Suchergebnisse

[spa] El crecimiento desordenado, la exclusión social y los problemas de deterioro medioambientales de las ciudades, se han convertido en algunas de las pautas más discutidas por la sociedad mundial, principalmente, en los últimos 40 años. En estos debates y acciones se ha puesto de relieve una comprensión común respecto a que dicha realidad es resultado, principalmente del modelo de crecimiento económico desigual y destructor de la naturaleza, cuyos efectos en el territorio se manifiestan en intensidades y fases distintas de desarrollo, ya sea en los países del norte o del sur. Tratándose de Brasil, desde la década de 1980, se ha puesto en marcha la construcción de nuevas estrategias de gestión urbana y medioambiental, que objetivan revertir los impactos de esa lógica, para promover la inclusión socio-espacial de los segmentos excluidos. Entre esas estrategias, cabe subrayar las que se reflejan en los cambios de las normativas urbanísticas, principalmente las que se han orientado hacia la democratización del acceso al suelo urbano y la gestión de la ciudad. En esto proceso, uno de los principales retos ha sido el desarrollo de acciones que puedan aplicarse a los conflictos socio-ambientales. Entre estos conflictos destacan los que se han generado en los espacios naturales protegidos, debido a la ocupación inadecuada del suelo, principalmente, para fines residenciales. Estos espacios se han producido, en su mayoría, de forma ilegal desde los ámbitos urbanístico y medioambiental, habiéndose originado a partir de las demandas de las poblaciones más pobres, que no pueden participar del mercado formal tierras. En el ámbito de la normativa el reto se establece, cuando se busca, en la línea de la justicia socio-ambiental, una conciliación entre la necesidad de protección del espacio clasificado como de interés ambiental y el interés social, que está en la raíz de los procesos de apropiación u ocupación del suelo referidos. Con este trabajo de investigación se hace un esfuerzo para comprender dichos procesos desde la perspectiva del planeamiento y de la regulación, destacando, sobretodo, las estrategias utilizadas por el Estado y la sociedad para poner en marcha los mecanismos de ordenación territorial y conservación medioambiental, aplicados al control de la ocupación del suelo de los asentamientos informales ubicados en los espacios naturales protegidos. En el caso de Natal, se intenta demonstrar que, aunque no exista un comportamiento tipo en el desarrollo de las acciones, algunas referencias se hacen presentes en diferentes etapas del planeamiento urbano y medioambiental del municipio, así como de la política de vivienda. Por otra parte, en lo que respecta a las nuevas estrategias de planeamiento e instrumentos de gestión, a pesar de los avances, las dificultades para llevarlas a cabo se mantienen. En esta perspectiva se toman como referencia los últimos Planes Directores (1994 y 2007) y se pone énfasis en los procesos de reglamentación de las Zonas de Protección Medio Ambiental [ZPAs] y de las Áreas Especiales de Interés Social [AEIS]. En los análisis de las áreas de conflictos se subrayan, también, las dificultades institucionales para llevar a cabo las acciones de regularización urbanística y de la tenencia de algunos asentamientos clasificados como AEIS en la categoría favela. ; [eng] ENVIRONMENTAL INTEREST X SOCIAL INTEREST. Social and environmental conflicts in protected areas: management and challenges of urban regularisations of informal settlements in Natal, Brazil. The disordered expansion and problems related to environmental degradation in cities was some of the major themes of debate engaged by world society, especially over the last forty years. Along such debates and correlated course of actions, there has been a common understanding that the present situation results mostly from a model of unequal economic growth that has destroyed nature and whose effects on the territory are manifest in different intensities and stages of progression, both in countries of the North as well as in those of the South. In Brazil, an effort to conceive and implement new strategies of urban and environmental management has been in place since the 1980s. Its purpose is to revert the impact of this logic, in such a way that social and spatial inclusion can reach those who are most hardly affected. Some of the most relevant strategies are the ones leading to the modification of urban norms, especially those which are oriented towards the democratisation of land access and urban management. Along this process, one major challenge lies on the development of actions which can be applied to social and environmental conflicts. Among several existing conflicts, those which take place in natural areas under protection are to be underlined. They are caused by inadequate occupation of land, mainly for residential use. The majority of these areas, built illegally from an urban and environmental standpoint, were originated by the demands of the impoverished strata of society, who are unable to take part in the formal market of land. As far is regulations are concerned, the great challenge, in the search for social and environment justice, has been to conciliate the need to protect areas which are classified as being of environmental interest and the social interest, which is the basic cause behind the processes of appropriation and occupation of land as mentioned above. In this investigation, we have attempted to understand these processes in the perspective of planning and of urban regulations, highlighting the strategies employed by State and society in order to make effective the mechanisms of territorial organisation and environmental conservation as applied to the control of land occupied by informal settlements and located in natural areas under protection. In the case of Natal, we tried to demonstrate that even though there is no pattern behaviour in the development of the actions which were analysed, some references are present in different phases of the municipality's urban and environmental planning, as well as in the housing policy. On the other hand, as far as the new planning strategies and administration tools are concerned, there are difficulties for their implementation, in spite of the progress that has been made. In order to achieve our goals, we used the city's most recent Master Plans (1994-2007), focusing on the processes for regularising the Zones of Environmental Protection (Zonas de Proteção Ambiental - ZPA) and the Special Areas of Social Interest (Áreas Especiais de Interesse Social – AEIS). As regards the analysis of conflicts, an emphasis is put on the institutional difficulties involved in the procedures that are undertaken for urban and land regularisation of some settlements classified as AEIS but which fall also into the category of favela

La Tesis tiene como objeto de estudio al Estado moderno o Estado soberano, delimitando su análisis como actor internacional y el proceso de evolución y cambios que ha experimentado en el tiempo, principalmente, a partir del llamado fenómeno de la globalización, y las formas especificas que tales cambios son asumidos por los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, cuya profundización de la integración regional está favoreciendo, a su vez, una mayor internacionalización del Estado soberano. No obstante que el Estado es la más importante y amplia organización social que las comunidades humanas han constituido a través de la historia, su estudio en la Ciencias Sociales es parcial. Es el caso de la ciencia de Relaciones Internacionales, que da por hecho su existencia y diluye su análisis integral; a pesar de ser el principal actor internacional. Como respuesta a esta problemática se realiza el estudio del Estado desde cinco planos diferentes pero interconectados: 1) el plano general de las distintas corrientes teóricas sobre el origen del Estado; 2) el plano especifico de los debates teóricos en la disciplina de Relaciones Internacionales; 3) el plano concreto de la cualidad soberana del Estado moderno y el correspondiente fenómeno de la estatalidad; 4) el plano de la crisis del Estado frente al proceso de la globalización y el supuesto debilitamiento de su cualidad soberana; y 5) en el plano del caso de la Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros, los cuales han atribuido el ejercicio de competencias soberanas a las entidades supranacionales de la Unión, para su funcionamiento y logro de sus objetivos La Tesis tiene como objeto de estudio al Estado moderno o Estado soberano, delimitando su análisis como actor internacional y el proceso de evolución y cambios que ha experimentado en el tiempo, principalmente, a partir del llamado fenómeno de la globalización, y las formas especificas que tales cambios son asumidos por los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, cuya profundización de la integración regional está favoreciendo, a su vez, una mayor internacionalización del Estado soberano. No obstante que el Estado es la más importante y amplia organización social que las comunidades humanas han constituido a través de la historia, su estudio en la Ciencias Sociales es parcial. Es el caso de la ciencia de Relaciones Internacionales, que da por hecho su existencia y diluye su análisis integral; a pesar de ser el principal actor internacional. Como respuesta a esta problemática se realiza el estudio del Estado desde cinco planos diferentes pero interconectados: 1) el plano general de las distintas corrientes teóricas sobre el origen del Estado; 2) el plano especifico de los debates teóricos en la disciplina de Relaciones Internacionales; 3) el plano concreto de la cualidad soberana del Estado moderno y el correspondiente fenómeno de la estatalidad; 4) el plano de la crisis del Estado frente al proceso de la globalización y el supuesto debilitamiento de su cualidad soberana; y 5) en el plano del caso de la Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros, los cuales han atribuido el ejercicio de competencias soberanas a las entidades supranacionales de la Unión, para su funcionamiento y logro de sus objetivos La Tesis tiene como objeto de estudio al Estado moderno o Estado soberano, delimitando su análisis como actor internacional y el proceso de evolución y cambios que ha experimentado en el tiempo, principalmente, a partir del llamado fenómeno de la globalización, y las formas especificas que tales cambios son asumidos por los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, cuya profundización de la integración regional está favoreciendo, a su vez, una mayor internacionalización del Estado soberano. No obstante que el Estado es la más importante y amplia organización social que las comunidades humanas han constituido a través de la historia, su estudio en la Ciencias Sociales es parcial. Es el caso de la ciencia de Relaciones Internacionales, que da por hecho su existencia y diluye su análisis integral; a pesar de ser el principal actor internacional. Como respuesta a esta problemática se realiza el estudio del Estado desde cinco planos diferentes pero interconectados: 1) el plano general de las distintas corrientes teóricas sobre el origen del Estado; 2) el plano especifico de los debates teóricos en la disciplina de Relaciones Internacionales; 3) el plano concreto de la cualidad soberana del Estado moderno y el correspondiente fenómeno de la estatalidad; 4) el plano de la crisis del Estado frente al proceso de la globalización y el supuesto debilitamiento de su cualidad soberana; y 5) en el plano del caso de la Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros, los cuales han atribuido el ejercicio de competencias soberanas a las entidades supranacionales de la Unión, para su funcionamiento y logro de sus objetivos. This thesis has as object of study the modern State or sovereign State, limiting its analysis as an international actor and the process of evolution and changes it has experienced on time, mainly, from the so-called phenomenon of globalization, and the specific forms such changes are undertaken by the Members States of the European Union, whose deepening the regional integration is encouraging, in return, greater internationalization of the sovereign State. . Although the State is the most important and wide social organization that the human communities have constituted across the history, its study in Social Sciences is partial. It is the case of the science of International Relations, which assumes its existence and dilutes its integral analysis; in spite of being the principal international actor. As an answer to this issue I present the study of the State from five different but interconnected levels: 1) the long shot of the different theoretical currents on the origin of the State; 2) the specific level of the theoretical debates in the discipline of International Relations; 3) the concrete level of the sovereign quality of the modern State and the corresponding phenomenon of statehood; 4) the level of the crisis of the State opposite to the process of globalization and the supposed weakening of its sovereign quality; and 5) the level of the case of the European Union and his Members States, which have attributed the exercise of sovereign competencies to the supranational entities of the Union, for the functioning and achievement of its aims.

La Tesis tiene como objeto de estudio al Estado moderno o Estado soberano, delimitando su análisis como actor internacional y el proceso de evolución y cambios que ha experimentado en el tiempo, principalmente, a partir del llamado fenómeno de la globalización, y las formas especificas que tales cambios son asumidos por los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, cuya profundización de la integración regional está favoreciendo, a su vez, una mayor internacionalización del Estado soberano. No obstante que el Estado es la más importante y amplia organización social que las comunidades humanas han constituido a través de la historia, su estudio en la Ciencias Sociales es parcial. Es el caso de la ciencia de Relaciones Internacionales, que da por hecho su existencia y diluye su análisis integral; a pesar de ser el principal actor internacional. Como respuesta a esta problemática se realiza el estudio del Estado desde cinco planos diferentes pero interconectados: 1) el plano general de las distintas corrientes teóricas sobre el origen del Estado; 2) el plano especifico de los debates teóricos en la disciplina de Relaciones Internacionales; 3) el plano concreto de la cualidad soberana del Estado moderno y el correspondiente fenómeno de la estatalidad; 4) el plano de la crisis del Estado frente al proceso de la globalización y el supuesto debilitamiento de su cualidad soberana; y 5) en el plano del caso de la Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros, los cuales han atribuido el ejercicio de competencias soberanas a las entidades supranacionales de la Unión, para su funcionamiento y logro de sus objetivos La Tesis tiene como objeto de estudio al Estado moderno o Estado soberano, delimitando su análisis como actor internacional y el proceso de evolución y cambios que ha experimentado en el tiempo, principalmente, a partir del llamado fenómeno de la globalización, y las formas especificas que tales cambios son asumidos por los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, cuya profundización de la integración regional está favoreciendo, a su vez, una mayor internacionalización del Estado soberano. No obstante que el Estado es la más importante y amplia organización social que las comunidades humanas han constituido a través de la historia, su estudio en la Ciencias Sociales es parcial. Es el caso de la ciencia de Relaciones Internacionales, que da por hecho su existencia y diluye su análisis integral; a pesar de ser el principal actor internacional. Como respuesta a esta problemática se realiza el estudio del Estado desde cinco planos diferentes pero interconectados: 1) el plano general de las distintas corrientes teóricas sobre el origen del Estado; 2) el plano especifico de los debates teóricos en la disciplina de Relaciones Internacionales; 3) el plano concreto de la cualidad soberana del Estado moderno y el correspondiente fenómeno de la estatalidad; 4) el plano de la crisis del Estado frente al proceso de la globalización y el supuesto debilitamiento de su cualidad soberana; y 5) en el plano del caso de la Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros, los cuales han atribuido el ejercicio de competencias soberanas a las entidades supranacionales de la Unión, para su funcionamiento y logro de sus objetivos La Tesis tiene como objeto de estudio al Estado moderno o Estado soberano, delimitando su análisis como actor internacional y el proceso de evolución y cambios que ha experimentado en el tiempo, principalmente, a partir del llamado fenómeno de la globalización, y las formas especificas que tales cambios son asumidos por los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, cuya profundización de la integración regional está favoreciendo, a su vez, una mayor internacionalización del Estado soberano. No obstante que el Estado es la más importante y amplia organización social que las comunidades humanas han constituido a través de la historia, su estudio en la Ciencias Sociales es parcial. Es el caso de la ciencia de Relaciones Internacionales, que da por hecho su existencia y diluye su análisis integral; a pesar de ser el principal actor internacional. Como respuesta a esta problemática se realiza el estudio del Estado desde cinco planos diferentes pero interconectados: 1) el plano general de las distintas corrientes teóricas sobre el origen del Estado; 2) el plano especifico de los debates teóricos en la disciplina de Relaciones Internacionales; 3) el plano concreto de la cualidad soberana del Estado moderno y el correspondiente fenómeno de la estatalidad; 4) el plano de la crisis del Estado frente al proceso de la globalización y el supuesto debilitamiento de su cualidad soberana; y 5) en el plano del caso de la Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros, los cuales han atribuido el ejercicio de competencias soberanas a las entidades supranacionales de la Unión, para su funcionamiento y logro de sus objetivos. This thesis has as object of study the modern State or sovereign State, limiting its analysis as an international actor and the process of evolution and changes it has experienced on time, mainly, from the so-called phenomenon of globalization, and the specific forms such changes are undertaken by the Members States of the European Union, whose deepening the regional integration is encouraging, in return, greater internationalization of the sovereign State. . Although the State is the most important and wide social organization that the human communities have constituted across the history, its study in Social Sciences is partial. It is the case of the science of International Relations, which assumes its existence and dilutes its integral analysis; in spite of being the principal international actor. As an answer to this issue I present the study of the State from five different but interconnected levels: 1) the long shot of the different theoretical currents on the origin of the State; 2) the specific level of the theoretical debates in the discipline of International Relations; 3) the concrete level of the sovereign quality of the modern State and the corresponding phenomenon of statehood; 4) the level of the crisis of the State opposite to the process of globalization and the supposed weakening of its sovereign quality; and 5) the level of the case of the European Union and his Members States, which have attributed the exercise of sovereign competencies to the supranational entities of the Union, for the functioning and achievement of its aims.

In recent years the natural gas market worldwide has been characterized by greater use of this natural resource to fuel electric power plants around the world, a result of ecological and economic benefits it offers over other fuels. The Peruvian Market Natural Gas in a world dependent on the chemical energy stored by nature mainly fossil fuels and hydrocarbons, conceiving the only natural gas exports may be due to ignorance or corruption . Although any price be unjustifiable natural gas being an invaluable resource , setting a base price of export sales to 0.65 U.S. $ / MMBTU . However, there an export contract signed by the government of the day with the export consortium, valid and respectable while not proven legal disability, be necessary to prove the existence of a domestic consumer market to assert the legislation establishing the priority and illegal export. There need a fractionation plant in Kepashiato , there were many attempts , the first of which was in May 2006, made through the Canadian project was to market a significant portion of southern Cusco ie , area east of Ayacucho , Apurimac , Madre de Dios , Puno , but was dismissed for political reasons . Following the social pressures of the inhabitants of the province of the Convention and after long hours was achieved supreme government the studies authorized to construct and operate a fractionation plant and packaging in the province of La Convención which result expressed in its conclusions is negative ie no economic viability and recommending its not running. Today the gas supply in the southern region, is treated at uniform across the country so it is necessary to achieve economic viability and social profitability considering implementing macro markets south. Should be borne in mind that the total cost of liquefied petroleum gas percentage is distributed as follows third for production costs , a third for taxes , Canon and royalties and a third for marketing so it is necessary generate higher level of competitiveness in the last third. The Megantoni needs to be careful, so that the transit of LOOP to LOOP SOUTH JUNGLE , requires not affect the center, in the present study, prioritize the need to protect the sanctuary so that an assessment of the risks that puts technology to existing natural assets in the area. While installing the Andean Pipeline and petrochemical complex in Ilo is necessary to implement the installation of the gas fractionation plant Kepashiato liquefied petroleum. It is necessary for the design of the plant, to a target market not only in the Province of La Convención, but of the entire macro south by the existing need to have the use of this strategic resource. One way of contribution with the Universities is the foster academic discussion forums scientist at universities, associations of the province of La Convención, and southern regions of the country. It must comply with the blocks 88 and 56 are for domestic consumption, without any concession for lot 88. ; En años recientes el mercado de gas natural a nivel internacional se ha caracterizado por un mayor uso de este recurso natural como combustible para alimentar las plantas eléctricas de todo el mundo, resultado de los beneficios ecológicos y económicos que ofrece respecto a otros combustibles. El Mercado Peruano del Gas Natural en un mundo dependiente de la energía química almacenada por la naturaleza en los combustibles fósiles y principalmente los hidrocarburos, concebir la exportación de gas natural solamente puede obedecer a ignorancia o corrupción. Aunque cualquier precio resultaría injustificable por ser el gas natural un recurso invalorable, la fijación de un precio base de venta para exportación en 0.65 US$/MMBTU. Sin embargo, existiendo un contrato de exportación firmado por el gobierno de turno con el consorcio exportador, válido y respetable mientras que no se demuestre su invalidez legal, resultará necesario demostrar la existencia de un mercado de consumo interno para hacer prevalecer la legislación que establece su prioridad y la ilegalidad de la exportación. Existe necesidad de una planta de fraccionamiento en Kepashiato, hubo muchos intentos, el primero de los cuales fue en el mes de mayo del año 2006, efectuada a través del proyecto canadiense que tenía por mercado una parte importante de la región sur es decir Cusco, zona este de Ayacucho, Apurímac, Madre de Dios, Puno, pero que por razones políticas fue descartada. A raíz de la presiones sociales de los pobladores de la provincia de La Convención y luego de largas jornadas se logró que el supremo gobierno autorizara la realización de estudios para construir y operar una planta de fraccionamiento y envasado en la provincia de La Convención cuyo resultado expresado en sus conclusiones es negativo es decir no existe viabilidad económica y recomendándose su no ejecución. Hoy el abastecimiento del gas en la región sur, es tratado de manera uniforme que a nivel de todo el país por lo que se hace necesario lograr la viabilidad económica, la rentabilidad social y su ejecución considerando los mercados de la macro sur. Téngase muy en cuenta que el costo total del gas licuado de petróleo porcentualmente está distribuido de la siguiente forma un tercio para los gastos de producción, otro tercio para los impuestos, Canon y regalías y un tercer tercio para la comercialización por lo que se hace necesario generar mayor nivel de competitividad en este último tercio. El Santuario de Megantoni requiere ser cuidado, por lo que el tránsito de LOOP SELVA a LOOP SUR, requiere que no se afecte a dicho centro, en el presente estudio se priorizara la necesidad de cuidar el Santuario por lo que se hace una evaluación de los riesgos que pone la tecnología a los bienes naturales existentes en la zona. Mientras se instala el Gaseoducto andino y el polo petroquímico en Ilo es necesario implementar la instalación de la planta de fraccionamiento de gas licuado de petróleo en Kepashiato. Es necesario que el dimensionamiento de la Planta, para un mercado objetivo no solo de la Provincia de La Convención, sino de todo el macro sur, por la necesidad existente de contar con el uso de este recurso estratégico. Una de las formas de contribución que que tienen las Universidades es el fomentar foros de discusión académico-científico en las universidades, gremios de la provincia de La Convención, regiones del sur y de todo el país. Se debe cumplir con que los lotes 88 y 56 sean de consumo interno, sin concesión alguna en el caso del lote 88. ; Tesis

SOCIAL JUSTICE, HEALTH AND POVERTY IN UGANDA John Barugahare Injustice in Uganda manifests in many ways. One most serious, yet least discussed social injustice, is inequity in Health. Although there are two equally important aims of health systems – efficiency and equity, in Uganda too much focus has been on ensuring efficiency and as a consequence concerns of equity have been relegated. Ultimately, health policy in Uganda has disproportionately negatively affected the poor's livelihoods in general and the trend seems to be worsening by day. Even though it is possible to borrow a leaf from the Western literature on how to design a good health policy, low income countries like Uganda have special features that render the extrapolation of the Western input good but not enough. In particular, these special features are the level of resource constraints, poverty and the financing mechanism of health care services. These three have very serious implications for equity in health. In general, there is a lot of injustice in the Uganda health care and this has been mainly due to poverty levels and the financing mechanism which the system relies on. Hence, there is an urgent need to concentrate on a discussion of injustice in health because health enhances people's functionings and is a mandatory condition for people's enjoyment of other life opportunities to the extent that if a section of a society is made to suffer injustice in health, this will translate into injustice in all the dimensions of their lives. This is something that fair‐minded people cannot afford to live with for long. Therefore, it is important in this work to illustrate how the above three special features play to cause and sustain inequity in Uganda health care system and to suggest the starting point to overcoming this injustice, not only in Uganda but as a general trend in health policy analysis. THE POLITICS OF RESTORING ETHICS AND THE CHALLENGE OF PATRIOTISM IN SERVICE DELIVERY IN UGANDA'S PUBLIC SERVICE Dickson Kanakulya Reports indicate that there is an erosion of professionalism and ethics across most of the East African public service systems and this is limiting the efficient service delivery and negatively impacts on social justice. Because of this challenge many approaches are being applied to mitigate it, such as the institutional, legal, cultural and the political. This paper discusses the political approach and particularly problematizes the political push for patriotism in Uganda. Most of the critique and analysis was done while carrying out research and consultancy with Makerere Centre for Applied Ethics (MACAE) in selected districts in Uganda under the project "Pro‐poor Integrity" (PPI) funded by Tiri and DFID. The paper argues that the government's policy of patriotism is more of politicking than real improvement of service delivery to the people. Political interference in public service has engendered a culture of impunity and increased unethical conduct among 'politically‐connected' civil servants right from the grass root service to the top administration, The paper argues that if ethics in Uganda's public administration is to improve politicians ought to be divorce party‐biased ideology from the patriotism discourse such that it can appeal to a wider spectrum of Ugandans. PERSISTENT COLONIAL COERCION IN CONTEMPORARY UGANDA: FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL INJUSTICES IN THE COUNTRY Gervase Tusabe Since 1962, all Uganda's major centres of power i.e., political, economic and military have always been dominated by a chosen few, and the attendant wealth that goes with such powers has always been disproportionately enjoyed in favour of these chosen few when a considerable large number of people in the country are living under the weight of abject poverty. The major argument advanced in this paper is that the fundamental cause of this experience of injustice in Uganda is the persistent domestic colonial mode of political administration that is managed by a particular closed group of individuals who more or less conspired to work together to promote their self‐centred interests at the cost of deliberately ignoring the legitimate interests of the Ugandans who are outside their group. STRUCTURAL INJUSTICES AND THE ETHICS OF ENGENDERING POVERTY ERADICATION POLICIES IN UGANDA Michael George Kizito Since time immemorial, poverty reduction interventions in Sub‐Saharan Africa like everywhere in the South, have focused on the individual as the basic ingredient of a moral society (ethical individualism). According to this perspective, in order to lift human persons out of poverty, it is imperative to integrate poor persons into poverty eradication interventions irrespective of sex, social status and gender. Scholars and institutions that subscribed to this conception of poverty thought that individuals were poor because of personal weaknesses (case poverty).This perspective has been greatly challenged due to the upsurge of gender and human rights scholarship in the 20th century. Gender scholars have painstakingly argued that in order to understand poverty, we need to look at society (ethical collectivism). They have rejected the Women in Development(WID) discourse that aims at integrating women into the development process in favour of the Gender and Development(GAD) approach to development and poverty reduction that aims at confronting power relations between men and women (empowerment).This GAD perspective looks at poverty in terms of the powerlessness speared head by prevailing structures in society (structural poverty) and hence the need to empower vulnerable persons such as women to challenge structures and strictures of oppression. The International Monetary fund (IMF) and World Bank as vehement promoters of economism in Sub‐Saharan Africa for decades have urged governments to include the perspectives of the poor in poverty polices through what they call participatory poverty assessments (PPAs). Despite its deceptive appearance, this PPAs stance of the IMF and World Bank tacitly looks at poverty as a case and not structural issue and that is why Uganda's ambitious poverty reduction policy though greatly informed by Participatory Poverty Assessments greatly ignores structures and strictures that render women vulnerable to poverty. This paper critically assesses the obliviousness of Uganda's Agricultural poverty policy to structures and how this has militated on the gender poverty production in Uganda. The paper contends that in order to realise engendered poverty eradication in Uganda, it is pertinent for the agricultural policy to ultimately make paradigm shift from focusing on the individual as the basic ingredient of a moral society (ethical individualism) to confronting structures and strictures that disempower and vulnerablelise individual moral agents (ethical collectivism). ; Contrubution authors to the chapters are John Barugahare, Dickson Kanakulya, Michael George Kizito and Gervase Tusabe.

The urban area of Lima and Callao (9 million inhabitants) is preparing for an earthquake of great magnitude that could entail a major crisis. In front of this coming crisis, what do we know about the vulnerability of this urban territory? This research study suggests putting the milestones of a geography of crisis management based on the accessibility to emergency healthcare in Lima and Callao. It is an urban geography located at the crossroads of risk, crisis and emergency health issues, which directly tackles the spatial and territorial dimensions of crisis management. This research study is based on a panorama of big urban crises and presents a critical analysis of the paradigms of risk and crises. This innovative geographical approach aims at seizing both the complexity of crisis situations and the vulnerability of big urban areas. Since crisis management aims at putting in relation the resources that are useful at the moment of the event with the vulnerable spaces that need to be helped first, a georeferenced database of emergency health resources in Lima enables the analysis of the spatial and territorial dimensions of crisis management. Different vulnerabilities are evidenced, such as those of the major hospitals, of the healthcare system and of the population through the accessibility to health facilities in a crisis situation. Each and all of them contributes to understand the vulnerability of the territory. Thus, this research study considers crisis management as an object of research inside geography, since it helps answering urban problems beyond the concerns of risks and crises. It also suggests working out the issue of vulnerability thanks to a joint understanding of the spatial and territorial dimensions of crisis management at the time of the event and during the building process of the city on the long term. This geography of crisis overtakes the cleavage between risk prevention and preparation for crisis management by being part of a risk / crisis continuum, and reintroduces territory and politics at the heart of risks and crises issues in urban areas. ; La aglomeración urbana de Lima y Callao (9 millones de habitantes) se prepara a un sismo de gran magnitud susceptible de provocar una crisis mayor. Frente a esta crisis por venir, ¿qué conocimientos se pueden producir sobre la vulnerabilidad del territorio urbano? Esta investigación propone iniciar una geografía de la gestión de crisis a partir de la cuestión de la atención médica en Lima y Callao. Es una geografía urbana situada entre las problemáticas del riesgo, de la crisis y de la salud de emergencia, que abarca frontalmente las dimensiones espaciales y territoriales de la gestión de crisis.La problemática de investigación se apoya en un panorama de grandes crisis urbanas y promueve un análisis crítico de los paradigmas de gestión de los riesgos y de las crisis. De forma innovadora, este enfoque geográfico considera conjuntamente la complejidad de las situaciones de crisis y la vulnerabilidad de las grandes aglomeraciones urbanas. Con la idea de que la gestión de crisis consiste en relacionar los recursos útiles al momento del evento y los espacios vulnerables a socorrer prioritariamente, se recurre a una base de datos georeferenciada de los recursos de atención médica de emergencia en Lima para analizar las dimensiones espaciales y territoriales de la gestión de crisis. Diferentes vulnerabilidades son puestas en evidencia: la de los hospitales esenciales, la del sistema de salud y la de la población, a través de la accesibilidad a la atención de salud en situación de crisis.Así, esta investigación propone la gestión de crisis como un verdadero objeto de investigación de la geografía, capaz de vislumbrar las cuestiones urbanas más allá de la problemática del riesgo y la crisis. Plantea una comprensión de la vulnerabilidad a partir de una lectura conjunta de las dimensiones espaciales y territoriales de la gestión de crisis al momento del evento y de los procesos de construcción de la ciudad a largo tiempo. Esta geografía de la crisis va más allá de la segmentación entre la prevención de los riesgos y la preparación para el manejo de emergencia, inscribiéndose en un continuum riesgo / crisis, y reintroduce el territorio y el político como elementos claves de la problemática de los riesgos y de las crisis en medio urbano. ; L'agglomération urbaine de Lima et Callao (9 millions d'habitants) se prépare à un séisme de grande magnitude susceptible de provoquer une crise majeure. Face à cette crise à venir, quelles connaissances peut-on produire sur la vulnérabilité du territoire urbain ? Cette recherche propose de poser les jalons d'une géographie de la gestion de crise à partir de la question de l'accessibilité aux soins à Lima et Callao. C'est une géographie urbaine à la croisée des problématiques du risque, de la crise et de la santé d'urgence, qui aborde frontalement les dimensions spatiales et territoriales de la gestion des situations de crise. La problématique de recherche s'appuie sur un panorama de grandes crises urbaines et propose une analyse critique des paradigmes de gestion des risques et des crises. Innovante, cette approche géographique impose de saisir conjointement la complexité des situations de crises et la vulnérabilité des grandes agglomérations urbaines. Partant de l'idée que la gestion de crise consiste à mettre en relation des ressources utiles au moment de l'évènement et des espaces vulnérables à secourir en priorité, une base de données géoréférencées des ressources de santé d'urgence à Lima a été construite et utilisée pour analyser les dimensions spatiales et territoriales de la gestion de crise. Différentes vulnérabilités sont mises en évidence : celles des hôpitaux majeurs, celles du dispositif de soins, et celles de la population à travers l'accessibilité aux soins en situation de crise. Elles contribuent toutes à la compréhension de la vulnérabilité du territoire. Ainsi, cette recherche propose de faire de la gestion de crise un véritable objet de recherche de la géographie, capable d'éclairer les questions urbaines au-delà de la problématique des risques et des crises. Elle propose de décrypter la vulnérabilité à partir d'une lecture conjointe des dimensions spatiales et territoriales de la gestion de crise au moment de l'événement et des processus de construction de la ville sur le temps long. Cette géographie de la crise dépasse le clivage entre prévention des risques et préparation à la gestion de crise en s'inscrivant dans un continuum risque / crise, et réintroduit le territoire et le politique au cœur de la problématique des risques et des crises en milieu urbain.

本文以明人對宦官態度轉變及其相應行動爲中心,著重從政治文化互動的角度,探討在明代君權專制強化而滋生發達宦官政治情況之下,士大夫如何因應這一政治結構和政治生態的變化,調整思維與行動的方式,施展和落實儒家的政治理想與目標的過程、言行表現及其意義。 ; 本文認爲明代中後期的士大夫在對待宦官態度與問題上,出現重要的轉變與調適,他們趨向於呼籲改變與宦官對立的關係,普遍強調宦官具備與常"人"一致的天性與善端,主張以引導和"教化"的方式令其從善。這一思維轉向的要義,是中晚明的士大夫在承認宦官官僚政治和認識宦官顯著角色及地位的基礎上,思考通過"改造"宦官進而改善政治。 ; 中晚明時期這股思維轉向更重要地表現為以"化宦"為中心内容的行動與實踐。對宦官讀書之所--内書堂重振的共識與努力以及撰作宦官教化用書,即是這一實踐的直接落實。中晚明人士在内書堂教育和撰作宦官教化書籍中,均重視以歷史和本朝歷史上的宦官善惡實例來強化宦官道德理想教育,感召和鼓勵其去惡向善、忠君愛國以及輔養君德。這是他們借"化宦"來"格君"的努力,是他們施展上層經世理想的表現和重要内容。 ; 在晚明集中出現的衆多宦官教化用書中,萬曆初王畿所作"化宦"書《中鑒錄》是一本對宦官有實際影響和感召力的著作。這與書中揚棄傳統偏見,尊重並同情宦官歷史,鼓勵他們具有常"人"的良知等情形密切關係。與之相反的個案則是張世則撰作的《貂璫史鑒》,以受到宦官排斥告終。其"成敗"視乎它們有否契合中晚明以來宦官在知識文化增廣之餘主體和自我意識提高的趨向。 ; 綜核本文討論所得,主要有以下三點認識。第一,明代士人與宦官的關係複雜多樣,不能以對抗與勾結的二元結構予以簡單處理。中晚明時期不斷出現的"化宦"思想和實踐顯示,士大夫傾向於覺得他們與宦官處於同一政治文化之中,並且有意強化已趨"一體"的向路。第二,在政治現實不利和政治空間有限的情況下,明代士大夫能務實而敏銳地利用"化宦"來"格君",可見他們不曾放棄得君行道的理想,熱情未減。這是政治與文化之間高度呼應、交互影響與滲透的應有真義和全貌。第三,儒家核心價值系統中的原則為後人改造世界提供精神和經典的來源。中晚明人士思考宦官具有"人"的面向與價值並將他們納入"有教無類"之中,顯示儒家價值系統只有回到現實政治與社會生活中並積極地予以回應,摸爬滾打中,才能得到充實和實踐。這是儒學實踐性的特點和要求。 ; This dissertation studies the attitudes and actions of scholar-officials to the eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. From the perspective of political and cultural interaction, it explores how scholar-officials coped with changes in the political structures and political ecologies in which eunuch politics became a major issue of government. It examines scholar-officials' thinking and action in dealing with the eunuchs while attempting to implement their political ideal when monarchical despotism reigned in Ming times. ; The study finds that there are important changes in scholar-officials' attitudes in mid and late Ming times. Instead of discrimination against eunuchs they tended to see eunuchs as their equal as human beings. They believed that eunuchs have similar human nature and humaneness as theirs, and advocated making them good imperial servants by moral and civil education. They adopted an approach that government improvement can be achieved by "transforming the eunuchs through a Confucian-based education and recognizing the eunuch's ...

金山寺位於江蘇省鎮江市,這座今天依然著名的佛寺最初是當地祭拜水神蛇仙的場所。從公元820年代開始,金山佛寺出現,寺內拜佛的活動逐漸成為主流。這個民間拜蛇的場所,逐漸開始拜佛,這個轉變是中唐之後鎮江地區一系列社會變化的結果,闡述這些社會改變,便能大致揭示出鎮江納入王朝行政體系具體過程。 ; 金山寺所在的金山,在唐代是一個方圓到一公里的岩石島嶼。這裡祭祀水神蛇仙的記錄,最早可以追述至南朝。在這裡接受祭祀的水神蛇仙中,以白蛇為首位。從隋朝開始,隨著胡商在長江下游經營活動逐漸增加,金山小島上所祭祀的水神,同時融匯了江南本土水神蛇仙信仰和在華胡商的女神信仰兩方面的祭拜傳統。這種不同文化、不同祭祀傳統的融合,是通過商稅逐漸成為中唐王朝的主要經濟來源而逐步形成的。 ; 隨著唐玄宗初步確立的運河溝通南北的格局,運河於安史之亂後成為唐帝國的生命線,這一點令位於長江水道與運河水道相交匯的鎮江,以其經濟意義而成為王朝勢力的必爭之地。鎮江的地方官職(唐時稱潤州刺史)也從一個王朝官員畏懼的「凶闕」而一躍成為「望」職,常由宰相兼領。 ; 鎮江經濟地位的提升以及朝廷重臣的駐守,令王朝的行政體系高調出現在鎮江,並且引發了朝廷與地方勢力之爭。恰在此時,唐王朝的鹽政令朝廷成功獲得商人以及地方權貴的支持,北方朝廷與鎮江地方社會的衝突,在商人和權貴的介入下,得到了緩和。鎮江社會的結構出現了改變,編戶數量大增。 ; 隨著社會結構的轉變,王朝重臣同時成功地將王朝的文化成功地帶到了鎮江。從公元820年代開始,文化在鎮江出現的轉變,對於民間對於王朝的認同來說,是決定性的一步。鎮江的金山寺,不僅通過這種文化認同而被描述成佛寺,並且更成為當地代表北方文化的一個傳播中心。 ; 從此之後,金山寺便開始被官員和文人稱為"佛寺。雖然如此,金山島上的水神並沒有消失。這位號稱是白蛇的神靈,以其融匯在華胡商女性水神信仰而由老叟變成美婦。水神祭祀和對佛教的禮拜,在晚唐五代的金山寺中並行不悖,其表現形式,則是以佛教傳統為主導、水神祭祀為輔。晚唐金山寺逐漸成為遠近聞名的佛寺,從這個時候開始,鎮江便完成了其由化外之邦至化內之地的轉變。 ; Monastery Jinshan locates in Zhenjiang today. Though it is famous for its Buddhist rituals since 11th century, the monastery was originally a sacred palace for preying Water Gods of Snakes. Since the palace was first being addressed as "Buddhist monastery in mid 820s, the Buddhist tradition was recorded as the dominant one. The conversion from local serpent cult to state Buddhist Religion resulted from a mix of social transformations in Zhenjiang. Therefore, the converting process revealed the process of the place getting incorporated into the state during the transformation period of late Tang Dynasty (AD 618-903). ; During Tang Dynasty, Monastery Jinshan sat on a small rocky island in the middle of lower range of Yangzi River. The earliest record of serpent cult in the island could be traced back to late fourth century. Snake White led the pantheons of water gods in Zhenjiang, and the serpent cult in Zhenjing witnessed a profound transformation because of the foreign merchants who traveled around the lower range of Yangzi River in Sui and Tang Dynasties (AD 581-907). The foreign merchants of the time profiled their Water Gods as ...

香港政府在二千年推行教育改革,校長作為學校教學領導團隊的核心領導者,如何帶動學校的教學發展更趨重要。本研究探討香港小學校長教學領導的具體策略,以及在實踐教學領導過程中,如何受到不同因素的影響。 ; 本研究採用質化的多重個案研究方法,挑選了校長教學領導較為成功的兩所小學作為研究對象,探討有關問題。研究資料搜集方法包括訪問校長及學校主要的中層教學領導教師及部分基層教師;實地觀察課堂教學、教師專業發展活動和不同類型的會議;以及分析學校、政府、大專院校的文件。 ; 研究發現,在推動學校學與教發展的過程中,校長的領導策略是根據學校的獨特情境而選擇的,沒有一個放諸四海皆準或是所謂「最佳」的策略。面對着來自不同層面的各種不同因素的考驗及牽制,教學領導的效能取決於校長領導策略、行為與情境的配合,能否運用其領導解難能力,將挑戰轉化為發展機會。而在這過程中,建立學校教學願景、促進團隊正面人際關係及環境氛圍是校長教學領導的重要策略。 ; 研究進一步發現,校長個人信念、經驗、專業知識及領導能力、個人特質等,是影響校長教學領導策略的重要因素。因為個人信念和經歷對領導工作內容具有一種指向性作用,確立校長如何定義學生的學習、教師的教學;而個人專業知識和能力與及個人特質這兩項,則是實踐學校願景的一些能力條件;校長需要依靠這些知識、能力特長去推動教學發展及學校改進。可以說,信念、經歷、專業知識和能力、個人特質之間是相輔相成的。 ; 研究又發現,校長教學領導策略和學校情境內的不同因素,包括學校文化、教師、中層領導、學生和家長等等具交互影響,彼此不斷調校以回應改進需求。最後,隨着校長領導策略發揮作用,學校出現變革,中層教學領導能力提升,他們不僅協助校長深化和加快教學發展,也幫助學校回應新挑戰。因此,學校情境因素亦是影響校長教學領導策略不可忽略的重要因素。 ; 本研究對校長教學領導的知識領域有三方面的貢獻,它揭示了(1)校長在學校學與教發展過程中扮演引導教學發展方向及營造學校正面文化的關鍵角色;(2)不同因素對校長教學領導策略的影響;以及(3)校長教學領導策略成功發揮作用所需要的條件,就是各項策略與校長個人因素、學校情境因素之間的配合。 ; Since year 2000, Hong Kong government has initiated a number of educational reforms. Being a center figure in our school structure, the role of principals has become increasingly crucial to the success of those reforms. This study aims to understand Hong Kong school principals' strategies on instructional leadership and factors affecting them. ; The study employed a multiple-case design. Two primary schools with widely recognized reform success were purposefully chosen. Data collected include interviews of principal, key middle managers and teachers; it also included observations of classes, student activities, staff development activities, and meetings at different levels; and reviews of documents from various sources. ; The study found that there is no one-size-fits-all nor the best strategy when principals try to improve their schools or to upgrade teachers' knowledge and skills. Rather, principals should tailor their own plans for teachers' professional development and school improvement, and the strategies need to be context-specific. Faced by challenges from their changing educational environment, ...

Le biblioteche pubbliche, i cui clienti sono l'intera società, hanno percepito più di altre le possibili modificazioni derivanti dal mercato emergente della cosiddetta "informazione globale" e hanno iniziato un percorso di ridefinizione del loro posizionamento. Si capisce che le biblioteche pubbliche avranno nuovi concorrenti, ma non è facile trovare una strategia. Infatti, sono ancora molte le variabili interdipendenti, e molteplici i possibili scenari derivabili non solo dall'innovazione tecnologica, ma anche dai processi di mutamento economico, politico, sociale e culturale che si produrranno in conseguenza alla concorrenza fra i mercati, alle politiche dei governi, alle nuove legislazioni nel settore. È quanto mai evidente, quindi, che non c'è un solo futuro che dobbiamo sforzarci di prevedere. Del resto, se il cambiamento è posto al centro della riflessione sulla qualità dalle più aggiornate teorie di management, è importante pensare che non mancheranno certamente opportunità per il cambiamento. Questo sembra essere il dibattito attuale a livello internazionale, seguendo un processo che deve essere proseguito, un processo che, aldilà dell'irruenza con la quale Internet, ma non solo Internet, ha sconvolto il settore dell'informazione e della comunicazione, è molto più lento nel manifestare le sue conseguenze nei più vari aspetti dell'organizzazione sociale e quindi anche nell'organizzazione delle biblioteche.Forti della certezza che lungo sarà il tempo durante il quale le risorse cartacee dovranno convivere con quelle elettroniche, i bibliotecari non hanno cessato di formulare ipotesi anche molto dirompenti sul futuro, e vi è chi pensa che la biblioteca virtuale annullerà le differenze fra diversi tipi di biblioteche.Attraverso i contributi dei bibliotecari sulla realtà e le esperienze delle biblioteche danesi, inglesi, scozzesi, statunitensi, vengono mostrati i cambiamenti nell'organizzazione e nei servizi. Biblioteche digitali, reference a distanza, catalogo universale, prestito interbibliotecario su scala mondiale sono così le innovazioni, o le ipotesi di innovazione che impegnano i bibliotecari nel loro dibattito professionale. Emerge infine sopra ogni altro argomento il tema del management, la capacità sempre più necessaria di saper prevedere le aspettative degli utenti e corrispondervi velocemente, capire costi, fissare prezzi, recuperare risorse, gestire personale, dimostrare il valore di ciò che si vende. E poiché appunto le biblioteche sono espressione della società che devono servire, anche su questo occorre capire quali sono le aspettative che si stanno manifestando. È possibile allora immaginare le biblioteche pubbliche del futuro come luoghi di divertimento e di esperienze virtuali, ma anche come elementi fondamentali nella società della conoscenza, in cui diventerà diffusa l'applicazione delle tecnologie intelligenti.Nel panorama internazionale la situazione italiana si colloca con difficoltà, per il fatto che è assente una programmazione politica nazionale per le biblioteche, mentre quella sull'informazione non assegna ad esse alcun ruolo. La Dichiarazione di Copenaghen richiama i governi a definire una politica nazionale dell'informazione, che riconosca il ruolo unico e vitale delle biblioteche pubbliche e le sostenga con un'adeguata legislazione, ma in Italia si sente fortemente la carenza di un coordinamento nazionale che definisca i diversi compiti e le forme di cooperazione tra i vari livelli istituzionali. ; Public libraries, whose customers are the whole of society, have felt, more than any others, the possible modifications deriving from the emerging market of so-called "global information" and have begun a path of redefinition of their function. It is clear that public libraries will have new competitors, but it is not so easy to find a strategy. In fact, there are still many interdependent variables, and many are the possible scenarios that can be derived not only from technological innovation, but also from the processes of economic, political, social and cultural change which will come about as a result of competition between markets, government policies and new legislation in the sector. It is quite clear therefore that there is not just one future which we must try to foresee. After all, if change is placed at the centre of the reflection on quality by the most up to date management theories, it is important to think there will certainly be no lack of opportunities for that change. This seems to be the current debate at international level, following a process which must be continued, a process that, over and above the vehemence with which Internet, but not just Internet, has disturbed the sector of information and communication, is much slower in manifesting its consequences in the most varied aspects of social organization and therefore in the organization of libraries.Knowing that the period during which the paper resources will have to cohabitate with electronic ones will be a long one, librarians continue to formulate some very even sensational hypotheses on the future, and there are those who think that the virtual library will annul the differences between the different types of library. Changes in organization and services are demonstrated through contributions from librarians on the situations and experiences of Danish, English, Scotch, and United States libraries. Digital libraries, distance reference services, universal catalogues, interlibrary loans on a world scale are thus the innovations, or the hypotheses of innovations that keep librarians busy in their professional discussions. Finally, above every other subject the theme of management emerges, the increasingly more necessary ability to foresee the expectations of the public and rapidly respond to them, understand costs, fix prices, recover resources, manage personnel, demonstrate the value of what is being sold. And because libraries are in fact an expression of the society that they must serve, we must try to understand the expectations that are becoming apparent. It is therefore possible to imagine the public libraries of the future as places of entertainment and virtual experiences, but also as fundamental elements in the society of knowledge, in which the application of intelligent technology will become widespread.In the international panorama it is hard to find a place for the Italian situation, due to the fact that there is no national policy for libraries, while information policies assign no role to them. The Copenhagen Declaration calls on governments to define a national policy on information that acknowledges the unique and vital role of public libraries and sustains them with a specific legislation, but in Italy the lack of a national coordination that defines the different tasks and forms of cooperation between the various institutional levels is strongly felt.

The urban area of Lima and Callao (9 million inhabitants) is preparing for an earthquake of great magnitude that could entail a major crisis. In front of this coming crisis, what do we know about the vulnerability of this urban territory? This research study suggests putting the milestones of a geography of crisis management based on the accessibility to emergency healthcare in Lima and Callao. It is an urban geography located at the crossroads of risk, crisis and emergency health issues, which directly tackles the spatial and territorial dimensions of crisis management. This research study is based on a panorama of big urban crises and presents a critical analysis of the paradigms of risk and crises. This innovative geographical approach aims at seizing both the complexity of crisis situations and the vulnerability of big urban areas. Since crisis management aims at putting in relation the resources that are useful at the moment of the event with the vulnerable spaces that need to be helped first, a georeferenced database of emergency health resources in Lima enables the analysis of the spatial and territorial dimensions of crisis management. Different vulnerabilities are evidenced, such as those of the major hospitals, of the healthcare system and of the population through the accessibility to health facilities in a crisis situation. Each and all of them contributes to understand the vulnerability of the territory. Thus, this research study considers crisis management as an object of research inside geography, since it helps answering urban problems beyond the concerns of risks and crises. It also suggests working out the issue of vulnerability thanks to a joint understanding of the spatial and territorial dimensions of crisis management at the time of the event and during the building process of the city on the long term. This geography of crisis overtakes the cleavage between risk prevention and preparation for crisis management by being part of a risk / crisis continuum, and reintroduces territory and politics at the heart of risks and crises issues in urban areas. ; La aglomeración urbana de Lima y Callao (9 millones de habitantes) se prepara a un sismo de gran magnitud susceptible de provocar una crisis mayor. Frente a esta crisis por venir, ¿qué conocimientos se pueden producir sobre la vulnerabilidad del territorio urbano? Esta investigación propone iniciar una geografía de la gestión de crisis a partir de la cuestión de la atención médica en Lima y Callao. Es una geografía urbana situada entre las problemáticas del riesgo, de la crisis y de la salud de emergencia, que abarca frontalmente las dimensiones espaciales y territoriales de la gestión de crisis.La problemática de investigación se apoya en un panorama de grandes crisis urbanas y promueve un análisis crítico de los paradigmas de gestión de los riesgos y de las crisis. De forma innovadora, este enfoque geográfico considera conjuntamente la complejidad de las situaciones de crisis y la vulnerabilidad de las grandes aglomeraciones urbanas. Con la idea de que la gestión de crisis consiste en relacionar los recursos útiles al momento del evento y los espacios vulnerables a socorrer prioritariamente, se recurre a una base de datos georeferenciada de los recursos de atención médica de emergencia en Lima para analizar las dimensiones espaciales y territoriales de la gestión de crisis. Diferentes vulnerabilidades son puestas en evidencia: la de los hospitales esenciales, la del sistema de salud y la de la población, a través de la accesibilidad a la atención de salud en situación de crisis.Así, esta investigación propone la gestión de crisis como un verdadero objeto de investigación de la geografía, capaz de vislumbrar las cuestiones urbanas más allá de la problemática del riesgo y la crisis. Plantea una comprensión de la vulnerabilidad a partir de una lectura conjunta de las dimensiones espaciales y territoriales de la gestión de crisis al momento del evento y de los procesos de construcción de la ciudad a largo tiempo. Esta geografía de la crisis va más allá de la segmentación entre la prevención de los riesgos y la preparación para el manejo de emergencia, inscribiéndose en un continuum riesgo / crisis, y reintroduce el territorio y el político como elementos claves de la problemática de los riesgos y de las crisis en medio urbano. ; L'agglomération urbaine de Lima et Callao (9 millions d'habitants) se prépare à un séisme de grande magnitude susceptible de provoquer une crise majeure. Face à cette crise à venir, quelles connaissances peut-on produire sur la vulnérabilité du territoire urbain ? Cette recherche propose de poser les jalons d'une géographie de la gestion de crise à partir de la question de l'accessibilité aux soins à Lima et Callao. C'est une géographie urbaine à la croisée des problématiques du risque, de la crise et de la santé d'urgence, qui aborde frontalement les dimensions spatiales et territoriales de la gestion des situations de crise. La problématique de recherche s'appuie sur un panorama de grandes crises urbaines et propose une analyse critique des paradigmes de gestion des risques et des crises. Innovante, cette approche géographique impose de saisir conjointement la complexité des situations de crises et la vulnérabilité des grandes agglomérations urbaines. Partant de l'idée que la gestion de crise consiste à mettre en relation des ressources utiles au moment de l'évènement et des espaces vulnérables à secourir en priorité, une base de données géoréférencées des ressources de santé d'urgence à Lima a été construite et utilisée pour analyser les dimensions spatiales et territoriales de la gestion de crise. Différentes vulnérabilités sont mises en évidence : celles des hôpitaux majeurs, celles du dispositif de soins, et celles de la population à travers l'accessibilité aux soins en situation de crise. Elles contribuent toutes à la compréhension de la vulnérabilité du territoire. Ainsi, cette recherche propose de faire de la gestion de crise un véritable objet de recherche de la géographie, capable d'éclairer les questions urbaines au-delà de la problématique des risques et des crises. Elle propose de décrypter la vulnérabilité à partir d'une lecture conjointe des dimensions spatiales et territoriales de la gestion de crise au moment de l'événement et des processus de construction de la ville sur le temps long. Cette géographie de la crise dépasse le clivage entre prévention des risques et préparation à la gestion de crise en s'inscrivant dans un continuum risque / crise, et réintroduit le territoire et le politique au cœur de la problématique des risques et des crises en milieu urbain.

Infrastructures and utility services are fundamental to economic and human development. Therefore, investment in these areas is critical to economic growth, quality of life, poverty reduction, access to education and health care and achieving many of the objectives of a robust economy. Yet, whereas the public sector provides the vast majority of financing for infrastructure services, investments have not matched demand, public funds or borrowings are insufficient and governments are seeking methods to improve the efficient procurement of infrastructure services. Private sector participation in public projects is increasingly becoming a reliable source of investment and, as far as public policies are concerned, an unavoidable feature of our contemporary society even in "core public policies" (for example, greater responsibility for financial planning and welfare provision is being increasingly shifted by the states to the private sector and individuals). In the area of infrastructures and utility services, Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), despite some of their challenging features, are one of the tools in a policy maker's arsenal which help to increase investment in infrastructure services and improve its efficiency. One of the main advantages of PPP is that, unlike privatization, the government retains strategic control over the project and the ownership of its assets. PPP offers multiple options or structures. As shown in this study, Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) Projects are one of the numerous options offered by PPP. In a BOT project, a private entity is given the right to design, finance, build and operate for a defined period ("concession period") a facility that would normally be built by the government. The operation of the project generates revenues and the private entity uses these revenues to service debt and provide the investors with a return. At the end of the defined period, the private entity turns over the facility to the government. In practice, a number of parties - each with sometimes different interests, levels of sophistication and available resources - will be involved in a BOT project: the grantor/host government, the sponsors (generally throughout the project company), the lenders and the contractors (construction contractor, operator, offtake purchaser, input supplier) and the BOT approach can be used for different and various projects (power generation, water treatment, airports, roads, tunnels, bridges…) and, hence, has many variants such as BOO (Build, Own and Operate), BOOT (Build, Own, Operate and Transfer), BTO (Build, Transfer and Operate) etc. The BOT approach is not, however, a panacea for the host government and may involve some disadvantages. In effect, BOT projects are highly complex (from both financial and legal points of view), commercially driven projects, requiring extensive documentation and negotiation and a suitable political, legal, regulatory and economic environment. Nevertheless, it has many potential advantages and still is a viable alternative in most countries to the more traditional approach to public projects. For policy makers, practitioners, investors and, above all, the targeted populations to fully benefit from these advantages, the BOT concept must however be clarified and lifted from the fuzziness in which it has been plunged by commentators. There has actually been a dual view of the BOT concept: On one hand, some commentators consider the BOT concept as a simple public procurement modality, comparable to the concession model, and hence to be subjected to classical public law concepts, practices and requirements such as the public services, public ownership and standards and rules of public budget and accountancy. On the other hand, some other commentators view the BOT concept as a modality of project financing which should therefore be subjected to the requirements of profitability and risks sharing. However, if this dual view presents the BOT concept under two specialized lenses and tends to protect certain interests - i.e. public interests and private interests - it is in fact non satisfactory conceptually as well as practically. In fact, this dual view describes a unique reality which an economic cooperation characterized by harmony and conflict, change and equilibrium. The ambition and objective of this study is therefore to give a full understanding of the BOT concept and to shed light on its originality and its unity. The BOT concept is therefore considered as an economic cooperation device, demonstration made in this study principally under the light of law and economics approach. In effect, structuring a BOT project requires the use of (free) market tools (especially economic and financial tools), which render the law and economic approach perfectly suitable to analyze the BOT concept and reveal its rationality and coherence. Hence, the use of the (strategic) game theory to underline the mutual gains resulting from the cooperation between partners involved in a BOT project; the use of the incomplete contract theory to explain the special care needed to design the BOT contract and its possible adjustments; the use of the theory of the firm and financial contracting to explain the functions of coordination and integration of the project company; or also the use of the public choice theory to analyze the notion of general interest which has led to the conclusion that BOT projects are a combination of public and private interests in order to achieve optimality and mutual gains. More generally however, this study has adopted a pragmatic view, using various and different methods, because analyzing the relationships between State and market requires taking into account a great range of fields, considerations and expertise. This pragmatic approach suggested the study be carried out as a genealogic enterprise, such a process allowing a criticizing stance and a formulation of a new and global theoretical frame presenting the relics and the transformations of the current (dual) views of the BOT concept from which its originality and its unity derive. This study has therefore shown that the contractual, structural, economic and financial interdependence of the BOT project makes it an undeniable economic cooperation device. The BOT concept therefore acquires a conceptual unity which reinforces its functional and practical nature and adds a guarantee of legal security to its use. Besides, it has also been demonstrated that BOT is a signaling and an accountability tool for the partners involved in those operations. Ultimately, as regard to public projects, the BOT concept introduces a bit of rationality in equity and humanity to efficiency.

Flüsse besitzen eine wichtige ökologische, sozioökonomische und politische Bedeutung für den Menschen, z.B. zur Trinkwasser- und Stromgewinnung, als Transportweg und zur Bewässerung. Zudem können lokale Süßwassereinträge die regionale Ozeanzirkulation beeinflussen. Demnach besteht ein Bedarf zur Erfassung der räumlichen und zeitlichen Variationen der weltweiten Flussvolumentransporte. Das bisherige Verständnis der Abflussdynamik basiert auf Daten von In-situ-Messstellen, die global sehr ungleich verteilt sind, deren Anzahl abnimmt und deren Datenqualität und -verfügbarkeit für viele Anwendungen oft nicht ausreicht. Die Verfügbarkeit von satellitengestützten Verfahren zur Messung verschiedener Flussparameter bietet die Möglichkeit zur deutlichen Verbesserung dieser Bedingungen. Die bisherige Erfassung von satellitengestützten Abflüssen erfolgt im Wesentlichen auf punktuellen Wasserstand- und Neigungsmessungen an Flussquerschnitten durch, für Ozeananwendungen konzipierte, Radaraltimeter. Dem Mangel wird durch die zukünftige Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Satellitenmission, die eine flächenhafte Erfassung von Wasserständen erlaubt, Rechnung getragen. Eine andere, vielversprechende Methodik stellt die Along-Track SAR Interferometrie (ATI) dar, die die simultane Messung der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit und der Flussbreite erlaubt. Seit 2007 können durch den Satelliten TerraSAR-X (im experimentellen Operationsmodus) erstmals vom Weltraum aus Fließgeschwindigkeiten in Flüssen und Flussmündungen gemessen werden. In dieser Studie werden beide Messmethoden (ATI, Altimetrie) gegenübergestellt und kombiniert, um das Potential zur Bestimmung von satellitengestützten Flussvolumentransporten zu untersuchen. Um die komplexen Zusammenhänge zwischen den satellitenbasierten Messgrößen und den daraus abgeleiteten Volumentransporten möglichst genau zu untersuchen, wird ein numerisches, hoch aufgelöstes Modell der Tideelbe benutzt, das sowohl zur Simulation von Satellitenbeobachtungen als auch als Referenz benutzt wird. Viele Flüssen unterliegen einem Gezeiteneinfluss. Die Tidesignale in den Messzeitreihen werden durch das Annähern von Fourierreihen der Frequenzen der Hauptgezeiten M2 und K1 reduziert. Die Effektivität des Mittelwertschätzers hängt im Wesentlichen von der Anzahl der Messungen und nicht von der Abtastperiode des Satelliten ab. Unter Annahme der Parallelität der Fluss- und der wirklichen Fließrichtung kann ein zweidimensionales Geschwindigkeitsfeld aus den gemessenen ATI-Geschwindigkeiten (parallel zur Radarblickrichtung) abgeleitet werden. Die Berechnung der Abflüsse geschieht durch die Verwendung von empirischen Abflussmodellen. Nur aus der durch das ATI messbaren Geschwindigkeit und Flussbreite lassen sich realistische instantane Volumentransporte erfassen, auch in einem stark tidebehafteten Fluss. Reale TerraSAR-X ATI-Abflussberechnungen für die Tideelbe und die Lena bekräftigen die Simulationsergebnisse. Auch Nettotransporte können mittels ATI bestimmt werden. Durchgeführte TerraSAR-X ATI-Überflugsimulationen über der Elbe zeigen, dass nach 20 Überflügen realistische Nettotransporte mit einer Ungenauigkeit in der Größenordnung von 70% ermittelt werden. Für eine einjährige Mittelungsperiode (ca. 100 Messungen) erhöht sich die Genauigkeit auf 20-30%, was im Bereich traditioneller, kontaktloser, bodengestützter Abflussmessverfahren liegt. Aus ATI-Geschwindigkeitsmessungen können unter Verwendung von empirischen Abflussmodellen auch Aussagen zur Wassertiefe in einem Fluss getroffen werden. Die SWOT-Mission eignet sich kaum zur Abschätzung von Flussvolumentransporten in Flussmündungen. Simulationen der Überflüge der SWOT-Mission zeigen, dass sich im Gegensatz zu den ATI-Messungen aus den berechneten Neigungen keine realistischen Flussvolumentransporte ermitteln lassen. Der Grund hierfür sind ungültige Annahmen der empirischen Abflussmodelle in den Flussmündungen. Auch eine Kombination beider Technologien (zusätzliche Messgröße) verbessert die Abflussbestimmung gegenüber den alleinigen ATI-Messungen nicht. Mit einer Satellitenmission rein für ATI-Messungen können für verschiedene Flusseinzugsgebiete auf der Erde Süßwassereinträge in den Ozean bestimmt werden. Diese repräsentieren ca. 89% der gesamten jährlichen Flussausströme. Mit den derzeitigen Voraussetzungen ist die ATI-Technologie auf die großen Flüsse und Flussmündungen beschränkt. Sie ist besonders für schlecht überwachte Regionen und Regionen, für die keine flussspezifischen Kenntnisse vorliegen, geeignet. Altimeterbasierte Abflussbestimmungen sind meist nur außerhalb von Flussmündungen möglich. Die Fehler satellitengestützter Abflussberechnungen resultieren im Wesentlichen aus den angewendeten Abflussmodellen, weniger aus den fernerkundlich erfassten Messgrößen. ; Rivers have much ecological, socioeconomical, and political relevance to human society, e.g. for drinking water supply, electric power generation, ship traffic, and irrigation. River discharge is also an important link between terrestrial hydrology and the freshwater balance in the oceans. There is a strong need for accurate knowledge about temporal and spatial variations of the global river runoff. Our present knowledge about the dynamic of global river discharge is mainly based on an ever-declining global in-situ gauge measurement network. The global river discharge dynamics are monitored inadequately because the gauge network is sparse in many regions, the access to the streamflow data is difficult or impossible, or the data quality is not always satisfactory. Advances in satellite-based measurement techniques to detect various river parameters can improve this situation. Up to now, satellite-based river discharge determinations are mainly based on point-based water-level and slope measurements of radar altimeters that are designed for ocean applications. To overcome this lack, the concept for the planned SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) mission is based on a swath-mapping radar interferometer providing precise maps of water surface. In contrast, the promising technique of along-track interferometric SAR (along-track InSAR, ATI) allows simultaneous measurements of surface currents and river widths with a relatively high spatial resolution. Since 2007, satellite-based ATI current measurements in rivers (in experimental mode of operation) are possible from the satellite TerraSAR-X. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the potential of spaceborne ATI velocity data and future wide-swath altimetry height measurements for river runoff retrievals. Given the lack of appropriate in-situ data, the feasibility study is based on simulations of a high-resolution numerical flow model of the Elbe estuary, which is being sampled in a satellite-simulated way and which acts as ground truth as well. Possible tidal influence of many rivers can be removed from the measured signal by fitting the main tidal M2 and K1 oscillations. The effectiveness of the reduction of the tidal signal primarily depends on the number of measurements used rather than the sampling period of the satellite. The ATI imaging geometry provides only the line-of-sight velocity component. Using the assumption that the river direction is close to the flow direction, the full flow field is resolved. Empirical flow models are used for calculating discharges. It is shown that, by only measuring surface velocity and river width with an ATI system, realistic instantaneous discharge estimates for an estuary can be obtained. These results are proved using real TerraSAR-X ATI data of the Elbe river estuary and the Lena river. Also, net volume transports can be obtained. Realistic TerraSAR-X ATI sampling simulations for the Elbe river test area show that at least 20 samples are necessary to reach an accuracy in the range of 70% of the estimated net discharges. For an annual observation period (approx. 100 samples), discharges can be estimated in the range of 20-30%, which is comparable to the accuracy range of traditional non-contact, ground-based measurements. Additionally, using ATI velocity measurements, estimates of water depth can be made. Estimation of river volume transports in river mouths by the SWOT mission is almost impossible. Sampling simulations of the SWOT mission show, that in contrast to ATI measurements, no realistic discharge estimates can be obtained using calculated slope measurements, because assumptions of the empirical discharge models do not hold in a river mouth. Also a combination of both measurement technologies (providing an additional river parameter) does not show improvements of discharge estimates, in contrast to solely ATI-based discharge estimates. Spaceborne ATI measurements are suitable for global monitoring of freshwater inputs into the ocean. Discharges of observable river basins (at river mouth) account for about 89% of the total global mean annual freshwater input. Satellite-based ATI observations are especially promising for river mouths and in regions where ground-based data are missing and no site-specific information is available. For the proposed SWOT mission, river discharge measurements are quite problematic in river mouths. Errors arise mainly from the empirical discharge models, not from the remotely sensed parameters.

Der zu erwartende Anstieg des Weltenergiebedarfs macht angesichts der Klimaproblematik und der begrenzten fossilen Ressourcen eine Umgestaltung der Energiesysteme dringend notwendig. Die erneuerbaren Energien sind jedoch noch nicht in der Lage, eine zuverlässige und kostengünstige Energieversorgung zu gewährleisten. Die technologische Weiterentwicklung der regenerativen Energien sowie eine effektive Gestaltung geeigneter Förderstrategien sind daher zentrale Herausforderungen, denen Industrie und Politik gegenüberstehen. In Anbetracht der steigenden Nachfrage nach innovativen Lösungen und den daraus resultierenden Exportchancen spielen hierbei nicht nur Aspekte des Klimaschutzes, sondern auch industriepolitische Motive eine wichtige Rolle. Hinsichtlich der grundsätzlichen Frage der Technologieförderung, ob Innovationsprozesse durch "Technology-Push"- oder durch "Market-Pull"-Faktoren ausgelöst werden, besteht in der Innovationsforschung zwar Konsens darüber, dass beide Arten von Einflussgrößen von Bedeutung sind. Dennoch existiert in Bezug auf die Frage, welche Faktoren die Wirkung staatlicher Förderinstrumente beeinflussen und welche Effekte durch Interdependenzen zwischen verschiedenen Fördermaßnahmen hervorgerufen werden können, noch Forschungsbedarf. So werden insbesondere die Wirkungsweise und die Effektivität nachfrageorientierter Förderinstrumente nach wie vor kontrovers diskutiert. Um ein besseres Verständnis der Komplexität von Innovationsprozessen zu erhalten und die Einflüsse staatlicher Maßnahmen systematisch untersuchen zu können, wurde in dieser Arbeit ein agentenbasiertes Simulationsmodell entwickelt, auf Basis dessen sich die historische Entwicklung der deutschen Fotovoltaikbranche analysieren lässt. Hierbei bietet sich die Fotovoltaiktechnologie (kurz: PV) zum einen deshalb an, weil sie schon seit Anfang der 1960er Jahre gefördert wird. Zum anderen wurden und werden nicht allein Maßnahmen zur Forschungsförderung, sondern auch nachfrageorientierte Förderprogramme, z. B. das Gesetz für den Vorrang Erneuerbarer Energien (EEG), eingesetzt. Die agentenbasierten Modellierung zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass komplexe Zusammenhänge ausgehend von den Interaktionen einzelner, autonomer Akteure abgebildet werden. Daher lassen sich die dynamischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen der Mikroebene des Akteursverhaltens und der Makroebene des Innovations- und Marktgeschehens unmittelbar analysieren. Außerdem erlaubt die agentenbasierte Modellierung die Abkehr von Modellen, die auf dem Leitbild des "homo oeconomicus" der neoklassischen Ökonomik basieren, da es möglich ist, Aspekte wie begrenzte Rationalität oder die individuellen Strategien heterogener Akteure zu modellieren. Im Vergleich zu bisherigen Arbeiten wurden dabei wichtige Ergänzungen und Fortschritte erfolgreich umgesetzt: Hatten bislang erstellte Modelle, in denen industriespezifische Innovationsprozesse untersucht wurden, primär qualitativen Charakter, konnte die historische Technologie- und Marktentwicklung der betrachteten Branche im Rahmen dieses Vorhabens weitestgehend auch quantitativ nachgebildet werden. Die verschiedenen Prozesse der Wissensgenerierung, -verbreitung und -akkumulation wurden außerdem deutlicher differenziert, wodurch eine bessere Nachvollziehbarkeit des Innovationsvorgangs selbst erreicht wird. Ebenso wurden nachfrageseitige Prozesse stärker in die Modellierung mit einbezogen. Somit sind aussagekräftigere Analysen nachfrageorientierter Fördermaßnahmen möglich. Insgesamt sind daher auf Basis des entwickelten Agentenmodells sehr umfassende Analysen staatlicher Fördermaßnahmen möglich. So demonstrieren die verschiedenen Simulationsexperimente, in deren Rahmen die Wirkungen einzelner Instrumente auf das Innovations- und Marktgeschehen in der Fotovoltaikbranche gezielt untersucht werden konnten, nicht nur die Tragfähigkeit der verwendeten Methode. Vielmehr wird anhand der Simulationsergebnisse ebenfalls deutlich, wie stark die Effekte von "Technology-Push"- und "Market-Pull"-Instrumenten ineinandergreifen und wie sehr die Wirkungen dieser Maßnahmen dabei von der Entwicklungsphase der Branche abhängen. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich zum einen, dass die geeigneten Zeitfenster für die Durchführung der jeweiligen Förderprogramme mitunter begrenzt sind. Zum anderen sind die kurz- und die langfristigen Effekte einzelner Maßnahmen manchmal sogar gegenläufig. Ausgehend von den im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Simulationsergebnissen lässt sich zusammenfassend feststellen, dass die bisher in Deutschland durchgeführten Fördermaßnahmen verhältnismäßig effektiv einzuschätzen sind. Trotz der hohen Komplexität der zugrundeliegenden Innovations- und Marktprozesse wurde ein ausgewogener Kompromiss zwischen einer schnellen Kostenreduktion einerseits und der Aufrechterhaltung einer technologischen Vielfalt anderseits erreicht. Dies deutet insgesamt darauf hin, dass Forschungs- und Nachfrageförderung gut aufeinander abgestimmt waren. ; In response to the expected increase in world energy demand, the growing challenges of climate change and resource depletion, energy from renewable sources will have to play a significant role on future energy markets. However, renewable energies are not yet able to ensure reliable and affordable energy supplies. Therefore enormous efforts from the industry will be necessary in terms of both innovative processes and products in order to fulfil the needs of a future energy mix. Renewable energy technology development and the effective design of appropriate support strategies are thus crucial challenges which industry and politics will have to resolve. Given the rising global demand for innovative solutions and the resulting export opportunities, support policies do not just aim at environmental goals. In fact economic development and technological change also play an important role. With regard to the fundamental question of science and technology policy, whether innovation processes are triggered by "technology push"- or "market pull"-factors, innovation research has reached a consensus that both types are important. Nevertheless further research is needed on the factors that influence the effectiveness of support instruments and on the potential interdependencies between different support measures. In order to better understand the complexity of innovation processes and to examine the influences of public policies, an agent-based simulation model was developed within the framework of this thesis. Based on this model - which makes use of the concepts of neo-Schumpeterian economics - the historical development of the German photovoltaic industry can be reproduced and analysed. The PV industry is a well suited example for this kind of analysis because it has already been subsidized since the early 1960s. In addition, not only measures to support research, but also demand-oriented programs such as the German feed-in law ("Renewable Energy Sources Act") were implemented and are still being used. The various interdependencies between support measures, company behaviour, technological progress and consumer behaviour led to the chosen modelling approach. Agent-based modelling analyses complex effects on the basis of the interrelations of individual, autonomous actors. It is therefore possible to simulate the dynamic interactions between the behavioural patterns of the stakeholders at the micro-level and the innovation processes and the evolution of the market at the macro-level. Moreover, the basic paradigms of neoclassical economics (e. g. the "homo oeconomicus" concept) can be abandoned since it is possible to model aspects like bounded rationality or individual strategies of heterogeneous actors. Compared with previous work important extensions and improvements have successfully been implemented: Existing models focusing on industry-specific innovation processes are primarily qualitative in character. Within this work the historic development of the considered industry sector could also be replicated quantitatively to a large extent. Furthermore the different processes of knowledge generation, dissemination and accumulation were also clearly differentiated, thus making it easier to understand the innovation process itself. As the demand side was also modelled in a more comprehensive way, quite detailed analyses of demand-oriented incentives are possible. Overall, the agent-based model developed in this thesis is well suited for analyses of governmental support measures. The various simulation experiments during which the effects of individual policy instruments on the rate and direction of technological change in the photovoltaic industry could be tested systematically do not only demonstrate the general suitability of the method used. Rather, the simulation results also indicate the magnitude of interaction of "technology push"- and "market pull"-instruments and how the respective effects of these measures depend on the different phases of the industry life cycle. Additionally the results illustrate that in certain cases the appropriate time frames for the implementation of public support programs are limited. Also it is revealed that short- and long-term effects of individual policy measures might even lead in opposite directions. According to the analyses performed with the developed agent-based model of the PV industry it could be conducted that the support programs introduced in Germany so far were reasonably effective: Despite the high complexity of the innovation processes and the market development a balanced compromise between a rapid cost reduction on the one hand and a promising technological diversity on the other hand have been achieved. This indicates that the interaction of public R&D funding and demand-oriented policy measures have been well-adjusted.

[spa] La maximización del beneficio en salud para los pacientes exige, dada la coyuntura política y económica del estado español, la priorización de los recursos en salud. Ésta debe obedecer a la valoración de un estadio evolutivo social y plasmar la complejidad de los diversos factores que convergen en el campo de la salud. Con el uso combinado de variables de resultado en salud (VRS) clínicas, económicas y humanísticas, podría alcanzarse una adecuada priorización de recursos, ya que éstas pueden reflejar los distintos atributos y dimensiones del estado de salud del paciente y de la población junto al desempeño del sistema sanitario. Se desconoce qué VRS son adecuadas en gestión sanitaria. El objetivo de la investigación es el de diseñar una metodología estándar que permita la elaboración de Catálogos de VRS por patología para su uso en gestión sanitaria y aplicar la metodología propuesta para la realización de un Catálogo de VRS en esquizofrenia. Los pasos para la elaboración de un Catálogo de VRS por patología son los siguientes: 1) Estudio de la enfermedad; 2) Identificación de las VRS que se utilizan para evaluar la enfermedad (revisión sistemática de la literatura); 3) Categorización de las VRS por el objetivo que persiguen medir; 4) Evaluación de la utilidad de las VRS para la toma de decisiones en gestión sanitaria, para ello, se calcula el Índice de Utilidad (IU), en una escala del 0 al 10, considerando 7 propiedades de la VRS: viabilidad para su uso en la práctica clínica habitual, validez, sensibilidad, facilidad de interpretación, amplitud, fiabilidad y experiencia en uso. El IU se divide en tres tramos en función de la puntuación obtenida, transformándose en un grado de recomendación alto (A), medio (B) o bajo (C), de la VRS, para su uso en gestión sanitaria. 5) Elaboración del instrumento para facilitar la implementación de los resultados obtenidos, es decir, elaboración del Catálogo. La esquizofrenia se caracteriza tanto por la heterogeneidad de los síntomas, entre los distintos individuos que la padecen, como por su variabilidad en el curso. De las 736 referencias identificadas en la revisión sistemática, 98 artículos fueron incluidos en la revisión. Estos contienen 263 VRS que se clasificaron en 3 dominios, 10 tipos, 30 subtipos y, dependiendo del subtipo, en clases y grupos. Los principales resultados por dominio y grado de recomendación son: 66 variables clínicas (7,7% de alta, 47,7% de media y 44,6% de baja utilidad); 78 variables humanísticas (16,7% de alta; 38,5% de media y 44,9% de baja utilidad); 119 variables económicas (5,9% de alta, 17,6% de media, y 76,5% de baja utilidad). Se utilizan muchas VRS con objetivos muy diversos. Esta situación refleja la dificultad existente para evaluar los diferentes dominios que enmarca esta patología. El 40,7% de las VRS podrían ser apropiadas y válidas para su uso en gestión sanitaria, grado de recomendación A y B. Para muchas VRS no hay suficiente evidencia para su uso en gestión sanitaria, pese a ello, son utilizadas. Una mejor comprensión de la validez y utilidad de estas VRS, en especial de aquellos tipos con mayor escasez de variables adecuadas es altamente recomendado, así como el desarrollo de escalas con indicadores de uso de recursos y pérdida de productividad. La calidad de la asistencia sanitaria y el estado de salud de los pacientes con esquizofrenia podría mejorarse si los gestores sanitarios utilizasen en su gestión diaria las VRS recomendadas en esta revisión. Un Catálogo de VRS por patología podría resultar una herramienta útil para mejorar la eficiencia del sistema, pudiendo incidir en: medir la eficacia y efectividad de las intervenciones médicas, fármacos y otras tecnologías sanitarias; estimar las necesidades de la población para planificar y organizar los recursos en consecuencia; distribuir los recursos conforme a la evidencia científica disponible; priorizar entre diferentes programas y tecnologías sanitarias; fomentar la integración de los servicios asistenciales y asegurar la continuidad del proceso asistencial; promover la democratización de los procesos por la inclusión de la sociedad en la toma de decisiones y; sustentar una atención global centrada en el paciente que respete sus valores y preferencias. ; [eng] A catalogue of outcomes for use in the healthcare decision-making process: methodological design and application Outcomes have become increasingly necessary in the decision-making process to define, monitor, and measure healthcare policies and to reallocate resources in an efficient way. This has generated a wide range of new outcomes that incorporate patient and payer perspectives and can be scored in several ways; from individual questions to more complex questionnaires and indicators. The objective of this study is to design a methodology to assess outcomes' utility for the decision-making process and to apply this methodology to schizophrenia. To assess and classify the utility of outcomes a systematic review, an evidence-based Utility Index (UI) and a classification of the outcomes into high, medium and low utility is proposed. The UI, from 0 to 10, takes into account seven components: feasibility for routine use, scope, previous experience on its use, validity, sensitivity, reliability, and understanding. The first three properties were scored in a scale from 0 to 2, whereas the last four in a scale from 0 to 1. An intermediate score was established for each property. Depending on the UI obtained, outcomes were grouped into three categories: high (UI: 7.5–10), medium (UI:>5–<7.5), and low (UI: <5) utility outcomes for the healthcare decision-making process. Of 736 citations identified, 98 met inclusion criteria. A total of 263 outcomes were identified: 66 clinical (7.7% high, 47.7% medium and 44.6% low utility); 78 humanistic (16.7% high; 38.5% medium and 44.9% low utility); and 119 economic outcomes (5.9% high, 17.6% medium and 76.5% low utility). Numerous and diverse outcomes are being used in schizophrenia. This may reflect the difficulty in evaluating schizophrenia and the lack of consensus on the use of outcomes. For many outcomes, not enough evidence has been found to support their systematic use in healthcare decision-making. A better understanding of the validity and appropriateness of outcomes, especially in groups with higher needs (e.g., social functioning), is highly recommended, as is the development of economic scales. The quality of care and health status of patients with schizophrenia could be improved if decision makers base their decisions using the high utility outcomes recommended in this review. The use of adequate outcomes would allow to improve the value of healthcare provision and to guide optimal disease management services proactively.