Suchergebnisse

Najopsežnije i sigurno najcitiranije djelo o povijesti »grada baroka«, epitet je kojim se nesumnjivo može opisati Povijest grada Varaždina renomiranog hrvatskog povjesničara Rudolfa Horvata (Koprivnica, 14. ožujka 1873. – Zagreb, 25. svibnja 1947.). Njegovim se tiskom namjeravalo dostojno obilježiti proslavu jubileja sedamstogodišnjice grada Varaždina (1909.) – ali nije; rukopis je tiskan 1993. godine. Godine 2017. navršilo se sedam desetljeća od piščeve smrti, a 2018. godine, 125 godina od njegova rođenja i četvrt stoljeća od tiskanja povjesnice. Na temelju podacima obilne arhivske građe u varaždinskom i zagrebačkom arhivu, upotpunjuje se slika o njezinom nastanku. Iz sačuvanih točaka sjednica gradske vlasti, dopisa gradonačelnika i Prosvjetnog odbora, korespondencije između gradske vlasti i Horvata iščitava se napor autora u provođenju opsežnog istraživanja povijesti grada Varaždina i obradi građe za sastavljanje buduće povjesnice, njegovoj viziji o njezinom sadržaju i ustrajnosti u isplati honorara koji je on neprestano smatrao primjerenim za svoj gotovo tridesetogodišnji rad. Također se iščitava napor njezinog naručitelja da primjerenu visinu honorara provjeri sa znanstvenim i nakladničkim institucijama, te je ugovori u skladu s tadašnjim lošim gospodarskim uvjetima. Naručitelj se o troškovima tiskanja buduće povjesnice raspitavao kod različitih tiskara unaprijed im poslavši predloške tiskanih historiografskih radova, pa tako i Horvatovog. U njezin nastanak uključivao je i mjerodavne osobe – zastupnike i ne-zastupnike grada Varaždina koji će na temelju svog stručnog iskustva i rada, putem triju višečlanih odbora donositi stručne zaključke o predanom rukopisu. Horvat je na njemu radio nepunih trideset godina. Zaključuje da je rukopis predao u dijelovima: u ožujku 1934., 1935., 1936., kolovozu 1938. i proljeće 1939. godine, izravno osobnim dolaskom u Varaždin ili posredstvom gradonačelnika Novakovića ili dragog mu prijatelja. Zaključuje se da je zamislio višedijelni sadržaj rukopisa: njegov I. dio, opća ili politička povijest tiskana je 1993. godine, a tematski II. dio sa zasebnim poglavljima ostao je neobjavljen; pod naslovom Dr. Rudolf Horvat: Kulturna povijest grada Varaždina, skupa s objavljenim prvim djelom, čuva se u Gradskom muzeju Varaždin. Želeći omogućiti Horvatu vrijeme za istraživanje i pisanje povjesnice, gradska vlast je uz pomoć tadašnjeg hrvatskog bana Pavla Raucha, piscu ishodila premještaj u tadašnji Zemaljski kraljevski arhiv u Zagrebu, kako bi tamo mogao istraživati sačuvanu arhivsku građu, a novčanom isplatom pripomogla njegova arhivska istraživanja u austrijskim i mađarskom arhivu i tisak studije Varaždin koncem 16. vijeka. U zagrebačkom arhivu Horvat je imao mogućnosti i vremena istraživati građu ne samo o povijesti Varaždina, nego i o povijesti drugih hrvatskih gradova, na temelju koje je također mogao raditi i na povjesnicama tih gradova. U tom se pogledu ističe i skroman doprinos varaždinskih gradskih zastupnika davne 1909. godine za hrvatsku historiografiju. U vezi s tim, s obzirom na to da je Horvat na rukopisu radio nepunih trideset godina i da ga je u dijelovima predao do 1939. godine, neminovno je uspoređivati rukopis i promatrati ga u kontekstu historiografskih radova nastalih tijekom 1930-ih godina. ; The most comprehensive and most cited work on the history of "the Baroque Town" is undoubtedly the best description of The History of the Town of Varaždin by the renowned Croatian historian Rudolf Horvat (Koprivnica, 14 March 1873 – Zagreb, 25 May 1947). The manuscript was meant to be printed on the 700th anniversary of the founding of the town of Varaždin (in 1909), but the plan failed; it was only printed in 1993. In 2017 it was seven decades since the author's death, and in 2018 we marked 125 years since his birth and a quarter of a century since the publishing of his historiographic work. With the help of rich and comprehensive archive material in State Archive in Varaždin and Croatian State Archives in Zagreb, we get the full picture about the making of his work. Reading the minutes from town assembly sessions, the letters by vice-mayor and Education board, and the correspondence between town officials and Horvat, we see how ardent the author was in conducting a comprehensive research of the history of Varaždin, in collecting the materials for the future historiographic work, in his vision regarding the work's content, and in his persistence in negotiating the fee he deemed reasonable for his 30-years effort. We can also see the commissioner's efforts to discuss the reasonable fee with scientific and publishing institutions, in order to agree a fee in accordance with the poor economic situation of that day and age; they negotiated the cost of printing of his future historiographic work with different printing offices having sent them similar examples of historiographic works, including Horvat's own. The commissioner was keen to involve other competent people in this process – representatives and non-representatives of the town assembly of Varaždin – who were supposed to use their professional and work experience and draw an expert conclusion about the manuscript by means of three multimembered committees. Horvat had worked on it for almost thirty years. He handed over his manuscript in parts in March 1934, 1935, 1936, August 1938 and in the Spring of 1939; he used to com to Varaždin in person or send the text via the mayor Novaković or one of his close friends. It is thought he planned to publish the manuscript in multiple volumes: the first part, general and political history, was published in 1993, whereas the topic-based, second part with separate chapters has never been published. This text titled Doctor Rudolf Horvat: The Cultural History of the Town of Varaždin, together with the published first part, is kept in the Varaždin City Museum. Wanting to give Horvat the time for research and writing of his historiographic work, the town authorities, with the help of the former governor of Croatia Ban Pavao Rauch, sent the author to the then Royal State Archive in Zagreb, where he studied archive materials, and helped him financially to continue his research in Austrian and Hungarian archives, as well as to publish the study Varaždin in the Late 16th Century. In the Royal State Archive in Zagreb (today's Croatian State Archives), Horvat had the time and opportunity to research not only the history of Varaždin, but also the history of other Croatian towns, which allowed him to write historiographic works about these towns as well. That way the representatives of the Varaždin town assembly from 1909 made a small contribution to the development of historiography in Croatia. Regarding that and keeping in mind that Horvat worked on the manuscript for almost thirty years up until 1939, it is necessary to compare this manuscript in the context of historiographic works from the 1930s.

Top 76,2 mm M1942 (ZisS-3) se zbog svojih odlika smatra jednim od najboljih topova Drugog svjetskog rata, no njegova je proizvodnja prestala po završetku ratnih operacija. U radu je dan sažeti povijesni prikaz razvoja ovog srednje teškog topa. Razmatrani je top po završetku rata Sovjetski Savez izvozio u druge zemlje, najvećim dijelom u savezničke komunističke države, pa tako onda i u Jugoslaviju. Top M1942 (ZiS-3) je, zbog svojih dobrih karakteristika, i danas u upotrebi u nekim manje razvijenim dijelovima svijeta. U radu je najvećim dijelom opisan postupak restauriranja i konzerviranja jednog primjerka topa ovog tipa koji je danas u vlasništvu grada Karlovca, odnosno tamošnjeg muzeja. Analiza konkretnog topa je pokazala da je proizveden 1945. te da je u Jugoslavensku narodnu armiju najvjerojatnije stigao između 1945. i sredine 1948. kada su Rezolucijom Informbiroa prekinuti odnosi između Jugoslavije i Sovjetskog Saveza, kao i sovjetska vojna pomoć Jugoslaviji. U vrijeme Domovinskog rata top je prešao u ruke Hrvatske vojske. ; The M1942, better known as ZiS-3, is a multifunctional medium caliber field gun used for infantry support on flat terrain, as well as against tanks and armored vehicles. The German Reich advocated the production of big caliber guns, which prompted the Marshal of the Soviet Union G. I. Kulik to order a cessation of the production of small and medium caliber guns. The work on the gun, which was secretly constructed by engineer V. G. Grabin in Gorki and later known as the 76,2 mm divisional field gun M1942 (ZiS-3), began in 1940. Soon after the German attack on the Soviet Union, the Soviet military command realized that small and medium caliber guns were needed in battles after all, which prompted the production of the aforementioned gun despite certain problems caused by the fact that the gun in question was never officially developed. Its official production began in 1942 and lasted until the end of the World War II. After the war, the Soviet Union exported this gun to other countries, mostly to allied communist countries, including Yugoslavia. It is still in use in some less developed parts of the world due to its characteristics. Less qualified personnel were able to work on the production and gunners quickly passed training on the operation of the gun due to the simplicity of its construction.

Polarizacijski procesi započeti u Hrvatskoj 1950-ih rezultirali su nejednakim društveno-ekonomskim razvojem i prostornim prerazmještajem stanovništva, te koncentracijom stanovništva, radnih mjesta i stanova u gradskim naseljima. Obalni gradovi kao polovi i nositelji društveno-gospodarskog razvoja u svojim regijama postaju žarišta koncentracije stanovništva, a otoci i zaleđe prostori populacijskoga pražnjenja i starenja. Intenzivno doseljavanje pozitivno se odrazilo na demografski razvitak većih obalnih gradova, pa oni postaju nositelji bioreprodukcije i sve do posljednjega međupopisnoga razdoblja (1991.-2001.) bilježe dinamičan populacijski rast. Političke i gospodarske promjene te posljedice rata produbile su i ubrzale ionako nepovoljne demografske procese, što se ogleda u ukupnoj depopulaciji te pogoršanju struktura stanovništva obalnih jadranskih gradova. Smanjenje rodnosti, starenje stanovništva te promjene životnih vrijednosti i novi životni stil dovode do transformacije obitelji i promjena u veličini kućanstava i odnosa među članovima. Opća je tendencija postupno smanjivanje broja višečlanih kućanstava i neprestani rast udjela dvočlanih i samačkih kućanstava. ; Polarisation processes, which began in Croatia in the 1950's, resulted in disparate socio-economic development, in an uneven spatial distribution of the population, and in a concentration of people, jobs and housing in urban settlements. Coastal cities, as hubs and agents of socio-economic development, in their regions became focal points for the concentration of the population, while islands and hinterland areas suffered depopulation and demographic ageing. Intense in-migration had a positive influence on the demographic development of coastal cities. They became hotbeds of bioreproduction and up to the most recent intercensus period (1991–2001) displayed dynamic population growth. However political and economic changes in this recent period, together with the effects of the war, deepened and accelerated increasingly unfavourable demographic processes, which were reflected in an overall reduction of the population of coastal Adriatic cities, as well as in a deterioration of its structure. Decreasing fertility, demographic ageing and changes in life values brought about a transformation of the family, and hence changes in the size of households and in the relations among family members. The general trend today involves a gradual reduction in the number of household members, and a continuous increase in the number of two and one-member households.

Identitet je skup značajki koje određuju posebnost pojedinca ili skupine u smislu različitosti ili pripadnosti u odnosu na druge pojedince ili skupine pa, susljedno tome, identificirati se znači (samo)odrediti se. Budući da je prostor ključni tvorbeni element u procesu formiranja identiteta, osobito nacionalnog, regionalnog i lokalnog, zanimljiv je i geografima, pa se njime najviše bave politički i kulturni geografi. U radu je iznesen model geografskog proučavanja identiteta izraženoga u imenima ulica i trgova devet gradova u Sjevernom hrvatskom primorju. Ciljevi rada su: potvrditi činjenicu da se u urbanom pejsažu identitet može iščitati kvantitativnom i kvalitativnom značenjskom analizom imena ulica i trgova, utvrditi razliku u prisutnosti hodonima koji izražavaju regionalni identitet (tzv. regionalni hodonimi) i onih iz kojih se iščitava nacionalni identitet (tzv. nacionalni hodonimi) na Kvarneru i u Istri te ispitati u kojoj su mjeri u gradskoj toponimiji Istre izraženi talijanski utjecaji. ; Identity is a group of characteristics which determine the distinctiveness of an individual or a group in terms of differences from or affiliation with other individuals or groups; accordingly, it follows that to identify oneself means to (self)determine the self. Whereas space is an essential formational element in the process of shaping identity, particularly national, regional and local, it is of interest to geographers and is mostly pursued by political and cultural geographers. This paper presents a model of geographical research of identity manifest in the names of streets and squares in nine towns of the North Croatian Littoral. It has three main objectives: to corroborate the fact that identity in the urban landscape can be observed through quantitative (statistical-mathematical) and qualitative (interpretative) semantic analysis of street and square names; then to establish the difference in the presence of hodonyms which reflect regional identity (the so-called regional hodonyms), and those which reflect national identity (the so called national hodonyms) in Kvarner and Istria; and finally to examine the level of prominence of the Italian influence in the urban toponymy of Istria.

Svaki je povijesni grad turistička destinacija par excellence. To proizlazi iz definicija turizma i turista. Kao turistička destinacija, svaki povijesni grad svim turistima ne predstavlja isto. Cilj i svrha turistički usmjerenog razvoja nekog povijesnog grada mora se razlikovati od turističkog razvoja drugih turističkih destinacija. Često povijesno bogati gradovi privlače mnoge posjetitelje, ali se oni kratko zadržavaju. Ovo potiče neka ekonomska pitanja i dileme o tome kako pomiriti trošak očuvanja i održanja povijesnih spomenika s koristima od potrošnje turista koji dolaze i kratko borave u tim gradovima. Postavlja se i pitanje politike samog turističkog razvoja: što je potrebno dodati turističkoj ponudi kako bi se zadržalo posjetitelje dulje, a bez narušavanja sklada i ljepote povijesnog grada. Često je to pitanje suživota novog i starog na istome mjestu, pitanje etike, tradicije, kulture, arhitekture itd. kao i pitanje ekonomske prirode. Ovaj rad postavlja više pitanja nego što daje odgovora, ali također pokušava osvijetliti i problem s teoretske strane. ; Every single historical city is par excellence a tourism destination. This derives simply from the definition of tourism and of the tourist. As a tourist destination, every historical city does not carry the same meaning to all tourists. The aim and purpose of tourism oriented development of a historical city must be different from tourism development of other tourism destinations. Very often the cities with very rich history attract many visitors, but they do not stay in them long. This situation raises a number of economic questions and dilemmas of how to reconcile the costs of preserving and maintaining the historical monuments with the benefit of tourist consumption made by visitors who come and stay in such cities albeit just for a short time. This is a question of tourism development policy itself: how to expand a tourism offer in order to keep the visitors longer, without damaging the harmony and physical environment of historical cities. Very often it is the matter of old and modern coexisting at the same place, of ethics, tradition, culture, architecture etc., as well as of economic concerns. The paper raises more questions than it will give answers, but it attempts to highlight the problem from the theoretical side.

Demografska kretanja u Hrvatskoj, a osobito gospodarska statistika, još uvijek nisu dovoljno istraženi. O tome u upravi Zemaljske vlade nema detaljnih podataka. Jedan od razloga je i taj što je tijekom polustoljetnog trajanja Hrvatsko-ugarske nagodbe gospodarstvo potpadalo pod mađarsko ministarstvo u Budimpešti. Želeći dokazati da je u Hrvatskoj proizvodno vanagrarno gospodarstvo bilo dostatno i poslije 1872. godine, kada je zabranjeno djelovanje cehova, ban Khuen-Héderváry naložio je izradu Adresara koji će sadržavati popis obrtnika i trgovaca na području zagrebačke Trgovačko-obrtne komore. Taj Adresar obrtnog i poslovnog svieta u Hrvatskoj otisnut je u vrlo malom broju primjeraka i vjerojatno nije imao širu upotrebu. No, njegov sadržaj izuzetno je važan zato što donosi popis obrtnika i trgovaca koji su 1891. godine djelovali na području sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Tim popisom obuhvaćeni su i oni obrtnici te trgovci koji su djelovali u selima. Popis na primjeru grada Križevaca otkriva da je obrtništvo bilo zastupljenije od trgovanja i da su se trgovanjem bavili uglavnom Židovi te stranci, dok su se obrtništvom bavili uglavnom domaći ljudi. Podaci u ovom članku donijeti su posebno za Križevce, a posebno za ostala mjesta križevačkog kotara kakav je bio 1890. godine, nakon što je Khuen-Héderváry 1886. godine izvršio novu administrativnu podjelu zemlje. Usprkos tome što je popis nedostatan i što obiluje loše pisanim imenima, njegov sadržaj omogućava i donošenje zaključaka o unutrašnjim migracijama. ; Demographic trends in Croatia, and especially economic statistics have not yet been properly researched. There is no detailed information on that subject in the Land Government directorate. This is partly due to the fact that during the half-a-century of Croatian-Hungarian settlement, the economy fell under the jurisdiction of the Hungarian ministry in Budapest. Striving to prove that the non-agrarian economy was sufficient in Croatia even after the year 1872, when guild activities were banned, ban Khuen-Héderváry ordered the creation of an Address Book that would contain a list of craftsmen and traders in the area that was under the jurisdiction of the Zagreb Chamber of Trades and Crafts. The directory, which was titled Adresar obrtnog i poslovnog svieta u Hrvatskoj (Address Book of Craft and Business in Croatia), was printed in a very small number of copies and was probably not widely used. However, its content is extremely important since it provides the list of craftsmen and traders that operated in northwest Croatia in 1891. The list also includes craftsmen and traders operating in the countryside. Using the town of Križevci as an example, the list reveals that craft was more represented than trade and that trading was done mainly by Jews and foreigners, while the local population was mostly engaged in crafts. The data in this article has been provided separately for Križevci and for other places in the Križevci district, as it was in 1890, after the new administrative division of the country done by Khuen-Héderváry in 1886. Despite the fact that the list is lacking and that it contains plenty of poorly written names, its contents allow making conclusions on internal migrations.

U članku se opisuju i komparativno analiziraju građevni i urbanistički propisi u Hrvatskoj od 1956. do 1971., kad je načelno dovršen zakonodavni okvir jugoslavenskih i hrvatskih građevnih propisa. Analizirani propisi, koji su prvi put bili stručno publicirani u repetitoriju 1956. godine, ambivalentno su nastajali na službenoj negaciji građevnoga zakonodavstva Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1946. i neslužbenom korištenju većine ukinutih propisa sve do kraja 1960-ih. Kolokvijalno poznati pod suvremenim pojmom građevinska regulativa, analizirani propisi pokazuju određenu tehničku kompetentnost u člancima koji nisu zadirali u socijalističko društveno uređenje, ali i potpunu ovisnost o tom uređenju u ostalim paragrafima, poput procedura upravnoga postupka ili toleriranja bespravne izgradnje. ; The building regulation system that was initiated in 1850 with the adoption of the 'Regulation on the Admission of Civil Engineering Students and the Introduction of State Examinations in Civil Engineering' in the Austrian Empire was repealed in 1946, through the 'Law on the Invalidity of Legal Regulations Adopted Before 6 April 1941 and During the Enemy Occupation'. The new socialist building regulation system was created through the regulations of the Yugoslav government from 1947 on; it was acceptable to use certain repealed regulations until new ones were enacted, provided they did not conflict with the newly-created socialist legal system of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. After the Federal Ministry of Construction was abolished in 1950, the technical regulations and standards were regulated at the federal level, while the administrative procedures and other legal regulations were gradually lowered to the level of the republics, including Croatia. So as to help architects, spatial planners, and other experts in the building process orient themselves in this jungle of regulations, architect Vladimir Šilhard (Schilchard) published the Revision Book of Building Regulations and Procedure in the P. R. of Croatia in the professional journal Čovjek i prostor (Man and Space) in 1956. This article also exhaustively presents and analyses the building regulations in the period from 1946, through Šilhard's unified compendium, to the enactment of the Zagreb City Master Plan in 1971. On the one hand, the 1960s period was a great challenge for adopting regulations, primarily due to the new way of building residential buildings, which were not encompassed by the then existing regulations. On the other hand, new urban legislation was needed after Zagreb spread over the river Sava to the south, where the Zagreb Fair and the first residential neighbourhoods were built, so that the city could maintain a sustainable appearance of modernity. In this sense, the master plan of 1971 represented the peak of city planning that had begun with a competition for the for the General Regulatory Basis in 1930–1931 and the enactment of the Building Regulations of 1940. The system of technical regulations and building regulation standards on the federal level was mostly complete by late 1971, and remained partially in force even after the Republic of Croatia declared its independence on 8 October 1991, lasting until Croatia joined the European Union on 1 July 2013.

Rast gradskog stanovništva utječe na održivost i razvoj pametnih regija. Međunarodni standardi mogu pružiti dobre prakse u širokim područjima koja se odnose na ekološke, sigurnosne i društvene aspekte koji doprinose postizanju gospodarskog i održivog rasta, dobrobiti i sigurnosti okoliša. Cilj ove studije je istražiti postoji li povezanost između razine pametnih gradova u različitim regijama i broja certifikata koji bi mogli pokrenuti daljnji razvoj pametnih i održivih gradova. Analizirali smo standarde koji podržavaju razvoj održivih i pametnih gradova iz različitih zemalja i istražili njihov utjecaj na razinu pametnih i održivih gradova. Za mjerenje uspješnosti gradova koristili smo UN-ovu inicijativu za prosperitet grada (CPI) i njezinih šest dimenzija: produktivnost, razvoj infrastrukture, kvalitetu života, jednakost i društvenu uključenost, održivost okoliša i urbano upravljanje i zakonodavstvo. Za analiziranje utjecaja međunarodnih standarda na inicijativu pametnih regija i gradova proveli smo SEM analizu. Rezultati istraživanja potvrđuju da postoji značajna razlika između razine pametnih gradova u različitim regijama i broja certifikata koji bi mogli pokrenuti daljnji razvoj pametnih i održivih gradova. Nadalje, potvrđen je pozitivan utjecaj međunarodnih standarda na razvoj pametnih regija i gradova. Vjerujemo da predstavljeni pristup može pružiti dodatni uvid u čimbenike koji utječu na razvoj pametnih regija i gradova i pokrenuti daljnja istraživanja o toj temi. ; The growth of city population has consequences on the sustainability and development of smart regions. International standards can provide good practices in wide areas related to environmental, security and social aspects that contribute to the achievement of economic and sustainable growth, well-being, and safe environment. The aim of this study is to explore if there is an association between the level of smart cities in different regions and the number of certificates that could initiate further development of smart and sustainable cities. We analysed standards that support the development of sustainable and smart cities from different countries and explored their influence on the level of smart and sustainable cities. To measure the performance of cities we used the UN-habitat City Prosperity Initiative (CPI) and its six dimensions: Productivity, Infrastructure Development, Quality of Life, Equity and Social Inclusion, Environmental Sustainability, and Urban Governance and Legislation. To analyse the influence of international standards on smart regions and cities initiative we conducted SEM analysis. The results of the research have proved that there is a significant difference between the level of smart cities in different regions and the number of certificates that could initiate further development of smart and sustainable cities. Additionally, a positive impact of international standards on the development of smart regions and cities is confirmed. We believe that the presented approach might provide additional insights into the factors which impact the development of smart regions and cities and initiate further studies on the topic.

U klasičnom prirodnom pravu pojam ustava odnosio se na zakone, institucije i praksu organiziranja i usmjeravanja države i političkog sustava. Prema ovom shvaćanju, svaki je politički sustav grada-države imao ustav. Suvremeno značenje ustava dobija pak specifično i vrijedonosno utemeljenje: ustav se danas odnosi na uspostavu posebnog oblika političkog poretka. Suvremeni ustavi govore o ograničenoj vladi (limited government). Ustavom se politička vlast konstituira i ograničava u isto vrijeme. Neke su države ustavne zato jer imaju ograničenu i odgovornu vlast, a druge nisu. U potonjem slučaju govorimo o državama koje imaju ustav, ali nemaju konstitucionalizam. Nakon građanskih revolucija, konstitucionalizam je postao središnji mehanizam kontrole političke vlasti i osiguranja slobode. U tekstu se otvara pitanje da li Statut Korčule iz 2014./1265. godine, kao normativna projekcija komunalnih organa u Gradu i na Otoku Korčuli (skupština čitavog naroda, knez, veliko vijeće, malo vijeće, kurija, komunalne službe.), omogućuje podlogu istraživanja (dis)kontinuiteta "starog konstitucionalizma" (ancient constitutionalism) i kasnijih racionalnih, jednoobraznih i kontraktualističkih oblika modernog konstitucionalizma koji se temelje na ustavu kao najvišem pravnom aktu i sudskoj kontroli ustavnosti. Zaključuje se da je Statut grada i otoka Korčule, kao svojevrsna normativna križaljka medijevalnih institucija, posebnih sloboda i višerazinskih jurisdikcija, predstavljao stvarnu povijesnu platformu s koje su se mogli kontrolirati i balansirati svi oni nositelji vlasti koji su prakticirali vlast bilo u granicama prava ili su pak težili njenom apsolutiziranju i korumpiranju. ; In classic natural law the issue of constitution was related to the laws, institutions and practice of organising and directing states and the political system. According to this understanding, every political system of town-state had a constitution. The contemporary meaning of constitution nevertheless gained specific and valuable foundation: today the constitution means the establishment of a special form of political organisation. Contemporary constitutions talk of limited government. With a constitution, political power is constituted and limited at the same time. Some states are constitutional because they have a limited and responsible government and others are not. In the latter case, we are talking about states that have a constitution, but do not have constitutionalism. After civil revolutions, constitutionalism becomes the central mechanism of control of political power and ensuring freedom. This text opens up the question of whether the Statute of Korčule of the year 1214/1265, as a normative projection of municipal organs in the Town and Island of Korčula (assembly of all people, duke, grand council, small council, curia, utility services.), provided the base for researching the (dis)continuity of "ancient constitutionalism" and classic rational, uniform and contractualistic forms of modern constitutionalism which is based on the constitution as the highest legal act and court control of constitutionality. In conclusion, the Statute of the Town and Island of Korčula, as a unique normative crossword puzzle of medieval institutions, special freedoms and multi-level jurisdictions, represented a real historical platform. From this platform all those bearers of power who implemented power could be controlled and balanced either within legal boundaries or they strived for absolutism and corruption.

U godini kada obilježavamo 250. obljetnicu hrvatskoga šumarstva, a u tijeku je 169. godina od utemeljenja Hrvatskoga šumarskoga društva i tiskanja 139. godišta našega znanstveno-stručnoga i staleškog glasila Šumarski list, interesantno je baciti pogled na tekstove iz prvih godišta tiskanja časopisa, pa i povući paralelu s današnjicom.Već u prvome godištu 1877 god. pozornost nam privlači članak Adolfa Danhelovskog "Predlozi o štednji drva u proizvadjanju francezkih duga", u kojemu kaže da se postupak proizvodnje neznatno poboljšao, "premda ova vrst robe zaslužuje, da se najvećom štednjom proizvadja, dočim su njoj namijenjeni najkrasniji hrastici". To mora raditi "vješt radnik", jer se inače može "mnogo drva potratiti …., a užje se duge imaju izradjivati od tanjih stabalah ili trupacah". Nastavno, preporuča se radi uštede sortirati trupce sukladno dužini i širini zadanih dimenzija dužica, a slijede ostale preporuke za uštedu. Povucimo sada paralelu s tadašnjim razmišljanjem i preporukama glede štednje i današnjim rasipanjem nacionalnog bogatstva, korištenjem "najkrasnijih hrastika", tako da netržišna cijena sortimenata omogućuje proizvodnju poluproizvoda, a ne visoko finaliziranih proizvoda s velikom dodanom vrijednošću i maksimalnom zaposlenošću. Najžalosnije je kada se furnirski sortiment kamuflira u pilanski prozvod za izvoz, čime se "izvoze" i radna mjesta za kojima plačemo. O tome smo detaljnije pisali u uvodniku ŠL br. 5-6/2012. "Odnos šumarstva i prerade drva". Stoga se ne slažemo s tvrdnjom resornog ministra izrečenoj u razgovoru poslije Konferencije za tisak o kojoj pišemo u rubrici Aktualno, da su potpisani netržišni ugovori s drvoprerađivačima spasili domaću preradu drva od inozemne konkurencije. Za nas je i dalje to način rasipanja nacionalnog bogatstva i trenutačni probitak za račun pojedinaca, a ne za opće dobro.Članak iz trećeg godišta, 1879. god. Alex. Nik. Schultz podnaslovom "Sedam glavnih točaka šumskoga gospodarstva i njihova teoretično-praktična uporaba" započinje motom: "Proizvadjanje najveće kvantitativne i kvalitativne množine drva na najmanjoj površini: i čim vrlije gospodarstvo". U članku navodi kako šumsko gospodarstvo dijeli djelatnosti na temeljne i pripomoćne. Temeljne su računarstvo i prirodoslovlje, a pomoćne: tehnologija, zakonodavstvo, državoznastvo, računovodstvo povijest i geografija. Razdioba praktičnih struka šumskog gospodarstva dijeli na: "gojenje šume, b) zaštita šume zajedno s šumskom stražom, c) šumska poraba za jedno sa šumskom tehnologijom, d) šumska procjena zajedno s uredbom obhodnje i obračunanjem vriednosti i e) šumska uprava i šumsko ravnateljstvo". Ako razmislimo o poanti i današnjem poštivanju mota članka, zaključujemo da se sugerira maksimalno moguće korištenje proizvodnosti pojedinog šumskog staništa, a njegova bi degradacija predstavljala katastrofu. Komentirajući spomenutih sedam točaka, ponajprije navodi da je prva i glavna točka upravljanja i rada "teoretično i praktično naobraženo gospodarstveno osoblje da se može šumom koristno i potrajno gospodariti". Pita se "kako može čovjek uobće, koji neima niti pojma o neophodno nuždnih znanosti, upravljati šumom s mnogimi njezinimi osebujnosti". Druga glavna točka je samostalno odgovorno vođenje gospodarstva "bez pohlepe za dobitkom". Treća točka govori ponajviše o načinima obnove sastojina – umjetnim načinom ili prirodnim pomlađivanjem. U četvrtoj točci bilježimo zaključak: "Pošteni šumar, koji znade računati, ne će nikada privoliti, da njegov gospodar, kada se u momentanoj novčanoj neprilici snadje, te bude prisiljen, uteći se šumi, postane žrtvom takvih švindlera i šumskih pustošnika, te će svu svoju duševnu snagu upotriebiti, da ono što se ne da izbjeći, ograniči bar na najmanji prostor i s obzirom na budućnost". Peta točka tiče se "šumske porabe zajedno sa šumskom tehnologijom i važnija je nego što se na prvi čas čini", a detaljnije obrazlažući zaključuje da joj treba posvetiti dužnu pozornost prateći razvoj i primjenu novih tehnologija. Šesta točka obuhvaća "šumsku taksaciju zajedno s uredjenjem obhodnje i vriednostnim obračunom", a sve spomenute točke međusobno se isprepleću i potrebno ih je ne razdvajati, "jer bez poznavanja jedne ne da se druga izvesti". O sedmoj točci "k šumskoj upravi i ravnateljstvu šuma" nema se što posebno reći kaže on, jer je uglavnom obuhvaćena u prethodnim točkama, ali zaključuje kako prema staroj poslovici "od glave riba smrdi, a preneseno na šumsku industriju: ne valja li ravnateljstvo, to ne valja ni cielo šumsko podčinjeno osoblje. To vriedi kod svake grane gospodarstva, a potvrdjuju to i nebrojeni dokazi u čovječjem družtvenom životu i u svih strukah". Na kraju mi zaključujemo ovaj tekst s porukom – usporedite sami!Uredništvo ; The 250th anniversary of Croatian forestry and the 169th year of the foundation of the Croatian Forestry Association and the publication of the 139th issue of the scientific-professional and specialist magazine Forestry Journal offer an ideal opportunity to look back at the texts published in the first issues and draw a parallel with present times. The very first volume from the year 1877 contains an interesting article by Adolf Danhelovski "Recommendations on saving wood in the production of French staves", which states that the production process has improved slightly "although this type of goods requires maximal saving in its production, since they are produced of the most beautiful oak trees". Work should be performed by a "skilful labourer", otherwise much of the wood "might go to waste". Narrower staves should be made of thinner trees or logs". Furthermore, logs should be classified according to the length and width of stave dimensions required. Other recommendations for saving follow. Let us draw a parallel with the present manner and recommendations related to saving and present squandering of national resources by using "the most beautiful oak forests", so that the non-market prices of the assortments allows the production of semi-finished goods and not high-quality products with a high added value and maximal employment. What is detrimental is the fact that veneer assortments are camouflaged into sawmill products intended for export; this also means "export" of working places which we sorely need. We discussed this in more detail in the Editorial of the Forestry Journal No. 5-6/2012, "The relationship between forestry and wood processing". This is why we do not agree with the words of the competent minister said after a Press conference, which we discuss in the column Current Affairs. The minister claimed that non-market contracts with wood processors had saved home wood processing from foreign competition. We continue to perceive this as a way of squandering national wealth for momentary gain of an individual and not for the benefit of the society as a whole. The article published in the third year of publication in 1879, written by Alex. Ni. Sshulz and entitled "Seven main points of forest management and their theoretical-practical use" starts with a motto: "Production of he highest quantitative and qualitative amount of wood in the smallest area: and the best management". According to the article, forest management activities are divided into basic and auxiliary. The basic activities are mathematics and natural sciences and the auxiliary ones are technology, law-making, political sciences, book keeping, history and geography. Practical parts of forest management are divided into "a) silviculture, b) forest protection together with forest surveillance, c) use of forests together with forest technology, d) forest inventory with rotation and calculation of value and e) forest administration and forest directorate". From the present standpoint, the motto of the article suggests maximum possible use of the productivity of a particular forest site, whose degradation would mean catastrophe. In his comment of the seven points that follow, the author stresses that the first and the main point of management and work lies in "highly educated management personnel who posses theoretical and practical knowledge for useful and sustainable management of forests". He asks himself: "How can a person who has absolutely no knowledge of the basic sciences manage such a highly complex system as a forest?" The second point is independent management devoid of "greed for profit". The third point is primarily concerned with stand regeneration methods - artificial or natural regeneration. The fourth point contains a conclusion: "An honest forester who knows how to calculate will never allow his master, who, if faced with financial problems and forced to exploit his forest, to become a victim of swindlers and forest exploiters, and will use all his spiritual strength to at least limit what is unavoidable to the smallest space with regard to the future". The fifth point refers to "use of forests together with forest technology, which is more important that might seem at first glance". In his detailed explanation, the author concludes that the development and application of new technologies should be given due importance. The sixth point comprises "forest taxation together with rotations and value calculation". All the above points are mutually intertwined and cannot be separated from one another, "since without knowing one it is impossible to perform another". In the author´s words, the seventh point concerning "forest administration and forest directorate" requires no comments because everything is contained in the previous points, but he concludes that, as the old proverb says, "the fish rots from the head down", or translated into forest industry: if the directorate is no good, then the entire subordinate personnel will be no good. This refers to all branches of economy, and has been proven myriad of times in the human society and in all the professions". We conclude this text with the message – compare!Editorial Board

Studije iz povijesti geodezije i kartografije u Bugarskoj objavilo je Šumarsko sveučilište, a tiskala Vojna geografska služba u Bugarskoj na bugarskom jeziku 2013. godine. Dvije godine kasnije knjigu je na engleski prevela Meglena Baždarova, a sponzori su bili Komora diplomiranih inženjera geodezije i Vojna geografska služba u Ministarstvu obrane. Engleska verzija ne sadrži dva poglavlja iz bugarskog izdanja: poglavlje XIV "Katastar u inozemstvu i u Bugarskoj – uvod i razvoj od 1878. do 1944." i poglavlje XV "Visinsko planiranje – povijest i razvoj u Bugarskoj". ; Studies in the History of Geodesy and Cartography in Bulgaria was published by the University of Forestry, and printed by the Military Geographic Service in Bulgaria in Bulgarian language in 2013. Two years later, the book was translated into English by Meglena Bazhdarova and published with the sponsorship of the Chamber of Graduate Surveyors and Military Geographic Service at the Ministry of Defence. The English version did not include two chapters from the Bulgarian edition: chapter XIV "The Cadastre Abroad and in Bulgaria – Introduction and Development from 1878 to 1944" and chapter XV "Vertical Planning – History and Development in Bulgaria".

Studies in the History of Geodesy and Cartography in Bulgaria was published by the University of Forestry, and printed by the Military Geographic Service in Bulgaria in Bulgarian language in 2013. Two years later, the book was translated into English by Meglena Bazhdarova and published with the sponsorship of the Chamber of Graduate Surveyors and Military Geographic Service at the Ministry of Defence. The English version did not include two chapters from the Bulgarian edition: chapter XIV "The Cadastre Abroad and in Bulgaria – Introduction and Development from 1878 to 1944" and chapter XV "Vertical Planning – History and Development in Bulgaria". ; Studije iz povijesti geodezije i kartografije u Bugarskoj objavilo je Šumarsko sveučilište, a tiskala Vojna geografska služba u Bugarskoj na bugarskom jeziku 2013. godine. Dvije godine kasnije knjigu je na engleski prevela Meglena Baždarova, a sponzori su bili Komora diplomiranih inženjera geodezije i Vojna geografska služba u Ministarstvu obrane. Engleska verzija ne sadrži dva poglavlja iz bugarskog izdanja: poglavlje XIV "Katastar u inozemstvu i u Bugarskoj – uvod i razvoj od 1878. do 1944." i poglavlje XV "Visinsko planiranje – povijest i razvoj u Bugarskoj".