This paper discusses urban reforms and the birth of city planning in Rio de Janeiro and Recife between the years 1904 and 1945. It deals with financial changes, political struggles, housing crises and the birth of city planning itself. The paper concludes that these urban reforms brought another image of the city, a new townscape and a different experience of living. These developments were characterised by proto-modern architecture, skyscrapers built on large avenues, distant housing with long journeys to work for the poorest, or overcrowded favelas (slum setlements) around the city centre.
Este artigo discute as reformas urbanas e o nascimento do urbanismo no Rio de Janeiro e Recife entre os anos de 1904 e 1945. Tratamos de transformações financeiras, lutas políticas, crises de habitação e o nascimento do urbanismo em si. O trabalho conclui arguindo que estas reformas urbanas trouxeram uma nova imagem da cidade, uma nova paisagem urbana e uma experiência diferente do viver. Estes desenvolvimentos foram caracterizados pela arquitetura proto-moderna, pelo apareceimento dos arranha-céus construídos em largas avenidas, habitações distantes com longas jornadas para o trabalho para os mais pobres, ou favelas super-populadas ao redor to centro da cidade. ; This paper discusses urban reforms and the birth of city planning in Rio de Janeiro and Recife between the years 1904 and 1945. It deals with financial changes, political struggles, housing crises and the birth of city planning itself. The paper concludes by saying that these urban reforms brought another image of the city, a new townscape and a different experience of living. These developments were characterised by proto-modern architecture, skyscrapers built on large avenues, distant housing with long journeys to work for the poorest, or overcrowded favelas (slum setlements) around the city centre. ; Eje 2: Forma y estructura urbana, organización del territorio, orientación del crecimiento. ; Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo
Le discipline spaziali sono chiamate ad interrogarsi con maggiore attenzione sul ruolo che le dinamiche transnazionali hanno nella configurazione del paesaggio contemporaneo, nelle sue forme urbane, sociali ed identitarie. Lo studio di processi transnazionali del contesto latino-americano, all'interno e al di la delle sue frontiere politiche, sociali, culturali e simboliche, mostra come le popolazioni migranti trascendano, negozino e ridisegnino i confini dei regini di potere esistenti, attraverso le proprie pratiche abitative e di mobilita a diverse scale. Transbordering Latin Amercias, ultimo progetto del Latin Lab della Columbia University, presenta una serie di ricerche che ragionano sulla diffusione globale d'immaginari, modi d'abitare e luoghi latino-americani che riflettono e, al contempo, contestano le dinamiche transnazionali del capitalismo globale.
The paper reviews the changes in Mexican Town and County Planning during the 20th Century to theninvestigate how it is that that thus has been unable to encompass in time the handling of conflicts, negotiationand the attaining of general agreements in order to meet the demands made upon it or resolve those problemsnow being faced by the cities of that country. The paper brings to light three aspects of the overall problemnamely the role played by that universe of discourse focussed on 'modernization' that has played such a partin the education of the professionals in this field, the role of the central government and then the consequencesof what it here seen as the relatively feeble quality of Public Opinion. The paper in itself is grounded onmaterial culled from planning and other related documents along with the author's proper experience of theplanning process and the upshot of his reading of these leads him to the conclusion that these three factorshave lead to a lack of citizen participation in the drawing up of planning policy for the cities. The paperconcludes by drawing attention tot the tensions created within the present-day social and cultural world bythis dominating way of focussing the planning question and offers strategies for alternative crisis managementas and the establishing of grounds for negotiation as remedies for answering the calls of city planning demands ; Este ensayo revisa la evolución de la planificación urbana en México durante el siglo XX y seenfoca en el análisis de las razones que explican por qué la cultura de la planificación en México no ha podidodesplazarse con mayor rapidez hacia el manejo de conflictos, la negociación y la construcción de consensoscomo estrategias clave para avanzar en el logro de metas y para resolver problemas que afectan a lasciudades mexicanas contemporáneas. El ensayo destaca tres aspectos: el papel del discurso modernizadoren la formación de profesionales de esta disciplina, el papel del gobierno central y la debilidad relativa dela sociedad civil. El ensayo se basa en una revisión de documentos de planificación y otras fuentes documentales,así como en experiencias de planificación en las que ha participado el autor. Esta revisión muestra que lacombinación de los tres aspectos dio como resultado una falta de participación ciudadana en la hechura depolíticas urbanas. El ensayo concluye señalando las tensiones que produce esta cultura dominante de planificaciónen el ambiente social y político actual y explora estrategias para ampliar el uso de manejo alternativode conflictos y negociación como herramientas básicas para la política urbana.
The paper reviews the changes in Mexican Town and County Planning during the 20th Century to theninvestigate how it is that that thus has been unable to encompass in time the handling of conflicts, negotiationand the attaining of general agreements in order to meet the demands made upon it or resolve those problemsnow being faced by the cities of that country. The paper brings to light three aspects of the overall problemnamely the role played by that universe of discourse focussed on 'modernization' that has played such a partin the education of the professionals in this field, the role of the central government and then the consequencesof what it here seen as the relatively feeble quality of Public Opinion. The paper in itself is grounded onmaterial culled from planning and other related documents along with the author's proper experience of theplanning process and the upshot of his reading of these leads him to the conclusion that these three factorshave lead to a lack of citizen participation in the drawing up of planning policy for the cities. The paperconcludes by drawing attention tot the tensions created within the present-day social and cultural world bythis dominating way of focussing the planning question and offers strategies for alternative crisis managementas and the establishing of grounds for negotiation as remedies for answering the calls of city planning demands ; Este ensayo revisa la evolución de la planificación urbana en México durante el siglo XX y seenfoca en el análisis de las razones que explican por qué la cultura de la planificación en México no ha podidodesplazarse con mayor rapidez hacia el manejo de conflictos, la negociación y la construcción de consensoscomo estrategias clave para avanzar en el logro de metas y para resolver problemas que afectan a lasciudades mexicanas contemporáneas. El ensayo destaca tres aspectos: el papel del discurso modernizadoren la formación de profesionales de esta disciplina, el papel del gobierno central y la debilidad relativa dela sociedad civil. El ensayo se basa en una revisión de documentos de planificación y otras fuentes documentales,así como en experiencias de planificación en las que ha participado el autor. Esta revisión muestra que lacombinación de los tres aspectos dio como resultado una falta de participación ciudadana en la hechura depolíticas urbanas. El ensayo concluye señalando las tensiones que produce esta cultura dominante de planificaciónen el ambiente social y político actual y explora estrategias para ampliar el uso de manejo alternativode conflictos y negociación como herramientas básicas para la política urbana.
This publication inquires into the future of post-industrial cities framing and speculating on different industrial contexts: archipelagos (Eibar), fabrics (Cobo Calleja), assemblies (Detroit). Currently 55% of the world's population lives in cities, predictably reaching 70% in 2050. Cities are organisms in continuous transformation: growth, change, but also shrinking or collapse. 'Open City' explores and speculates from contemporaneity about the future of the post-industrial city, where industrial archipelagoes (S), frames (XL) and obsolete or deprogrammed singularities (M/L) represent critical contexts but also opportunities for a new Open City. Open Systems have been the research focus of CoLab since 2013. This book collects some relevant and engagingly contemporary insights. It also includes new unpublished interviews and articles with international participants leading players in this field
ResumenA pesar de que el énfasis inicial por parte de la planificación era la implantación de una visión de la ciudad, el mundo académico se ha focalizado en momentos más recientes más en los procesos de planeamiento que en los resultados deseables. Los movimientos sociales urbanos de los años 60 y 70 se rebelaron contra la prepotencia de los expertos que habían impuesto su visión de una ciudad racional y ordenada por encima de ellos. Los activistas llamaron tanto a una participación comunitaria como a una visión alternativa de la ciudad. Los académicos del campo de la planificación, sin embargo, evitaron especificar la naturaleza de la ciudad deseable, enfatizando aspectos comunicativos y pasando por alto las condiciones subyacentes de desigualdad estructural que eran objeto de crítica económico-política. Estas definiciones procedimentales de la planificación se han convertido en soporte de decisiones políticas neoliberales y militancia contra una mayor equidad. Mi argumento es que la justicia, definida por la democracia, la diversidad y la equidad, debería ser el criterio de evaluación para la planifi cación y política urbanas.Palabras clave: Urbanismo, ciudad justa, democracia, diversidad, equidadAbstractAlthough the initial impetus for planning was to implement a vision of the city, scholarship has recently focused on the planning process rather than on desirable outcomes. Urban social movements of the 1960s and 70s rebelled against high-handed experts who had imposed their vision of a ational, orderly city upon them. Activists called for both community participation and an alternative vision of the city. Planning scholars, however, avoided specifying the substance of a desirable city, instead emphasizing communication and overlooking the background conditions of structural inequality that were the subject of political economic critiques. Such procedural defi nitions of planning are supportive of neoliberal policy making and militate against greater equity. My argument is that justice, defined by democracy, diversity, and equity, ought to be the evaluative criterion for urban planning and policy.Keywords: Town planning, just city, democracy, diversity, equality
The paper opens by stating that both city planning and its tangible results during the 80s and 90s as within the Pamplona Metropolitan Area represent a counterpoint to the same activities during the 50s, 60s and 70s. It is here held that this change in urbanistic attitudes has been made patent through the construction of new residential areas where the quality of their design and a pains-taking attention to their surroundings render this apparent. However. two years after the termination of the "rondas" (ring roads) that encircle the greater part of Pamplona's urban continuum there still remains a call for a General Urban Planning Scheme for the Pamplona Area, and this after nigh thirty years of attempts to draw one up.The main object of this document commissioned by the Navarra Autonomic Government for 1994 is seen to be the definition of any future metropolitan model. ; Los planes urbanísticos de los años 80 y 90 redactados y realizados en el Area Metropolitana de Pamplona constituyen el contrapunto de los de los años 50, 60 y 70. El cambio de cultura urbanística se ha reflejado ya en la realidad con la construcción de nuevas áreas residenciales, en las que son patentes la calidad del diseño y la esmerada atención por el entorno. Dos años después de la puesta en funcionamiento de las "rondas" que engloban gran parte del continuo urbano de Pamplona, queda aún pendiente, sin embargo, tras cerca de treinta años de reiterados intentos, el plan de ordenación urbana de la comarca de Pamplona. El principal objetivo de ese documento, encargado por el Gobierno de Navarra y que debe ser redactado en 1994, será la definición del futuro modelo metropolitano.
The open city. Publicado en diversas fuentes Radbourd University (2017), AA, Harvard y GSD. Traducción de Alberto Peñín. Introducción al artículo en pàg. 20 http://hdl.handle.net/2117/335880 ; Las ciudades en las que todo el mundo quiere vivir deberían ser limpias y seguras, poseer servicios públicos eficientes, estar soportadas por una economía dinámica, proveer estímulo cultural y también hacer lo posible por remediar las divisiones por raza, clase y etnia. Estas, no son las ciudades en las que vivimos.Las ciudades fracasan en todos estos aspectos debido a las políticas gubernamentales, a problemas sociales irreparables, y a fuerzas económicas fuera del control local. La ciudad no es dueña de sí misma. Aun así, algo ha ido radicalmente mal, en nuestra concepción de lo que una ciudad debe ser. Tal vez las bienintencionadas palabras, "limpio, seguro, eficiente, dinámico", no sean suficientes para confrontar críticamente nuestro trabajo de planificadores. Me gustaría proponer aquí una mirada a la ciudad más inclusiva. ; The cities everyone wants to live in should be clean and safe, possess efficient public services, be supported by a dynamic economy, provide cultural stimulation, andalso do their best to heal society's divisions of race, class, and ethnicity. These are not the cities we live in.Cities fail on all these counts due to government policies, irreparable social ills, and economic forces beyond local control. The city is not its own master. Still, something has gone wrong, radically wrong, in our conception of what a city itself should be. Perhaps those nice words -- clean, safe, efficient, dynamic – are not enough in themselves to confront critically our masters.In this talk, I'd like to propose we look at the city in a more embracing way. Currently, we make cities into closed systems. To make them better, we should make them into open systems. We need to applying ideas about open systems currently animating the sciences to animate our understanding of the city. More, in an open city, whatever virtues of efficiency, safety, or sociability people achieve, they achieve by virtue of their own agency. But just because a city brings together people who differ by class, ethnicity, religion, or sexual preference, in an open system, the city is to a degree incoherent. Dissonance marks the open way of life more than coherence, yet it is adissonance for which people take ownership ; Peer Reviewed
The different standpoints from which the city planning process for Buenos Aires was undertaken are seen to have been all frustrated by the deepening of the economic crisis. A planning that cannot face down those economic and city utilies problems as must crop up could hardly be expected to overcome just those questions of administrative ward making and physical parcelling out that figured amongst their original objectives. Be this as it may, the lack of local government funds has led to cut backs for publicy funded works inthe city. Given the almost null capacity of those local bodies existing to channel the population's needs, many services have become privatized. This, however, has given rise to yet other social problems that have led to a call for-means- other than private ones to be used in resolving calls for basic necessities, these «means» to incorporate the affected in their workings. ; Los distintos enfoques aplicados durante el proceso de planeamiento urbano del área metropolitana de Buenos Aires, han visto limitados sus resultados a causa del agravamiento de la crisis económica. Una planificación incapaz de solucionar los problemas emergentes en términos económicos y bienes urbanos, tampoco soluciona los problemas territoriales y físicos contemplados en sus objetivos. Por otro lado, la carencia de medios financieros de los gobiernos locales reduce el número de obras e inversiones públicas que es posible ejecutar en la ciudad. Ante la escasa capacidad de los gobiernos locales para gestionar las demandas de la población, se han privatizado los servicios municipales. Pero ello ha sido causa del surgimiento de nuevos problemas sociales que aconsejan formular otros mecanismos», alternativos del mercado privado, para solucionar las demandas básicas mediante la incorporación de los propios afectados.
Abitiamo, lavoriamo e ci muoviamo nella Urban Age, ed iI successo della città come forma prevalente dell'abitare non solo le assegna il ruolo di growth machine dello sviluppo, motore dell'evoluzione e del dinamismo delle comunità, ma la carica anche della responsabilità di essere un modello positivo - oltre che vincente - generatore di stili di vita innovativi, più sostenibili, intelligenti e creativi. Le città si propongono come potenti attrattrici della popolazione non solo dalle zone rurali, ma – con maggiore vigore in epoca di crisi – anche da altre città, intra-regionali o addirittura trans-nazionali, ed il flusso di capitale sociale che le attraversa può alimentarne la rigenerazione e la competitività a patto che venga opportunamente trasformato in risorse locali. Tuttavia, esaurita la prima fase in cui il dinamismo si identificava con l'insediamento di una classe creativa (Florida, 2005), oggi è necessaria l'evoluzione del paradigma, individuando i fattori reali che permettano alla creatività urbana di diventare da semplice attrattrice di risorse intellettuali a generatrice di nuove economie e creatrice di nuova città (Carta, 2011a). Se la città creativa è diventata icona della contemporaneità, visione-guida per definire politiche e guidare progetti, sono sempre più numerose le città che mirano a dotarsi di creative hub: luoghi, distretti o reticoli di servizi in grado di renderle più vivibili e maggiormente dinamiche e accoglienti, veri e propri propulsori di sviluppo.
