Suchergebnisse

Purpose: in modern conditions in Russia there are regions with a large proportion of the Muslim population that implement initiatives for the development of Islamic business, however, the functioning Islamic business model practically does not differ from the traditional model of Russian entrepreneurship, only individual elements and principles, types and forms of entrepreneurial activity based on principles of Sharia, Islamic banking is being promoted more actively. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to study the financial mechanism for the development of Islamic business in the Russian Federation in the context of the implementation of key areas of state support for entrepreneurship at the federal and regional levels.Methods: the study is based on the use of general scientific methods of induction and deduction, a review of scientific sources; the quantitative assessment is based on the calculation of statistical indicators, in particular: the relative size of the structure of segments of the Islamic economy with comparative studies in the country context of the volume of the halal food market, chain and basic indicators of the series of dynamics of directions of state support for Islamic business and regional levels.Results: the article analyzes the main directions, tools and institutions for the implementation of state support for Islamic entrepreneurship in foreign practices, indicating the active development of legislative, regulatory and organizational infrastructure, large-scale financing of infrastructure support programs. The article also provides an analytical overview of the development of Islamic business in the Russian Federation. Particular attention in the article is paid to the analysis of federal and regional programs to support Islamic entrepreneurship, which made it possible to identify the features of the implementation of the mechanism of state support.Conclusions and Relevance: it has been determined that in Russia the most developed segments of Islamic entrepreneurship are the halal industry, the development of which is supported by state programs at the sub-federal level, and the relationship of partner banking. The factors that limit the development of Islamic entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation have been identified: inadequacy of federal programs for financing Islamic business; the local nature of support for Islamic entrepreneurs within the framework of regional programs («point» principle). ; Цель. В современных условиях в России наличествуют регионы с большой долей мусульманского населения, где реализуются инициативы развития исламского бизнеса. Однако функционирующая исламская бизнес-модель практически не отличается от традиционной модели российского предпринимательства - формируются лишь отдельные элементы, виды и формы предпринимательской деятельности, основанной на принципах шариата, более активно продвигается исламский банкинг. В связи с этим целью данной статьи является исследование финансового механизма развития исламского бизнеса в Российской Федерации в контексте реализации ключевых направлений государственной поддержки предпринимательства на федеральном и региональном уровнях.Методы или методология проведения работы. Исследование опирается на применение общенаучных методов - индукции и дедукции, обзора научных источников; количественная оценка строится на расчете статистических показателей, в частности, относительной величины структуры сегментов исламской экономики с компаративистикой в страновом разрезе объема рынка «халяль» продуктов питания, цепных и базисных показателей рядов динамики направлений государственной поддержки исламского бизнеса на региональном уровне.Результаты работы. В статье проанализированы основные направления, инструменты и институты реализации государственной поддержки исламского предпринимательства в зарубежных практиках, свидетельствующие об активном развитии законодательной, регуляторной и организационной инфраструктуры, масштабном финансировании программ инфраструктурной поддержки. Представлен аналитический обзор развития исламского бизнеса в Российской Федерации. Особое внимание в статье уделено анализу федеральных и региональных программ поддержки исламского предпринимательства, позволившему выявить особенности реализации механизма государственной поддержки.Выводы. Определено, что в России наиболее развитыми сегментами исламского предпринимательства выступают халяль-индустрия, развитие которой поддерживается государственными программами на субфедеральном уровне, и отношения партнерского банкинга. Выявлены факторы-ограничители развития исламского предпринимательства в Российской Федерации: недостаточность федеральных программ финансирования исламского бизнеса и локальный характер поддержки исламских предпринимателей в рамках региональных программ («точечный» принцип).

Britain contrary to received wisdom was not a free trader for most of the 1800s and, despite repeal of the Corn Laws, continued to have higher tariffs than the French until the last quarter of the century. War with Louis fourteenth from 1689 led to the end of all trade between Britain and France for a quarter of a century. The creation of powerful protected interests both at home and abroad led to the imposition of prohibitively high tariffs on French imports notably on wine and spirits, when trade with France resumed in 1714. Protection of domestic interests from import competition allowed the state to raise domestic excises which provided increased government revenues despite almost no increases in the taxes on land and income in Britain. The state ensured compliance not simply through the threat of lower tariffs on foreign substitutes but also through the encouragement of a trend towards monopoly production in brewing and restricted retail sales of beer. This history is analyzed in terms of its effects on British fiscal and commercial policy from the early 1700s to the end of the nineteenth century. The result is a fuller, albeit revisionist account of the rise of the modern state that calls into question a variety of theses in economics and political science that draw on the naive view of a liberal Britain unilaterally moving to free trade in the nineteenth century.

Education is increasingly seen as a substitute for social policy, but opportunities for skill development vary by social background and educational institutions are not neutral in this respect. While previous research has extensively examined how schooling affects skills distribution, the role of post-compulsory education has been long overlooked. Using data from the 2011/2012 Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competences, this article investigates how selected features of upper secondary and tertiary education are connected to the social stratification of young adults' literacy skills in 18 OECD countries. First, I use individual-level regressions to assess the extent to which disparities in the skills of 24- to 29-year-old individuals are explained by parental education in each country. Second, I apply fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis across countries to investigate under which institutional conditions the social stratification of young adults' literacy skills is most severe. The findings point to the existence of functionally equivalent education regimes: young adults face severe disparities not only in socially selective higher education systems but also in relatively open systems characterized by institutional differentiation; moreover, disparities arising during compulsory schooling are consequential for the skill distribution of young adults, underscoring the importance of a life-course approach to education policies.

Introduction / Paolo D. Farah and Elena Cima -- The development of global justice and sustainable development principles in the WTO multilateral trading system and in the GSP+ through the lens of non-trade concerns / Paolo D. Farah -- Economic globalization and social rights : the role of the International Labor Organization and the WTO / Claudio Di Turi -- Multinational corporations and corporate social responsibility in a Chinese context : an international law perspective / Angelica Bonfanti -- Rights interest litigation, socio-economic rights and Chinese labor law reform / Leïla Choukroune -- Law, culture, and the politics of Chinese outward foreign investment / Valentina Sara Vadi -- Chinese investment in Africa : strengthening the balance sheet / Mark Klaver and Michael Trebilcock -- Soft, complex and fragmented international climate change practice : what implications for international trade law? / Francesco Sindico -- The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities in the international regime of climate change / Thomas Deleuil -- The Kyoto protocol : carbon pricing and trade prospects : the clean development mechanism from the perspective of the developing countries / Marion Lemoine -- The role of domestic policies in fostering technology transfer : evidence from China / Elena Cima -- China's environmental legislation and its trend towards scientific development / He Weidong -- Research on the reform of the judicial relief system for environmental disputes in China / Luo Li -- The impact of the Kyoto protocol and UNFCCC on Chinese law and the consequential reforms to fight climate change / Carla Peng -- The development of NGOs in China: a case study on their involvement with climate change / Zhixiong Huang -- A comparison between shale gas in China and unconventional fuel development in the United States : health, water and environmental risks / Paolo D. Farah & Riccardo Tremolada -- Understanding non-trade concerns through comparative Chinese and European philosophy of law / Jean Yves Heurtebise -- The right to food in international law and wto law : an appraisal / Flavia Zorzi Giustiniani -- The right to food in China : cultural foundation, present and future / Ning Libiao -- Projections of China's food security to 2030 : obligations as an agricultural superpower / James R. Simpson -- China and the recognition and protection of the human right to water / Roberto Soprano -- China meets Hollywood at WTO : Janus' faces of freedom ; standards of right and wrong between national and international moralities / Christophe Germann -- Cultural products and the WTO : China's domestic censorship and media control policies / Rogier Creemers -- Trade in audiovisuals : the case of china / Anselm Kamperman Sanders -- Rise and demise of us social media in china : a touchstone of WTO and BIT regulations / Danny Friedmann -- Can trade restrictions be justified by moral values? : revisiting the seals disputes through a law and economics analysis / Julien Chaisse & Xinjie Luan -- Health protection measures as barriers to EU exports to China in the framework of the WTO agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures / Denise Prévost -- SPS, public health and environmental provisions in East Asia RTAs : Asean and China / Lorenzo Di Masi -- Product safety in the framework of the WTO agreement on technical barriers to trade / Lukasz Gruszczynski -- Non-trade concerns and consumer protection in China : surrounding issues / Piercarlo Rossi -- Legal protection of consumers in developing countries : an Asian perspective / A. Rajendra Prasad -- From remedy of damage to risk prevention. an analysis of the new legislative implications of the chapter on "product liability" in China's tort liability law from the perspective of consumer protection / Hu Junhong -- Tort liability for the compensation of damages caused by dangerous substances in China / Nadia Coggiola -- The protection of biotechnological innovation by patent in the United States, Europe, France, and China : a comparative study from the perspective of the TRIPS agreement / Shujie Feng, Xin Shu & Ningning Zhang -- Public health, intellectual property rights, and developing countries' access to medicines / Jayashree Watal -- The relationship between the TRIPS agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) : intellectual property and genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folk protection from a Chinese perspective / Jianqiang Nie -- Grasping knowledge in emerging markets : is this the case of western pharmaceutical companies in china? / Francesca Spigarelli & Andrea Filippetti

Este trabajo rescata el empleo de las herramientas analíticas de Pierre Bourdieu con la finalidad facilitar la articulación y construcción del objeto de estudio, la propuesta teórico-metodológica y, evidentemente, la construcción del dato. El objetivo general fue caracterizar algunos rasgos de la transformación entre capitales, habitus y disposiciones entre profesores universitarios de dos instituciones de educación superior en México. Para tal fin, el objeto de estudio fue construido desde la Teoría de la Economía de las Prácticas Sociales de Bourdieu con la intención de articular la producción de subjetividades a partir de las condiciones objetivas de los agentes sociales (Bourdieu, 1979). Metodológicamente, se recuperaron los momentos establecidos por el sociólogo francés, a saber: 1) analizar la relación del campo frente al campo de poder, 2) trazado de un mapa de la estructura objetiva de las relaciones entre posiciones y 3) analizar el habitus de los agentes (Bourdieu y Wacquant, 2005); operacionalmente, se utilizaron la investigación documental, el análisis multivariante y el método comparado en educación como eje articulador para el análisis y construcción del dato. Los principales resultados sugieren que, derivado de la yuxtaposición de los diversos campos que convergen en el campo educativo, se presentan efectos de transformación de capitales en habitus o bien en disposiciones; la evidencia empírica sugiere que las trayectorias sociales regulan dicha transformación. Finalmente, se concluye la importancia que reviste el estudio de las trayectorias sociales de los profesores, toda vez que los componentes de la subjetividad están relacionados con las condiciones objetivas.
This work rescues the use of Bourdieu's analytical tools to facilitate the articulation and construction of the object of study, the theoretical-methodological proposal, and the construction of the data. The general objective was to characterize some features of the transformation between capitals, habitus, and dispositions based on the academic trajectories of university professors of higher education in México. To this end, the object of study was built from the Theory of the Economics of Social Practices of Bourdieu with the intention of articulating the production of subjectivities based on the objective conditions of agents, so concepts such as field, capitals, habitus, doxa, hysteresis, and allodoxia are recovered. Methodologically and based on the fact that the theoretical perspective of the French sociologist is open and relational, the moments established by him were recovered and they are: 1) analyze the relationship of the field versus the field of power, 2) drawing a map of the objective structure of the relationships between positions and 3) analyze the habitus of the agents (Bourdieu and Wacquant, 2005); operationally, research techniques were used that favor data analysis from a relational and comparative perspective such as documentary research, multivariate analysis and the comparative method in education as an articulator. The selected analysis units were two institutions of the Subsystem of Polytechnic Universities in Mexico. The main results suggest that, derived from the juxtaposition of the various fields that converge in the field of education: (a) identified effects of capital transformation in habitus or in provisions based on the prevalence of one of the fields under study; (b) hysteresis effects were observed, as well as allodoxia traits in teachers' social practices when involved in the attention of students' emotional problems; (c) a devaluation of the technological capitals of the productive field became apparent when social agents enter the educational field since academic and symbolic capital prevails in the latter. By way of conclusion, the contrasting of the theoretical-methodological commitment with the empirical structure allowed, to know and recognize the importance of the study of the social trajectories of agents since the components of subjectivity are related to the objective conditions, conditions that, in this case, are regulated, conditioned and mediated by supranational bodies through the model of the educational subsystem under study.

The potential harmful effects of conventional agriculture (CA) and the alleged multiple benefits of organic agriculture (OA) in conjunction with the prevalence of coherent conceptual linkage between the principles of OA and Bhutan's development philosophy of Gross National Happiness have motivated the Bhutanese government to declare in 2008, to fully convert farming in the country to OA by 2020. However, the benefits accruing from OA along with the practicality and performance of OA are being increasing questioned globally. Amidst these controversies and accentuated by the lack of empirical data from Bhutan, questions arise as to whether or not the country should convert its agricultural sector to fully organic. Therefore, to determine the possible performance and prospects of OA in Bhutan, using paddy rice as the model crop, this study investigates wide-ranging issues between OA and CA in terms of yield, soil nutrient contents and economics in Bhutan. This study also compares organic and conventional farmers' happiness as well as analyzes the strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats (SWOT) of OA. The comparative investigation on yield and different soil parameters, conducted during two cropping seasons (2012 and 2013) in three agro-ecological zones (AEZs) (low, mid and high altitude) of the country, involved 120 organic and 120 conventional farmers. The socio-economic study was based on randomly selected 393 organic and 353 conventional farmers from all 20 districts of Bhutan. The SWOT analysis was conducted among 35 agricultural experts, policy makers, NGO officials and private sector members to assess experts' views on pros and cons as well as the potentials and challenges of OA, and its promotion in Bhutan. The study thus provides the first empirical data of paddy rice production, the country's most important crop, under OA and CA schemes in various parts and AEZs of Bhutan. The comparative study on paddy yield and various soil properties, including soil organic matter (OM), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the three AEZs did not reveal significant differences between organic and conventional production systems within each AEZ. However, the three factorial interaction analysis involving farm types, AEZs and years found significant differences in SOM, P, K, cation exchange capacity (CEC), bulk density and yield. Furthermore, significantly higher gross production cost (61,892 Nu ha-1) and total labor cost (49,483 Nu ha-1) in organic, and significantly higher inputs costs (11,600 Nu ha-1) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) (2.8) in the conventional system were found. The premium price that organic paddy generally attracts was not considered in calculating either BCR or other costs/returns, yet there was no significant difference in gross and net returns between OA and CA. The happiness rating shows that the proportion of organic farmers who were subjectively happy or very happy was marginally higher at 87% as compared to conventional ones at 77%. The findings of the SWOT analysis show a considerable number of opportunities and strengths in favor of OA, together with many weaknesses and threats constraining the approach. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that OA, using paddy rice as the model crop, is in no agronomic aspect inferior to CA in Bhutan and their performances are comparable. On the basis of this and given the alleged ill effects of CA on human and ecosystem health, Bhutan may heed precautionary principle and thereby continue to adhere to its declaration to convert its entire agriculture to fully organic. Whether or not converting to OA can help to achieve food self-sufficiency (FSS) is hard to answer, because agriculture in Bhutan is constrained by several factors. But considering OA's alleged superior adaptability to the threat of looming climate change and is multiple benefits, it has the potential to achieve FSS. However, certain misgivings about OA and critical challenges, such as arranging adequate organic fertilizers and effective alternatives to conventional plant protection interventions must be addressed in order to smoothly transit to fully organic production.

Cet article est issu d'une contribution des auteurs au rapport L'évaluation du droit du travail : problèmes et méthodes, Institut International pour les Etudes Comparatives - DARES (appel d'offres L'évaluation économique du droit du travail), février 2008. ; International audience ; The article aims at providing an original contribution to the economic assessment of labour law issue. It is based on a theoretical framework shared by economists and jurists which unable an assessment of employment protection legislation in a dynamic perspective focusing on implementation of law and enforcement issues. The article focuses on activation and use of legal rights instead on their sole nominal content. It considers litigation as a relevant basis for assessment of law which permits a reconsideration of both procedures and motives of individual and collective layoffs. The litigation viewpoint is also the basis of a critical assessment of employment protection indicators owing to the fact that they do not capture nor judicial enforcement of labour law nor courts rulings in dismissal cases. An empirical quantitative analysis is then conducted in order to try to explain why labour contract litigation in France decreases sharply since several years. The reasons can be found in two factors: first, a huge trend of job creation in small firms; second, a decrease of the average length of service of fired workers. Finally, the report scrutinizes the argument that a strict regulation of dismissals for economic motives leads the employers to strategically use individual dismissal procedures. The "substitution effect" does not seem to be supported by empirical evidence in the French case. ; Le but de cet article est d'apporter une contribution originale à l'évaluation du droit du travail. Il repose sur un cadre théorique commun à des juristes et des économistes qui permet d'évaluer le droit du travail de manière dynamique, du point de vue de son application. Il considère le contentieux comme un instrument d'évaluation du droit, ce qui permet de réexaminer les procédures et les motifs de licenciement. La perspective contentieuse est un outil de la critique des indicateurs de protection de l'emploi qui ne capturent pas les effets de mise en oeuvre des droits ; la comparaison internationale des schémas procéduraux de licenciement est un autre aspect sur lequel les indicateurs n'offrent qu'une vue partielle. Enfin, une analyse empirique cherche à expliquer les causes de la baisse régulière du contentieux prud'homal en France. La dynamique de l'emploi dans les établissements de petite taille et la baisse de l'ancienneté des licenciés sont mises en évidence empiriquement. La thèse selon laquelle la rigueur des procédures de licenciement économique serait détournée par un recours plus fréquent à des licenciements pour motifs personnels n'est pas confirmée empiriquement.

Cet article est issu d'une contribution des auteurs au rapport L'évaluation du droit du travail : problèmes et méthodes, Institut International pour les Etudes Comparatives - DARES (appel d'offres L'évaluation économique du droit du travail), février 2008. ; International audience ; The article aims at providing an original contribution to the economic assessment of labour law issue. It is based on a theoretical framework shared by economists and jurists which unable an assessment of employment protection legislation in a dynamic perspective focusing on implementation of law and enforcement issues. The article focuses on activation and use of legal rights instead on their sole nominal content. It considers litigation as a relevant basis for assessment of law which permits a reconsideration of both procedures and motives of individual and collective layoffs. The litigation viewpoint is also the basis of a critical assessment of employment protection indicators owing to the fact that they do not capture nor judicial enforcement of labour law nor courts rulings in dismissal cases. An empirical quantitative analysis is then conducted in order to try to explain why labour contract litigation in France decreases sharply since several years. The reasons can be found in two factors: first, a huge trend of job creation in small firms; second, a decrease of the average length of service of fired workers. Finally, the report scrutinizes the argument that a strict regulation of dismissals for economic motives leads the employers to strategically use individual dismissal procedures. The "substitution effect" does not seem to be supported by empirical evidence in the French case. ; Le but de cet article est d'apporter une contribution originale à l'évaluation du droit du travail. Il repose sur un cadre théorique commun à des juristes et des économistes qui permet d'évaluer le droit du travail de manière dynamique, du point de vue de son application. Il considère le contentieux comme un instrument d'évaluation du droit, ce qui permet de réexaminer les procédures et les motifs de licenciement. La perspective contentieuse est un outil de la critique des indicateurs de protection de l'emploi qui ne capturent pas les effets de mise en oeuvre des droits ; la comparaison internationale des schémas procéduraux de licenciement est un autre aspect sur lequel les indicateurs n'offrent qu'une vue partielle. Enfin, une analyse empirique cherche à expliquer les causes de la baisse régulière du contentieux prud'homal en France. La dynamique de l'emploi dans les établissements de petite taille et la baisse de l'ancienneté des licenciés sont mises en évidence empiriquement. La thèse selon laquelle la rigueur des procédures de licenciement économique serait détournée par un recours plus fréquent à des licenciements pour motifs personnels n'est pas confirmée empiriquement.

In 1994, Robert Eisner was looking for cures to the global economic crisis. He proposed some economic analyses and solutions that could be useful as the Covid-19 pandemic plunged the world economy into recession. He highlighted the comparative advantages of the United States because of its oil and natural reserves and the role of the dollar in international trade, which make it a debtor and a drain on investments that would be useful in developing countries. Moreover, the measure of GDP per capita is not an indicator of citizens' well-being, given that the concept is too imprecise today to account for all activities, especially non-market activities. The United States does not save enough. A public deficit can be of great economic interest, even if it can exert inflationary pressures and makes intergenerational transfers politically unappreciated, even though they can be useful for all generations. Friedman's analysis of monetarist policy and Phelps' analysis of the concept of natural unemployment are wrong. The state must have a long-term strategy, particularly in terms of infrastructure. The economic crisis highlights the shortcomings of mainstream economic theory. Eisner has renewed certain concepts and analyses, which could have been used to avoid, at least partially, the damage caused by this crisis. ; En 1994, Robert Eisner cherchait des remèdes à la crise économique mondiale. Il proposait alors certaines analyses et solutions économiques qui pourraient être utiles au moment où la pandémie du Covid-19 plonge l'économie mondiale dans la récession. Il met en évidence des avantages comparatifs des Etats-Unis du fait de ses réserves pétrolières et naturelles et du rôle du dollar dans les échanges internationaux, qui font de ce pays un débiteur qui draine les investissements qui seraient bien utiles dans les pays en développement. En outre, la mesure du PIB par habitant n'est pas un indicateur du bien-être des citoyens, eu égard à ce concept aujourd'hui trop imprécis pour rendre compte de toutes les activités, ...

In 1994, Robert Eisner was looking for cures to the global economic crisis. He proposed some economic analyses and solutions that could be useful as the Covid-19 pandemic plunged the world economy into recession. He highlighted the comparative advantages of the United States because of its oil and natural reserves and the role of the dollar in international trade, which make it a debtor and a drain on investments that would be useful in developing countries. Moreover, the measure of GDP per capita is not an indicator of citizens' well-being, given that the concept is too imprecise today to account for all activities, especially non-market activities. The United States does not save enough. A public deficit can be of great economic interest, even if it can exert inflationary pressures and makes intergenerational transfers politically unappreciated, even though they can be useful for all generations. Friedman's analysis of monetarist policy and Phelps' analysis of the concept of natural unemployment are wrong. The state must have a long-term strategy, particularly in terms of infrastructure. The economic crisis highlights the shortcomings of mainstream economic theory. Eisner has renewed certain concepts and analyses, which could have been used to avoid, at least partially, the damage caused by this crisis. ; En 1994, Robert Eisner cherchait des remèdes à la crise économique mondiale. Il proposait alors certaines analyses et solutions économiques qui pourraient être utiles au moment où la pandémie du Covid-19 plonge l'économie mondiale dans la récession. Il met en évidence des avantages comparatifs des Etats-Unis du fait de ses réserves pétrolières et naturelles et du rôle du dollar dans les échanges internationaux, qui font de ce pays un débiteur qui draine les investissements qui seraient bien utiles dans les pays en développement. En outre, la mesure du PIB par habitant n'est pas un indicateur du bien-être des citoyens, eu égard à ce concept aujourd'hui trop imprécis pour rendre compte de toutes les activités, ...

The low employment rates of older workers (aged 50 and above) in France are directly relatedto the widesprehd use of state-subsidized early retirement schemes. These schemes may in turnbe a response tb a low demand for older workers. We investigate the connection between labourdemand and public policies along three dimensions: the Delalande tax (a firing cost for workersaged 50 and above), implicit long-term contracts and technical and organisational change.A theoretical model predicts a positive effect of the Delalande tax on the employment of olderworkers. However, the empirical analysis shows a smaller labour hoarding effect than predicted.This result points toward other factors that may reduce the demand for older workers.The early departure of older workers from the labour force may help relieve the pressure on theimplicit long-te 1m contracts which bind firms and workers. Facing shocks, firms would rather inciteolder workers t leave even if they must provide significant compensation: these departures allowthe firm to adj st its labour force without a breach of contract. Under some circumstances, statesubsidies will b necessary to enable the firms to fulfil their promises - this provides an economicrationale for state subsidies to early retirement schemes. We provide preliminary evidence consistentwith this mechanism: prime-age workers with sufficient seniority in the firm appear to be protectedagainst lay-offs by the departure of older workers.Older worl ers may also suffer from technical and organisational change. We find evidencethat older worl ers with less favourable characteristics leave firms undergoing such modernisation.However, modern and modernized firms provide more training to all their workers, including olderones. These re ults tend to show that technical and organisational change affects older workersdirectly rather than through a comparative disadvantage with regard to training. Alternatively,they are consis ent with the view that firms render changes acceptable in two ways: by getting ...

The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) is referred to as the cornerstone of the EU's fight against climate change. However, carbon prices delivered have been judged too low and volatile to durably place the economy on a low-carbon trajectory. Price outcomes were largely attributed to a supply imbalance of permits due to external shocks: supply-side reforms, reviewed in a first chapter, were in turn conducted to shield the EU-ETS from them, with limited success.Yet, most prospective analyses of the EU-ETS rest on archetypal models of emission trading, which disregard the inner market structure and fundamentals. Therefore, this dissertation contributes to better understand price formation in the European carbon market by investigating structural drivers of permit prices, appraising their impact on market outcomes and policy design. Motivated by transaction and compliance data, the second and third chapters provide ex-post analyses of the second (2008-2012) and third (2013-2020) trading periods. We find that the market structure is unstable, with consequences on prices and supply-side policies. Our results question the benefits of a carbon price floor to remedy these instabilities, by helping market actors anchor expectations about future carbon prices. A fourth chapter thus conducts a comparative ex-ante analysis of the EU-ETS power sector under three plausible price floor policies. Our results suggest that no such complementary policies are necessary, because of the MSR's ability to quickly cutback on the number of allowances in circulation. ; Le marché du carbone européen (SEQE) est la pierre angulaire de la politique climatique européenne. Les prix du carbone produits ont cependant longtemps été jugé trop bas et volatils pour déclencher les investissements nécessaires à une décarbonation durable de l'économie. Les faibles niveaux de prix ont largement été attribués à un déséquilibre de l'offre de permis, dû à des chocs externes au marché. Plusieurs mesures de restriction de l'offre, critiquées dans un premier chapitre, furent ainsi entreprises afin d'en préserver le SEQE. Toutefois, la plupart des analyses prospectives du SEQE reposent sur un modèle archétypal d'échange de permis à polluer, qui ne tient compte ni de la structure interne du marché ni de ses fondamentaux. Cette thèse a ainsi pour but d'identifier les déterminants structurels du prix du carbone sur le SEQE, ainsi que d'en évaluer l'impact sur l'équilibre de marché et la conception de politiques de l'offre. Motivés par l'examen de données microéconomiques de transaction et d'émission, les second et troisième chapitres conduisent l'analyse ex-post des Phases 2 (2008-2012) et 3 (2013-2020) du mécanisme. Ils mettent ainsi en lumière la nature instable de la structure interne du marché. Notamment, les coûts de transaction altèrent la flexibilité spatiale du SEQE, tandis que le progrès technologique déstabilise le plafond d'émission. Ces constats nous amènent ainsi à questionner l'intérêt d'un prix plancher du carbone pour remédier à ces instabilités. Un quatrième chapitre mène donc l'analyse ex-ante du secteur électrique du SEQE en présence de trois mécanismes de support du prix. Nos résultats suggèrent que la capacité de la MSR à rapidement réduire le nombre de permis en circulation ne justifie pas un tel mécanisme à court terme.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the literature on the political economy of policy instrument choice and relate it to the experiences in agriculture. The paper is therefore organized as follows. The second section provides a ranking of policies as to their transfer efficiency and determines the standard of evaluation, given that no policy is perfect in achieving its goals. The third section explores why political competition does not ensure that an efficient policy instrument is chosen. The following two sections explain the two key theories: enforcement and commitment problems in section four, and information and agency problems in section five. Section six presents the important Grossman-Helpman model of inefficient policy choice that falls outside these two general theories. Section seven describes how policy instrument choice in agriculture is often a discrete outcome in response to a crisis and therefore becomes path dependent, resulting in a status quo bias. Section eight describes how trade agreements can affect policy instrument choice. The final section gives some guidance as to the outstanding issues.

Constructing excision, writing pain / Evelyne Accad -- Reflections on femininity and FGM / Lorraine Koonce Farahmand -- FGM/C and the female perpetrator : analysis of an underdeveloped figure / Daniela Hrzán -- The archaeology of female genital mutilation in German national politics : "wegroups", othering, and the pertinence of intersecting discourses "FGM and femininity" / Lea Kristin Kleinsorg -- Trends in female genital mutilation/cutting : a qualitative investigation focusing on mothers of circumcised Nigerian girls / Oluchukwu Loveth Obiora -- The British campaign to ban virginity testing and hymenoplasty / Saarrah Ray -- Is it really "easier to dig a hole than build a pole"? Feminist reflections on genital surgery for children born with ambiguous genitalia / Marion Hulverscheidt -- Circumcision as inscriptions of gender : implications of eradication or sustenance / Mary Nyangweso -- Patriarchal inscription on African women : negotiating zero tolerance for FGM / Adebisi Adebayo -- Marginalization of community voices in fighting female circumcision / Phyllis Livaha -- What did the judge say? A comparative analysis of selected FGM case law in highincome & low-income countries / Micali Drossos, I., Komba, P., and Granier, L.M.C. -- FGM studies : economics, public health, and societal wellbeing / Hilary Burrage -- FGM -- Health, law, education and sustainable goals through upstream and downstream approaches / Felicity Gerry, Andrew Rowland, Charlotte Proudman, Joseph Home and Hoda Ali -- Reclaiming autonomy of body : comparing memoirs by Khady Koïta and Hibo Wardere / U.H. Ruhina Jesmin -- Emotional and behavioral consequences of FGM/C among West African women residents in the United States / Mariama Diallo -- FGM in one of the world's richest countries : the case of Singapore / John Chua -- "The law against female genital mutilation (FGM) can scare people from performing FGM, but it doesn't change their attitudes" : findings of a qualitative study in Leeds, United Kingdom / Olayemi Babajide, Abimbola Babajide and Bassey Ebenso -- Morbidity due to female genital mutilation : a scoping review / Ava G. Chappell, Daniel C. Sasson, Abbas Hassan; Yufan Yan, Annie B. Wescott, Melissa Simon, Lori A. Post, and Sumanas W. Jordan -- Female genital mutilation in African and African diaspora memoir and fiction / Tobe Levin von Gleichen and Pierrette Herzberger-Fofana -- Assessment of oral media utilization on 'female circumcision' among the Abagusii of Kenya / Felister Nyaera Nkangi -- Voices to end female genital mutilation/cutting : using digital storytelling to end a harmful social norm / Mariya Taher, Amy Hill, Sandra Yu, and Kamakshi Arora -- FGM in Germany in the context of migration / Abadjayé Gwladys Awo -- 'I'm going to be judged for having FGM' : national health service experiences described by women affected by female genital mutilation in the United Kingdom and Europe / Rewan Youssif* & Charnele Nunes*, Manar Marzouk, Sameera Hassan, Mervat Alhaffar, and Natasha Howard -- "This is not my fatherland." Female genital mutilation : stories from the lives of Nigerian exiles in Italy / Annagrazia Faraca.

The world has never been richer than today. The distribution of our global wealth, however, is hugely biased. Since 1980, the gains were mainly captured by the rich: The top 1% obtained twice as much of the income growth as compared to the bottom 50%. Nevertheless, within economics, debates about inequality have remained rather marginal, despite long-term research by renowned scholars such as Tony Atkinson. Within the public arena, concerns about inequality emerged as a result of a number of developments: First, the global financial crisis in 2008 exposed the risks of the financing of the economy; secondly, 2013, Thomas Picketty's book "Capital in the 21st century" demonstrated that, against the trend of the overall 20th century, capital returns outstrip the gains through economic growth in recent decades, thus threatening social coherence and democratic institutions and thirdly, the Millennium Campaign presented impressive achievements regarding poverty but stirred doubts whether the most deprived were left even further behind. Since 2015, then, the stated aim of SDG 10 is to "reduce inequality within and among countries". There is growing consensus that economic growth is not sufficient to reduce poverty, and that our efforts to make it more inclusive so far were insufficient. The very first step reduce inequality is to adopt a systemic perspective, allowing an integrative analysis covering both ends of the ladder. Policies should be universal in principle and pay attention to the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized populations. Predicated on comparison, inequality reminds us that it's not enough to study lower earners and the poor. Instead, the term demands that we expand our perspective, scrutinizing how economic value is generated, accumulated, at whose cost, and – not least – how the overall system could be made fairer. "Transitioning to Reduced Inequalities" therefore explores inequality trends worldwide, offers a debate on different measures and comparative perspectives, highlights key actors who either benefited or suffered from recent economic trends, and explores policy options to reduce inequality and thus contribute to SDG 10. The volume considers particularly: conceptual frameworks with regards to the inequality debate; the relationship between poverty reduction, economic growth and inequality; measures of inequality; overlooked/bypassed groups in developing countries; analysis on income/wealth growth for different groups in the global north; discussion about policies to reduce inequality; and further research in the realm of inequality. Transitioning to Reduced Inequalities is part of MDPI's new Open Access book series Transitioning to Sustainability. With this series, MDPI pursues environmentally and socially relevant research which contributes to efforts toward a sustainable world.