні світові моделі та проаналізовано закордонний досвід реформування законодавства щодо взаємодії МКАС та державних судів. Запропоновано доповнення та зміни до вітчизняного законодавства, щодо вдосконалення механізму взаємодії МКАС та державного суду щодо забезпечення арбітражного позову.

Today, the scope of anti-crisis management is growing rapidly, due to the instability of the economic and political situation in the country. This article discusses the current situation with the institution of bankruptcy in the Russian Federation. The beginning of the article highlights the history of the institution of bankruptcy in Russia and studies the stages of changes in the legal framework in this area. As a result of the analysis of existing legislation, a number of deficiencies are identified and they do not allow self-regulatory organizations of arbitration managers and its members (arbitration managers) to carry out their work effectively. After identifying weaknesses in this area, the article offers the ways to address these problems and shortcomings, including amendments to the Russian legislation on (insolvency) bankruptcy, by which largely the effectiveness of self-regulatory organizations of arbitration managers can be enhanced. Adoption of these changes in the article will help to improve the activities of the institution of bankruptcy. ; В настоящее время сфера антикризисного управления стремительно развивается в связи с нестабильностью экономической и политической ситуации в стране. В статье рассматривается положение института банкротства в Российской Федерации. Прежде всего, освещается история создания института банкротства в России с целью изучить этапы изменения законодательной базы в данной сфере. В результате анализа действующего законодательства был выявлен ряд недостатков, которые не позволяют саморегулируемым организациям арбитражных управляющих и ее членам (арбитражным управляющим) осуществлять свою работу достаточно эффективно. После выявления слабых мест предлагаются возможные пути решения данных проблем и устранения недостатков, в том числе внесение изменений в российское законодательство о несостоятельности (банкротстве), с помощью которых в значительной степени можно повысить эффективность деятельности саморегулируемых организаций арбитражных управляющих. Принятие указанных изменений поможет совершенствовать деятельность института банкротства.

Характеристика влияния решений международных судов на правоприменение исследуется в основном в западной доктрине. Понимание роли данного источника международного права является важной предпосылкой эффективного исполнения Российской Федерацией принятых на себя международных обязательств, участия в отправления правосудия. Все возрастающая роль международных актов в российской правовой системе требует их изучения в целях правильной реализации. Целью исследования является определение роли практики международных судов в выявлении норм международного права, места судебных решений в ряду иных источников международного права. Базовым тезисом является отсутствие у судей правотворческих полномочий, что не исключает возможность интерпретации норм в новых ситуациях с учетом возникающих потребностей. Однако изменения судебной практики должны находиться в пределах допустимого толкования. В ряде случаев источниками международного права следует рассматривать консультативные заключения. Сами решения не могут порождать нормы международного права. Судебные решения следует рассматривать сквозь призму межгосударственного консенсуса, они выступают основным элементом международного обычая. Однако международная юстиция существует как независимый от государств институт, задачей которого является правоприменение и отправление международного правосудия. ; Apart from the western doctrine, not many studies have touched the topic of the influence of international courts' decisions on the enforcement. Understanding of the role of this source of the international law is an important prerequisite for the Russian Federation effective execution of the adopted international obligations and administration of justice. The increasing role of the international acts in the Russian legal system requires their studying for their correct implementation. Thus, the aim of this paper is the definition of a) the role that the international courts take in identifying the rules of the international law, as well as b) the place, which the judicial decisions occupy among other sources of the international law. The main thesis is that the judges lack legislative authorities, which does not exclude the possibility of interpreting the rules in new situations according to arising needs. Yet, the changes in jurisprudence should lie within the existing interpretation. In a number of cases, advisory opinions may serve as the sources of international law. The decisions themselves cannot lead to rules of international law. Judicial decisions should be viewed through the interstate consensus; they shoud act as the key element of the international traditions. Nevertheless, the international justice exists as an independent from states institute, the aim of which is the law enforcement and international justice administration.

The article is devoted to the constitutionalization of the Russian judicial system, as a whole, as well as the constitutionalization of arbitration practice of justice in particular. In the form of abstracts the author offers answers to some of the conceptual issues arising in connection with this process. The author suggested the vision of verified constitutional evolution of the Russian arbitration-procedural legislation, that takes place under the influence of judicial practice and diverse in form, though not unambiguous on the results, the participation of the now abolished Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. The contribution of the highest judicial body in the constitutionalization mechanism has rightly been to ensure rights, freedoms and duties of a man and a citizen in the Russian Federation, the relevance of its judicial position as a result of constitutional and judicial law-making as "the right heritage", able in the foreseeable future to continue to have a positive impact on the constitutionalization of the system of the Russian law and practice of justice. ; Статья посвящена конституционализации российской судебной системы в целом и конституционализации практики арбитражного правосудия в частности. В форме тезисов автор предлагает ответы на некоторые концептуальные вопросы, возникающие в связи с указанным процессом. Автором предложено видение конституционно выверенной эволюции российского арбитражно-процессуального законодательства, происходившей под влиянием судебно-арбитражной практики и при разнообразном по формам, хотя и не однозначном по результатам, участии ныне упраздненного Высшего Арбитражного Суда Российской Федерации. Показан вклад этого высшего судебного органа в конституционализацию механизма правосудного обеспечения прав, свобод и обязанностей человека и гражданина в Российской Федерации, обосновано актуальное значение его судебно-правовых позиций как результатов конституционно-судебного правотворчества, как «правового наследия», способного в обозримой перспективе продолжать оказывать позитивное воздействие на конституционализацию системы российского права и практику правосудия.

The article aims to reveal the peculiarities of concluding arbitration agreements and introducing arbitration clauses into the charter of a company or partnership within the framework of corporate dispute resolution under German law. The author of the article points out that the relevance of the study is based on the extensive experience of Germany in corporate dispute resolution. In recent decades, the German legislator has paid special attention to this category of disputes. An arbitration agreement / arbitration clause is considered to be a necessary element in the submission of a dispute to arbitration. The invalidity of an arbitration agreement or an arbitration clause may result in the invalidity of the arbitral award. The author of the article describes two ways to exclude the jurisdiction of state courts in accordance with the German Code of Civil Procedure (die Zivilprozessordnung, ZPO). The article makes an attempt to study the scope of an arbitration agreement and an arbitration clause and examines in detail the following: under what conditions an arbitration clause may be included into the charter after the foundation of a company and whether such an arbitration clause has mandatory consequences for a new member of the company upon its accession. ; В статье рассматриваются особенности заключения арбитражных соглашений и введения арбитражных оговорок в устав компании или партнерства в рамках рассмотрения корпоративных споров по немецкому законодательству. Актуальность исследования обосновывается обширным опытом Германии в рассмотрении корпоративных споров. Последние десятилетия немецкий законодатель уделял данной категории споров особое внимание. Арбитражное соглашение / арбитражная оговорка является необходимым элементом передачи спора в арбитраж. Недействительность арбитражного соглашения или арбитражной оговорки может повлечь отмену или отказ в приведение в исполнение арбитражного решения. Автор раскрывает два способа исключения юрисдикции государственных судов в соответствии с Гражданским процессуальным уложением Германии, рассматривает сферу применения арбитражного соглашения и арбитражной оговорки, а также подробно исследует, при каких условиях возможно введение арбитражной оговорки в устав после основания компании и может ли арбитражная оговорка иметь обязательные последствия для нового члена компании при его присоединении.

The subject of the research is the peculiarities of the implementation of international law in national legal systems, the law enforcement practice of the implementation of international legal obligations of the state, doctrinal approaches to the interaction of the norms of international and domestic law. The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that the limits, forms and methods of the ex-ante intrusion of international law into the national legal system are determined not only as a result of the agreed will of States, but also against such will, under the influence of the interests of individual States or their political blocs that occupy a dominant position in an international organization. Methodology. The authors use such general theoretical and specific scientific methods as comparative analysis, generalization, interpretation and classification as well as systemic analysis and formal logical methods. The main results. The forms and methods of intrusion of international law into the legal systems are diversified. International law is not limited to interstate relations. Global processes require the development of new scientific approaches to understanding the processes of intrusion of international law into the legal systems of States. These processes require the study of the forms and methods of the impact of international law and international institutions on the national legal order. States are sometimes forced to implement measures developed in the international implementation mechanism (due to the need for international financial assistance as well as the inability to single-handedly defeat internal corruption, create a favorable international image, etc.). The international legal invasion exist already ex – post through the decisions of international judicial bodies or the assertive recommendations of international organizations. Their demands are made not just to comply with international obligations, but to change national legislation. The implementation of the norms of international law in national legal systems should be carried out at the domestic level just as much as it is necessary to fulfill these international obligations. The law enforcement practice in the state is based solely on national principles of law, and it is unacceptable to comply with the requirements from the outside to change them from the point of view of the independence of the state. It is the exclusive right of each State to determine the content of acts of interpretation of international bodies in relation to the decisions and actions of specific States from the point of view of their national interests. We prove that every state has the important right to determine the limits of the invasion of international law in their national legal system: the contents of implementing legislation; the completeness of implementation of the decisions and recommendations of international bodies and courts; the recognition of the extraterritorial validity of foreign law and forms of its implementation. Conclusions. The fundamental principle of international law- pacta sunt servanda – is transforming into a practical imperative – national legislation must change. This is due to the recognition of the jurisdiction of international judicial bodies. This is due to the extraterritorial effect of foreign law; it is connected with the transnational character of the law of international integration entities. This is due to the inability of individual States to resist exponential corruption. The continuous nature of the intrusion of international law into national legal systems is reflected in the various methods of such interference. The article proves the importance of each state having the right to independently determine the limits of the intrusion of international law into their national legal system. ; Неограниченность международного права только межгосударственными отношениями в результате глобальных процессов требует разработки новых научных подходов к осмыслению процессов вторжения международного права в правовые системы государств, воздействия норм международного права и международных институтов на национальный правопорядок, что и стало целью данной статьи. Опираясь на результаты, в том числе, проводимой в нашей стране конституционной реформы 2020 г., авторами сформулирован ряд выводов, которые охватывают: обоснование трансформации основополагающего принципа международного права – договоры должны соблюдаться – в практически императив – национальное законодательство должно изменяться; определение разнообразия форм вторжения международного права в национальные правовые системы, связанных с признанием юрисдикции международных судебных органов, экстерриториального действия зарубежного права, наднационального характера права интеграционных образований, с невозможностью отдельных государств противодействовать экспоненциальной коррупции исключительно национальными институтами власти. Доказывается значение наличия у каждого государства права самостоятельно определять пределы вторжения международного права в их национальную правовую систему: содержание имплементационного законодательства; полноты исполнения решений и выполнения рекомендаций международных органов и судов; признания экстерриториального действия зарубежного права и выбора форм его исполнения.

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of demilitarized and neutralized territories in international humanitarian law. Attention is drawn to the fact that these institutions have deep historical roots, but the history of their formation and development is partially studied by the science of international law. The author of the article notes that by the beginning of the XXth century demilitarized and neutralized territories were considered as indistinguishable concepts, due to which there was a certain uncertainty of the features that distinguishes them. The experience of the First World War required to solve this problem, as a result, the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919 provided for the formation of a demilitarized zone (Rhine). Its peculiarities were, firstly, a clear regulation of the content of measures implemented within the demilitarized zone, secondly, its certainty of the location, and thirdly, the existence of the mechanism to guarantee such a regime by the Parties to this agreement. It is noted that international humanitarian law regulates the minimum requirements of the establishment and operation of special regimes for demilitarized and neutralized territories (zones) (in particular regulated by the Geneva Convention on the amelioration of wounded and sick in armed forces of August 12, 1949 and the Geneva Convention on the protection of civilian persons in time of war of August 12, 1949, as well as the Additional Protocol of 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, concerning the protection of victims of international armed conflicts). At the level of bilateral and multilateral agreements, the conditions for the establishment of these zones can be clarified. The author of the article defines demilitarized territories as the establishment on the basis of the agreement between states of the certain limited areas, which are prohibited to be used for military purposes and to carry out any kind of military activities on them. Demilitarization of the territory can be permanent (for example, the Eland Islands, the Suez Canal), or temporary as a means of eliminating the effects of armed conflict in the war zone (for example, the demilitarization of Srebrenica). It is noted that neutralized territories are established by agreement between the states certain space restrictions, the purpose of which is to protect persons from the effects of war (wounded and sick combatants, non-combatants, as well as personnel responsible for the organization and management of these zones and areas). Attention is drawn to the fact that in international humanitarian law, the regimes of these territories (zones) are limited in time: neutralized zones can be created at the beginning or during an armed conflict; demilitarized zones established in peacetime (then it will be preventive), war, post-war period (will be restorative). Finally, the author formulates a conclusion on the main features of demilitarized and neutralized zones in international humanitarian law. ; Статтю присвячено особливостям демілітаризованих і нейтралізованих територій у міжнародному гуманітарному праві. Акцентується увага на тому, що вони мають глибоке історичне коріння, але історія становлення та розвитку не досить досліджена наукою міжнародного права. Авторка статті зазначає, що до початку ХХ ст. демілітаризовані й нейтралізовані території розглядалися як тотожні поняття, у зв'язку із чим відбувалася певна невизначеність ознак, що їх відрізняє. Події Першої світової війни змусили звернутися до цієї проблеми, як наслідок, Версаль-ський мирний договір 1919 р. передбачив утворення демілітаризованої зони (Рейну). Його особливістю була, по-перше, чітка регламентація змісту заходів, які впроваджувались у межах демілітаризованої зони, по-друге, її визначеність на місцевості, по-третє, наявність механізму забезпечення такого режиму з боку Сторін цього договору. Зазначено, що міжнародне гуманітарне право регламентує мінімальні вимоги до створення та функціонування спеціальних режимів демілітаризованих і нейтралізованих територій (зон) (зокрема, їх регулює Женевська конвенція про поліпшення долі поранених і хворих у наявних арміях від 12 серпня 1949 р. і Женевська конвенція про захист цивільного населення під час війни від 12 серпня 1949 р., а також Додатковий протокол 1977 р. до Женевських конвенцій від 12 серпня 1949 р. щодо захисту жертв збройних конфліктів міжнародного характеру). На рівні двосторонніх і багатосторонніх угод умови створення цих зон можуть бути уточнені. Авторка статті визначає демілітаризовані території як встановлені на підставі угоди між державами певні обмежені на місцевості райони, які заборонено використовувати у воєнних цілях і здійснювати на них будь-які види воєнної діяльності. Демілітаризація території може мати постійний (наприклад, Аландські острови, Суецький канал) або тимчасовий характер як засіб ліквідації наслідків збройного конфлікту в зоні бойових дій (наприклад, демілітаризація Сребрениці). Зазначено, що нейтралізовані території -це встановлені на підставі угоди між державами певні обмежені на місцевості простори, метою створення яких є захист осіб від впливу війни (поранених і хворих комбатантів, некомбатантів, а також персонал, який відповідає за організацію та управління цими зонами й місцевостями). Акцентується увага на тому, що в міжнародному гуманітарному праві режими цих територій (зон) обмежені в часі: нейтралізовані зони можуть створюватися на початку або під час збройного конфлікту; демілітаризовані зони встановлюються в мирний час (тоді це матиме превентивний характер), воєнний, післявоєнний період (матимевідновлювальний характер). Наприкінці авторка формулює висновок щодо головних ознак демілітаризованих і нейтралізованих зон у міжнародному гуманітарному праві.