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In Federalism and Subsidiarity, a distinguished interdisciplinary group of scholars in political science, law, and philosophy address the application and interaction of the concept of federalism within law and government. What are the best justifications for and conceptions of federalism? What are the most useful criteria for deciding what powers should be allocated to national governments and what powers reserved to state or provincial governments? What are the implications of the principle of subsidiarity for such questions? What should be the constitutional standing of cities in federations

This book, by two of the world's leading administrative law scholars, reimagines administrative law as the law of public administration by making its competence the focus of administrative law. Grounded in extensive interdisciplinary, historical, and doctrinal analysis, Fisher and Shapiro show why understanding both the capacity and authority of expert public administration is crucial to ensure the legitimacy and accountability of the administrative state. To address the current precarious state of administrative law, they support a new study of the administrative process by an Attorney Generals Committee on Administrative Procedure leading to a revised Administrative Procedure Act (APA). This book is a must-read for anyone interested in administrative law and its reform.

Abstract
The negotiations for a new instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of high-seas marine biodiversity (marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction; BBNJ) finally concluded after difficult negotiations. The BBNJ negotiations had to address a regime complex of sectoral and regional organizations regulating different aspects of marine biodiversity and a political struggle about the epistemologies that ought to inform marine biodiversity governance, which is driven by limited, unequally distributed, and contested knowledge. However, to be implemented, the new BBNJ Agreement will have to be equipped with expert authority to be able to address these challenges and make competent statements about the state of high-seas marine biodiversity. We address a gap in empirical work on expert authority in the regime complex by analyzing state references to the expertise of different international organizations in the BBNJ negotiations. Combining collaborative event ethnography and social network analysis, we show that states strategically and politically refer to the expertise of international organizations, and we coin the term authority shopping to describe this behavior.

Not long ago—early in 1954—the world observed a debate at Berlin between diplomats of East and West who offered their alternatives for solving the German problem. The Soviet solution as set forth by Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet Foreign Minister, was to use Germans as pawns in a diplomatic maneuver whose object was clearly to wreck Western European integration and to strengthen the Soviet Union. The solution proposed by the Western diplomats, John Foster Dulles, Anthony Eden and George Bidault, was to regard Germans as equals with whom they would negotiate a solution to Germany's problems. The Soviets have used the satellite East German regime to parrot their program and they have groomed it to neutralize Germany or lead it into the Communist camp. The Western diplomats have concluded that in order to obtain a lasting German settlement there must be free elections to establish an all-German government, which would be competent to negotiate about Germany's future and would be free to join the Western Alliance, if it chose to do so.

North Barito PMPTSP office is the competent authority for managing the Building Permits following the standard operating procedures of licensing and non-licensing services. IMB making procedures is a lengthy process due to the need to go through several stages. Also, the technical implementation in the field is plagued by the lack of technical staff of IMB service. These factors affect the performance of IMB service, which is still considered less than optimal. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection was made through in-depth interviews, intensive observation, documentation and review of the literature. A qualitative approach was used as a research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written and oral word of the people and observed behavior. Article visualizations:

Falsified medicines can be considered substandard in quality, formulation, labelling and/or without appropriate registration with the competent authority. The Falsified Medicines Directive (FMD) or Directive 2011/62/EU, which amended Directive 2001/83/EC, was implemented in February 2019 to decrease the use of falsified medicines. ; N/A

States as international persons — Recognition of government — Rhodesia — United Kingdom Government recognised as lawful authority in Rhodesia — Alien choosing Rhodesia as destination on deportation — Competent authority to issue visa — The law of the United StatesThe individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion — Procedure of expulsion — Alien's choice of destination — Choice made in bad faith — Recognition of Governments — Government of Rhodesia — The law of the United States

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Entry into force — Whether one paragraph of an article can enter into force before another paragraph — Effect of both paragraphs as integral parts of article — Treaty establishing European Coal and Steel Community, Article 65 — Date of entry into force of Article 65 (1) prohibiting restrictive agreements — Whether Article 65 (1) intended to enter into force before Article 65 (2).Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of — Meaning and principal object of treaty — Convention on Transitional Provisions annexed to Treaty establishing European Coal and Steel Community.Court of Justice of European Coal and Steel Community — Competence to pronounce upon questions of municipal law.339International organization — European Coal and Steel Community — Treaty establishing Community, 1951, Article 65 — Convention containing Transitional Provisions — Date of entry into force of Article 65 (1) prohibiting restrictive agreements — Whether any derogation from this date for particular provision in Article 65 — Relevance of motive of evasion in making trade regulations — Whether Article 65 (1) intended to enter into force before Article 65 (2) — Meaning and purpose of Convention containing Transitional Provisions — Powers exercised by Governments of member States during transitional period — Whether identical with powers of High Authority after establishment of Common Market — Détournement de pouvoir — Violation of Treaty — Alleged duty of High Authority to apply municipal law in determining validity of trade regulations made before entry into force of Treaty — Law applied by High Authority — Article 8 of Treaty — Whether competent to apply municipal law of member States — Whether High Authority concerned with validity of trade regulations under municipal law when exercising its functions under Article 65 (2).

The need for deference to well-grounded claims to expert authority often seems to conflict with democratic ideals and practices of equality and contestation. In this article I identify a parallel tension in Mill's work on authority. Against the idea that Mill's thought is contradictory, I argue that in both his early and later work he was very clear about the tension between the good of thinking for oneself and the necessity of epistemic dependence, and in particular deference to a consensus of experts. He does not resolve this tension, but he makes it productive in the figure of the 'competent observer', who exercises judgement in deferring to authorities. Mill's contribution is to focus on the process of questioning and scrutiny that underpins this sort of judgement. I conclude with some observations about the value and limitations of Mill's account of authority for understanding contemporary problems of expertise in democratic systems.

The need for deference to well-grounded claims to expert authority often seems to conflict with democratic ideals and practices of equality and contestation. In this article I identify a parallel tension in Mill's work on authority. Against the idea that Mill's thought is contradictory, I argue that in both his early and later work he was very clear about the tension between the good of thinking for oneself and the necessity of epistemic dependence, and in particular deference to a consensus of experts. He does not resolve this tension, but he makes it productive in the figure of the 'competent observer', who exercises judgement in deferring to authorities. Mill's contribution is to focus on the process of questioning and scrutiny that underpins this sort of judgement. I conclude with some observations about the value and limitations of Mill's account of authority for understanding contemporary problems of expertise in democratic systems. Adapted from the source document.

Birth of Law No. 30 of 2004 on Notary, regarded as the beginning of reforms in the field of notary. A notary who previously carried out its duties based on the Dutch heritage regulations Reglement op Het Notaris Ambt in Indonesie (Stb. 1860:3) was started feels aware of its existence by the government. However, one of the impact of these laws is the extension of the authority of the notary to make the auctions minutes deed and the land deed, but as it is known in advance, making auctions minutes deed is the authority of the auction official, and make the land deed is the land deed official authority (known as PPAT ). Based on Vendu Reglement (VR), only authorized officials that can make auctions minutes deed, and if the notary push him to make it, then the power of the deed will degrade into privately made deed because it is not made by the competent authority. As with the land deed, authorized officials to make the land deed is PPAT, but the authority specified in Article 2 paragraph (2) of Government Regulation No. 37 of 1998 on Land Deed Official. Therefore, the Notary can make land deed, on condition not including the deed contained in that Article 2 paragraph (2). How To Cite: Multazam, M. (2014). The Authority of Notary as Public Official in The Making of Land Deed and Auction Minutes Deed According to The Law Number 30 of 2004 on Notary. Rechtsidee, 1(2), 147-162. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jihr.v1i2.94

Weather disaster events were frequent and caused loss of lives and property in Taiwan recently. Excessive concentration of population and lacking of integrated planning led to Taiwanese coastal zone face the impacts of climate change directly. Comparing to many countries which have already set up legislation, competent authorities and national adaptation strategies, the ability of coastal management adapting to climate change is still insufficient in Taiwan. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a complete institutional arrangement for coastal management due to climate change in order to protect environment and sustain socio-economic development. This paper firstly reviews the impact of climate change on Taiwanese coastal zone. Secondly, development of Taiwanese institutional arrangement of coastal management is introduced. Followed is the analysis of four dimensions of legal basis, competent authority, scientific and financial support and international cooperations of institutional arrangement. The results show that Taiwanese government shall: 1) integrate climate change issue into Coastal Act, Wetland Act and territorial planning Act and pass them; 2) establish the high level competent authority for coastal management; 3) set up the climate change disaster coordinate platform; 4) link scientific information and decision markers; 5) establish the climate change adjustment fund; 6) participate in international climate change organizations and meetings actively; 7) cooperate with near countries to exchange experiences.

A certain small group of men (hereafter called "the team") shares an intention, the implementation of which requires at least a once-for-all decision of some public authority. The most obvious procedure is to plead in favor of that decision with the holders (or holder) of the competent authority. The next most obvious is to win over people who have easy and habitual access to the decision-maker or makers. These first and second procedures can be practiced under any regime.

International audience ; The scope of application EFSA-GMO-DE-2012-111 is for food and feed uses, import and processing of genetically modified (GM) soybean SYHT0H2 in the European Union. Soybean SYHT0H2 was developed to confer tolerance to the herbicidal active substances mesotrione and other p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides and glufosinate ammonium. The molecular characterisation data and bioinformatic analyses do not identify issues except for sequence similarity of AvHPPD-03 to bacterial haemolysins that was considered in food/feed safety assessment. The outcome of the comparative analysis (agronomic/phenotypic and compositional characteristics) did not need further assessment except for the changes in seed levels of a-tocopherol and c-tocopherol that were assessed for food and feed relevance. The GMO Panel does not identify toxicological and allergenicity concerns for the AvHPPD-03 and PAT proteins expressed in soybean SYHT0H2 and finds no evidence that the genetic modification would change the overall allergenicity of soybean SYHT0H2. The nutritional impact of food/ feed from soybean SYHT0H2 is expected to be the same as that of food/feed from the conventional counterpart and commercial non-GM soybean reference varieties. The GMO Panel concludes that soybean SYHT0H2 is as safe as and nutritionally equivalent to the conventional counterpart and the tested non-GM soybean reference varieties, and no post-market monitoring of food/feed is considered necessary. In the case of accidental release of viable soybean SYHT0H2 grains into the environment, soybean SYHT0H2 would not raise environmental safety concerns. The post-market environmental monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses of soybean SYHT0H2. In conclusion, the GMO Panel considers that soybean SYHT0H2, as described in this application, is as safe as its conventional counterpart and the tested non-GM soybean reference varieties with respect to potential effects on human and animal health ...