Članek je podrobna rekonstrukcija začetkov šolanja za socialno delo v Sloveniji v petdesetih letih 20. stoletja, ki pomeni začetke profesionalizacije socialnega dela v socializmu. Oblast je po eni strani z nelagodjem gledala na socialno delo in njegov razvoj, po drugi strani pa je bila Jugoslavija edina država nekdanjega »socialističnega bloka«, ki je uvedla šolanje za socialno delo po vseh republikah v državi. Utemeljeno na arhivskem raziskovanju, pregledu obstoječih pisnih virov o socialnem varstvu iz petdesetih let 20. stoletja in profesionalni oralni zgodovini članek opiše vpliv šolanja v socialnem delu na Hrvaškem na nastanek šole v Sloveniji, opiše ključne akterke in akterje na socialnovarstvenem področju in tematike, ki so bile naslovljene v najzgodnejšem obdobju.
Področje javne uprave je bilo že od samega začetka zelo težko natančno razložiti. Praktično ni področja človeškega delovanja, v katerem javna uprava ne bi igrala pomembne vloge. Reforme javne uprave so v zadnjih nekaj letih zelo aktualna tema in zato jim posvečamo vedno več pozornosti. Magistrsko delo obravnava področje uspešnosti reform slovenske javne uprave in je usmerjeno predvsem v dileme oziroma kritike zastavljenih strategij. Vse reforme slovenske javne uprave se v zadnjih 20. letih lahko štejejo za uspešne v smislu metodološkega in tehničnega napredka. Napredovali smo pri racionalizaciji struktur in optimizaciji procesov. Manj se lahko pohvalimo v zvezi s spornimi postopki z vidika interesov na primeru lokalne samouprave ter sistema javnih uslužbencev in njihovih plač. Pri doseganju končnega cilja sem ugotovila, da se nekateri od zastavljenih ukrepov, ki so bili opredeljeni v strategijah, dejansko sploh niso realizirali. Glede zastavljenih strategij je precej kritik, izpostavljena je strategija razvoja slovenske javne uprave za obdobje 2015-2020, strategija e-uprave za obdobje 2006-2010 in strategija razvoja lokalne samouprave do leta 2020. Ugotovimo, da gre pri strategijah bolj za skupek dobrih želja oziroma povzetek prejšnjega stanja. Ni zastavljene nikakršne analize, ki bi bila podlaga za spremembe. Da bi zagotovili ustrezen razvoj in napredek na tem področju, bi bilo treba natančno opredeliti jasne ukrepe, ter celovito zastaviti strategije, in le tako lahko pričakujemo uspešen sistem reform. Za nadaljnji razvoj javne uprave bo bistveno, da se izvaja modernizacija na vseh področjih, predvsem tistih, ki so najbolj kritična. Večjo pozornost bo treba nameniti zastavljanju strategij razvoja javne uprave. ; To explain the public administration field in detail has always been a demanding task. In fact, the public administration has an imperative role in almost every area of human action. The public administration reforms are currently a very popular subject matter and thus more favored in receiving attention. In my (Master's) thesis I cover the field's successfulness of the public administration reforms and focus mainly on dilemmas or critics of the set strategies. All Slovenian public administration reforms that have been passed in the last 20 years can be accounted for very successful, not only in methodological, but also its technical sense. We have also improved at streamlining structures and optimizing processes. We are less successful in terms of disputable proceedings from the perspective of interests, for instance, local self-government, the public servants' system and their salaries. While reaching the final goal of my thesis I recognized that certain measures I set in strategies were not realized at all. As far as strategies are concerned, there are quite criticized - a specific stress is put on the strategy of the development of the Slovenian public administration in the periods from 2015 to 2020, the strategy of the e-management in the periods from 2006 to 2010 and the strategy of the development of the local self-government to the year 2020. I discover that strategies are more like a unit of good intentions or better to say synopsis of a previous condition. There is no specific analysis which would be the basis for changes. To secure an adequate development and progress in this field, it is imperative to take transparent measures and set strategies in their entireties. Only then can we expect a successful reform system. For further development of the public administration it is essential to modernize in all fields, particularly in those which are most critical. A more close attention will have to be put on setting up strategies for the development of the public administration.
Die Umbrüche des 20. Jahrhunderts hinterlassen tiefe Spuren in und zwischen den Ländern des Alpen-Adria-Raumes. Alte und neue Nationalismen führen vielerorts zu Auseinandersetzungen in Volksgruppenfragen – zwischen Kärnten und Slowenien zuletzt sichtbar in jahrzehntelangen Konflikten um zweisprachige Ortstafeln und andere Minderheitenrechte.Das Buch beleuchtet Einstellungen von Jugendlichen beider Länder zu Geschichte(n) der Region, Zwei- und Mehrsprachigkeit, Nationalismus und kultureller Vielfalt, neuen und alten Minderheiten, Nachbarländern und Europa. Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen eines grenzübergreifenden Forschungsprojektes widmen sich Beiträge der Geschichte Kärntens und Sloweniens, ihren Narrativen und deren Folgen für Lebenswirklichkeiten. Berücksichtigung erfährt die Bedeutung von Minderheiten- und Nachbarsprachen in Grenzräumen und daraus erwachsende Implikationen für "moderne" Konzeptionen von Minderheitenschutz.Mit Beiträgen von:Danijel Grafenauer, Joseph Marko, Ludmila Novak Lukanovic, Rainer Pichler, Jürgen Pirker, Stefanie Vavti, Daniel Wutti
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V članku obravnavam širitev dostopa do splava v Sloveniji od šestdesetih let 20. stoletja, predvsem uvedbo socialnih indikacij kot samostojne kategorije upravičenih razlogov za dovoljeni splav. Opisujem pravno ureditev, vlogo socialnih delavk v Komisijah za dovolitev splava in prakso odločanja o socialnih indikacijah, torej katere individualne, družinske in družbene razmere so bile upravičene za odobritev splava. Ker so takoj po uvedbi socialne indikacije tovrstne prošnje postale prevladujoče, je možno iz prakse odločanja o dovolitvi splava sklepati na družbene norme v socializmu. Bistven je premik od razumevanja splava kot medicinskega problema k razumevanju socialnih okoliščin, zaradi katerih so ženske posegale po njem, in sprememba fokusa države na ustvarjanje pogojev za politike načrtovanja družine.
Povzetek. Slovenska politična misel je v širši zgodovini politološkega okolja razmeroma nova stvar. To ne bi smelo biti radikalno presenečenje, saj je v luči celotne evropske zgodovine tudi mnogo narodnih in nacionalnih identitet izjemno mladih – slovenska je ena izmed njih. Čeprav je bil program Zedinjena Slovenija le negotova preambula, so konflikti in premiki zgodnjega in srednjega 20. stoletja preoblikovali slovensko politično psiho in iz nje ustvarili rodovitna tla za vznik in razvoj narodnega vprašanja. Skozi to stoletje ideologije in oboroženih konfliktov smo spremljali velika imena slovenske politične zgodovine, kot so Lončar, Kidrič, Kocbek, Kardelj, Ude, Korošec in Bibič, ki so vsi pustili svoj pečat na narodnoosvobodilnem boju. Refleksija na Osvobodilno fronto (OF) in njene posledice nam lahko prikaže mnogo realnosti o pravih koreninah slovenstva in slovenske politične misli. Ključni pojmi: zgodovina, politična misel, narodno vprašanje, narodnoosvobodilni boj
Abstract. The article deals with the wide range of mechanisms in support of civil society institutions–government interaction in the context of developing and implementing European integration reforms in Ukraine. The authors identified 6 strategic documents and 20 areas of reform related to the process of European integration, as well as the key issues concerning implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU. The authors conclude that positive trends are visible in recent decades in the institutional development of Ukrainian civil society, which has become a driving force of the country's European integration aspirations. In this setting, civil society institutions (CSIs) work with government agencies, engage in informal advocacy, conduct monitoring policies, perform and publish policy analysis and recommendations, and work with and lobby international agencies and other actors.
V Afganistanu je avgusta 2021 islamistično gibanje talibanov po 20 letih zahodne vojaške prisotnosti drugič prevzelo oblast, potem ko je v državi prvič vladalo med letoma 1996 in 2001. Po drugem talibanskem prevzemu oblasti se je mednarodna skupnost spraševala, ali bodo »študenti« ponovno uveljavljali brutalne politike do žensk, kakršne so izvajali v obdobju svoje prve vladavine. Kljub temu da so talibani nakazovali, da bi bil njihov odnos do žensk tokrat lahko manj restriktiven, pa so na koncu znova uveljavili zatiranje ženskega spola. Negativen odnos talibanov do žensk je rezultat vpliva različnih, edsebojno prepletenih oziroma komplementarnih dejavnikov: etničnega, religijsko-ideološkega, socializacijsko-političnega in medkulturnega. Brez upoštevanja teh dejavnikov ni mogoče ustrezno razumeti talibanskih politik do žensk. Vendar pa se zdi, da zahodni akterji ne razumejo teh kompleksnih ozadij in posledično uvajajo kontraproduktivne sankcije proti talibanskemu režimu, pri čemer tudi niso sposobni samokritično oceniti posledic svoje dolgoletne in problematične vojaške prisotnosti v Afganistanu. Ključni pojmi: Afganistan, talibani, ženske, Paštunvali, Deoband, Zahod, kultura
Namen pričujočega članka je analizirati gospodarsko diplomacijo treh majhnih držav – Avstrije, Slovenije in Srbije, v primerjalni perspektivi. Raziskati želimo, če in kako drugačna gospodarsko-politična struktura držav (Avstrija kot država s tržnim gospodarstvom, Slovenija kot potranzicijska država, Srbija kot država v tranziciji) vpliva na delovanje gospodarske diplomacije. S pomočjo primerjalne analize, ki je utemeljena na velikem številu intervjujev z akterji gospodarske diplomacije, ugotavljamo, da: (1) je ne glede na model, na podlagi katerega omenjene države oblikujejo svojo gospodarsko diplomacijo, pomen države vedno prisoten, še posebej v primerih težav ali zapletov na izbranem trgu (ex-post pristop); (2) se vse analizirane države soočajo z enakimi izzivi v gospodarski diplomaciji, ti pa niso pogojeni z njihovim gospodarsko-političnim sistemom, ampak z mednarodnim okoljem in delovanjem izvoznih ali investicijskih aktivnosti podjetij; (3) ostaja v primeru konceptualizacije in operacionalizacije gospodarske diplomacije znotraj diplomatskih študij še veliko neraziskanega, kar onemogoča njeno občo sprejetost, saj gospodarska diplomacija in sorodni koncepti tudi 20 let po začetku njenega aktivnega preučevanja še niso enovito konceptualizirani, hierarhizirani in umeščeni v kanon diplomatskih študij. Ključni pojmi: gospodarska diplomacija, Avstrija, Slovenija, Srbija, diplomatske študije
The study in this article addresses three research questions: a) how do college students view the effectiveness of technology-mediated virtual learning during the COVID-19 pandemic; b) how does virtual learning impact their perceived mental health; and c) what is the mode of learning they most prefer? It follows an explanatory research design and survey method. Data are collected using a questionnaire with a purposive sample of 102 students and interviews with 20 students and 40 faculty members in India. The conceptual framework of this study is quite similar to the modified version of the Technology Acceptance Model (Venkatesh and Davis, 2000). The study reveals that 86% of the students find virtual learning to be ineffective. Such learning not only fails to provide adequate opportunities for experiential learning for developing knowledge, skills, and leadership abilities but also creates several perceived mental health problems. This study may help higher education institutions while designing and implementing virtual teaching-learning systems in order to prevent their negative impact on student's perceived mental health in future crises. Keywords: Virtual learning, perceived mental health, COVID-19 pandemic, Behavioural Intention, Perceived Usefulness
V obsežni raziskavi smo identificirali ključne sektorje gospodarstev držav EU. Sektorske multiplikatorje smo lahko izračunali za 16 držav članic EU(Avstrijo, Belgijo, Češko, Nemčijo, Dansko, Finsko, Francijo, Veliko Britanijo, Grčijo, Irsko, Italijo, Litvo, Nizozemsko, Poljsko, Portugalsko in Slovenijo). Medtem ko ni bilo možno izračunati sektorskih multiplikatorjev za 12 držav članic EU(Bolgarijo, Ciper, Estonijo, Hrvaško, Latvijo, Luksemburg, Madžarsko, Malto, Romunijo, Slovaško, Španijo in Švedsko), ker matrike niso imele definiranega inverza. V analizi smo ugotovili, da so najbolj odporni na krizo sektorji, ki so v daljšem obdobju v opazovanem gospodarstvu imeli največji vpliv na povezanost za nazaj in povezanost za naprej. V obdobju od leta 2001 do 2011 smo analizirali ključne sektorje v opazovanih 16 državah članicah EU. Ugotavljali smo podobnosti in razlike v spreminjanju medsektorskih povezav in s tem strukture gospodarstva v državah članicah Evropske unije. Identificirali smo tiste sektorje, ki so najbolj pripomogli , da so opazovane države članice Evropske unije čim prej okrevale po gospodarski in finančni krizi. ; In a large study, we identified key sectors of the economies of the EU. Sectoral multipliers, we can calculate the 16 EU Member States (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Finland, France, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and Slovenia). While it was not possible to calculate the sectoral multipliers for the 12 EU Member States (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Croatia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Romania, Slovakia, Spain and Sweden), whereas the matrix did not have defined inverses. In the analysis, we found that the most resistant to the crisis sectors over a long period of observation economy had the greatest impact on the integration of back and forward integration. In the period from 2001 to 2011 were analyzed for key sectors in the observed 16 EU Member States. We seek to determine similarities and differences in changing cross-cutting links and the structure of the economy in the Member States of the European Union. We have identified those sectors that have most contributed to the observed Member States of the European Union as soon as possible to recover from the economic and financial crisis.
ParlaMint is a multilingual set of comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (after October 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the ParlaMint TEI-encoded corpora with the derived plain text version of the corpus along with TSV metadata on the speeches. Also included is the 2.0 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project. Note that there also exists the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, which is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1405.
ParlaMint 2.1 is a multilingual set of 17 comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (after November 1st 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the ParlaMint TEI-encoded corpora with the derived plain text version of the corpus along with TSV metadata on the speeches. Also included is the 2.0 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project. Note that there also exists the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, which is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1431.
Evropska unija je gospodarska in politična povezava 28. evropskih držav, ki svojim članicam omogoča ekonomsko sodelovanje, enotni trg in skupno institucionalno okolje. Nemčija je ena od ustanoviteljic te povezave, Slovenija spada med mlajše članice, Hrvaška pa se je Evropski uniji pridružila komaj leta 2013. Kljub nekaterim skupnim točkam pa obstaja med njimi mnogo razlik. Nemško gospodarstvo je razvitejše od slovenskega in hrvaškega, saj je bruto domači proizvod na prebivalca po pariteti kupne moči za leto 2012 v Nemčiji bil višji od evropskega povprečja za 23 %, v Sloveniji je bil za 18 % nižji od povprečja EU-28, hrvaški pa je zaostajal za evropskim povprečjem za kar 39 %. V tej raziskavi smo želeli ugotoviti, ali se omenjeni razvojni razkorak med Slovenijo in Nemčijo ter Hrvaško kaže skozi razmerja ravni cen storitev. V ta namen smo v tem delu primerjali cene 101 storitve med Slovenijo, Nemčijo in Hrvaško, ki smo jih razdelili v 10 skupin. Na podlagi izračunov smo prišli do naslednjih zaključkov: • Cene storitev so bile v Sloveniji v marcu in aprilu 2012 v povprečju za 30 % nižje kot v Nemčiji. Slovenski potrošnik je v povprečju za opazovano skupino storitev plačal le 70 % zneska, ki ga je plačal nemški potrošnik. • Primerjava cen storitev med Slovenijo in Hrvaško pokaže, da so bile v enakem opazovanem obdobju cene storitev v povprečju za 20 % višje kot na Hrvaškem. • Relativno najcenejša skupina storitev, ko primerjamo Slovenijo z Nemčijo, so obrtne storitve in popravila, relativno najdražja skupina storitev, ko primerjamo Slovenijo s Hrvaško, pa so komunalne storitve. • Obstaja večja stopnja podobnosti cen preučevanega vzorca storitev med Slovenijo in Hrvaško, kot pa med Slovenijo in Nemčijo. ; The European Union is an economic and political union of 28 European countries, which enables its members economic cooperation, single market and common institutional environment. Germany is one of the founders of the Union, Slovenia belongs to its younger members and Croatia joined to the European Union in the year 2013. Despite some common points, there are many differences among these member countries. German economy is more developed than Slovenian and Croatian, as the GDP per capita in PPS for the year 2012 in Germany was 23 % higher from the European average, in Slovenia it was 18 % lower than the average of the EU-28, and Croatia stayed behind the European average by 39 %. In this study, we wanted to determine whether the above mentioned development gap among Slovenia, Germany and Croatia shows through all levels of service prices. With this purpose this thesis compares the prices of 101 services in Slovenia, Germany and Croatia, which were divided into 10 groups. On the basis of calculations we came to the following conclusions: • In March and April 2012 in Slovenia the prices of services were 30 % lower on average than in Germany, thus the aggregate price level was 0.7. This means that the Slovenian consumer paid only 70 % of the amount for the same service as the German consumer did. • The comparison of prices between Slovenia and Croatia shows, that in the same observing period the prices in Slovenia were on average 20 % higher than in Croatia. • Comparing Slovenia and Germany the relatively cheapest group of services were the handcraft services and the services of repairs, the relatively most expensive group of services, when comparing Slovenia and Croatia are the utility services. • The level of price similarity of the observed groups of services is higher when comparing Slovenia and Croatia as in comparing Slovenia and Germany.
ParlaMint is a multilingual set of comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (after October 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, while the text version is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1388. The ParlaMint.ana linguistic annotation includes tokenization, sentence segmentation, lemmatisation, Universal Dependencies part-of-speech, morphological features, and syntactic dependencies, and the 4-class CoNLL-2003 named entities. Some corpora also have further linguistic annotations, such as PoS tagging or named entities according to language-specific schemes, with their corpus TEI headers giving further details on the annotation vocabularies and tools. The compressed files include the ParlaMint.ana XML TEI-encoded linguistically annotated corpus; the derived corpus in CoNLL-U with TSV speech metadata; and the vertical files (with registry file), suitable for use with CQP-based concordancers, such as CWB, noSketch Engine or KonText. Also included is the 2.0 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project.
Avtor v članku opredeli štiri faze razvoja prebivalstva v mestu Maribor. Hitri rasti števila prebivalstva v 60. letih 20. stoletja je sledila stagnacija v 80. letih in nato depopulacija v 90. letih in po letu 2000. V primerjavi z drugimi večjimi mesti v Sloveniji je bila depopulacija najbolj intenzivna prav v Mariboru (med letoma 1981 in 2008 se je število prebivalcev zmanjšalo za okoli 12 %). Naravni prirast je v mestu konstantno negativen vse od leta 1985 dalje, selitveni prirast pa je bil negativen med letoma 1992 in 2007. Maribor med večjimi slovenskimi mesti izkazuje tudi najbolj neugodno starostno sestavo prebivalstva z najvišjim deležem starega prebivalstva in najvišjim indeksom staranja, po zadnjem popisu prebivalstva pa zaostaja za drugimi mesti tudi po deležu prebivalstva z višje ali visoko šolsko izobrazbo, čeprav je drugo največje univerzitetno mesto v Sloveniji. Glede na ugotovljene demografske značilnosti se bo v naslednjih dveh desetletjih v mestu bistveno povečal delež prebivalstva v starosti nad 65 let, kar bo zahtevalo nove oblike organiziranja dejavnosti v mestu in prilagajanja starejši populaciji. ; Author identified four stages of demographic development in the city of Maribor (Slovenia). Population growth in the 1960s was followed by stagnation of population in the 1980s and depopulation in the 1990s and after 2000. In Maribor, compared with other major cities in Slovenia, depopulation have been more intensive (between 1981 and 2008, the population decreased by about 12 %). Natural growth is constantly negative from 1985 onwards, and net migration was negative between 1992 and 2007. Maribor is also showing the most unfavorable age structure of the population with the highest proportion of the elderly population and the highest aging index. Furthermore, according to the last census it lags behind other towns in the share of population with high school education, although it is the second largest university town in Slovenia. Considering the established demographic characteristics, and significant increase of the share of the population over 65 years in the next two decades, this will require new ways of organizing activities in the city and its adaption to the elderly population.
