Lists of Twitter acccounts of U.S. political elites from government, news media and political parties. Metadata on number of followers (as of December 2015), date of account registration and Twitter ID. List of news media actors contains major newspapers and national TV stations as well as politically influential media persons and individual journalists. List of politicians contains all members of U.S. congress, governors, presidential candidates and main accounts of the Republican and Democratic parties. Metadata on politicians contains political office and party affiliation. List of government actors contains federal agencies, secretaries, the President and affiliated accounts.
Massenarbeitslosigkeit und soziales Elend prägten Anfang der dreißiger Jahre das Leben breiter Bevölkerungsschichten in den von der Weltwirtschaftskrise betroffenen Industriegesellschaften. Den zeitgenössischen Politikern und staatlichen Institutionen stellte sich die Lösung dieser Probleme als innenpolitische Hauptaufgabe. Dabei waren sie auf die Mitarbeit der großen wirtschaftlichen Interessenverbände der Arbeitgeber und der Arbeitnehmer angewiesen. Dies galt im europäischen Kontext auf Arbeitnehmerseite insbesondere für die deutsche und britische Gewerkschaftsbewegung, die die mit Abstand stärksten Organisationen im Internationalen Gewerkschaftsbund (IGB) stellten. Die deutschen und britischen Gewerkschaften entwickelten eine Vielzahl an Vorschlägen und Forderungen zur Beseitigung der Arbeitslosigkeit, die in der vorliegenden Studie vergleichend dargestellt werden. Dabei steht der jeweilige Dachverband – auf der einen Seite der Allgemeine Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB), auf der anderen Seite der Trade Union Congress (TUC) – im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung. Die vergleichende Analyse der gewerkschaftlichen Arbeitslosenpolitik fragt darüber hinaus nach dem jeweiligen Beitrag der beiden Organisationen zum Erhalt der politischen Stabilität in ihrem Land. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zur gewerkschaftlichen Arbeitslosenpolitik in der Weltwirtschaftskrise lässt sich in zwei größere, thematische Teilbereiche aufspalten. Der eine umfasst die politische und gesellschaftliche Entwicklung, die Frage nach Radikalisierungstendenzen in der Bevölkerung, den Machtverhältnissen in Staat und Gesellschaft, der Repräsentation gesellschaftlicher Interessen im politischen Bereich, der Veränderung der demokratischen Institutionen. Den zweiten Bereich bilden die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, die wirtschaftspolitischen Handlungsspielräume von Staat und Gewerkschaften und insbesondere die Frage nach den Durchsetzungs- und Erfolgsmöglichkeiten einer alternativen Konjunkturpolitik. In dem ersten Abschnitt stellt Claudia Kaiser die Strukturen und die Entwicklung der Arbeitslosigkeit in ausgewählten Statistiken für das Deutschland und Großbritannien dar. Der zweite Abschnitt zeichnet zunächst ein Gesamtbild der ökonomischen Entwicklung und widmet sich daran anschließend der staatlichen Wirtschafts-, Finanz- und Sozialpolitik. Der dritte Abschnitt beschäftigt sich mit den organisatorischen Handlungsspielräumen des ADGB und des TUC in der Weltwirtschaftskrise. Hier werden insbesondere auch die Mitgliederentwicklung und der Organisationsgrad der gewerkschaftlichen Dachverbände berücksichtigt. In dem vierten Abschnitt werden die deutschen und britischen Arbeitsbeziehungen diskutiert. Die Auseinandersetzung der Gewerkschaften mit dem politischen Extremismus folgt im fünften Abschnitt. Der sechste Abschnitt umfasst die programmatischen Reaktionen auf die Weltwirtschaftskrise (Konjunkturpolitik und Planung).
Themen
Datentabellen in HISTAT (Thema: Erwerbstätigkeit):
Tab. 1 Arbeitslosigkeit im Deutschen Reich und im Vereinigten Königreich (1921-1928) Tab. 2 Arbeitslosigkeit als Anteil an der gesamten Erwerbsbevölkerung: Deutsches Reich, Vereinigtes Königreich, USA (1920-1938) Tab. 3 Entwicklung der Bruttoanlageinvestitionen im Deutschen Reich und im Vereinigten Königreich (1925-1932) Tab. 4 Öffentliche Ausgaben im Vereinigten Königreich und im Deutschen Reich (1925-1939) Tab. 5 Bruttoanlageinvestitionen des privaten, öffentlichen und halböffentlichen Sektors zu konstanten Preisen von 1930 in Großbritannien (1920-1938) Tab. 6 Wohnwirtschaftliche Bruttoanlageinvestitionen des privaten, öffentlichen Sektors in Deutschland (1925-1934) Tab. 7 Mitgliederentwicklung, Organisationsgrad und Parteimitgliedschaft im Trade Union Congress (1918-1939) Tab. 8 Mitgliederentwicklung und Organisationsgrad in den Freien Gewerkschaften (1918-1932)
The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset.
CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module.
Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA:
Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors;election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election
Demography: age; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; current employment status; main occupation; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; occupation of chief wage earner and of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; race; ethnicity; region of residence; rural or urban residence
Survey variables: respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the previous election; satisfaction with the democratic process in the country; last election was conducted fairly; form of questionnaire (long or short); party identification; intensity of party identification; political parties care what people think; political parties are necessary; recall of candidates from the last election (name, gender and party); number of candidates correctly named; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of the state of the economy in the country; assessment of economic development in the country; degree of improvement or deterioration of economy; politicians know what people think; contact with a member of parliament or congress during the past twelve months; attitude towards selected statements: it makes a difference who is in power and who people vote for; people express their political opinion; self-assessment on a left-right-scale; assessment of parties and political leaders on a left-right-scale; political information items
DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA:
number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district
MACRO-LEVEL DATA:
founding year of parties; ideological families of parties; international organization the parties belong to; left-right position of parties assigned by experts; election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; most salient factors in the election; head of state (regime type); if multiple rounds: selection of head of state; direct election of head of state and process of direct election; threshold for first-round victory; procedure for candidate selection at final round; simple majority or absolute majority for 2nd round victory; year of presidential election (before or after this legislative election); process if indirect election of head of state; head of government (president or prime minister); selection of prime minister; number of elected legislative chambers; for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; number of primary districts; number of seats; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; compulsory voting; votes cast; voting procedure; electoral formula; party threshold; parties can run joint lists; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement; types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; ally party support; constitutional prerogatives of the head of state; constitutional powers of prime minister; methods of cabinet dismissal; dissolution of legislature
The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset.
CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module.
Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA:
Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors;election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election
Demography: age; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; current employment status; main occupation; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; occupation of chief wage earner and of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; race; ethnicity; region of residence; rural or urban residence
Survey variables: respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the previous election; satisfaction with the democratic process in the country; last election was conducted fairly; form of questionnaire (long or short); party identification; intensity of party identification; political parties care what people think; political parties are necessary; recall of candidates from the last election (name, gender and party); number of candidates correctly named; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of the state of the economy in the country; assessment of economic development in the country; degree of improvement or deterioration of economy; politicians know what people think; contact with a member of parliament or congress during the past twelve months; attitude towards selected statements: it makes a difference who is in power and who people vote for; people express their political opinion; self-assessment on a left-right-scale; assessment of parties and political leaders on a left-right-scale; political information items
DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA:
number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district
MACRO-LEVEL DATA:
founding year of parties; ideological families of parties; international organization the parties belong to; left-right position of parties assigned by experts; election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; most salient factors in the election; head of state (regime type); if multiple rounds: selection of head of state; direct election of head of state and process of direct election; threshold for first-round victory; procedure for candidate selection at final round; simple majority or absolute majority for 2nd round victory; year of presidential election (before or after this legislative election); process if indirect election of head of state; head of government (president or prime minister); selection of prime minister; number of elected legislative chambers; for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; number of primary districts; number of seats; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; compulsory voting; votes cast; voting procedure; electoral formula; party threshold; parties can run joint lists; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement; types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; ally party support; constitutional prerogatives of the head of state; constitutional powers of prime minister; methods of cabinet dismissal; dissolution of legislature
The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors;election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election Demography: age; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; current employment status; main occupation; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; occupation of chief wage earner and of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; race; ethnicity; region of residence; rural or urban residence Survey variables: respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the previous election; satisfaction with the democratic process in the country; last election was conducted fairly; form of questionnaire (long or short); party identification; intensity of party identification; political parties care what people think; political parties are necessary; recall of candidates from the last election (name, gender and party); number of candidates correctly named; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of the state of the economy in the country; assessment of economic development in the country; degree of improvement or deterioration of economy; politicians know what people think; contact with a member of parliament or congress during the past twelve months; attitude towards selected statements: it makes a difference who is in power and who people vote for; people express their political opinion; self-assessment on a left-right-scale; assessment of parties and political leaders on a left-right-scale; political information items DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district MACRO-LEVEL DATA: founding year of parties; ideological families of parties; international organization the parties belong to; left-right position of parties assigned by experts; election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; most salient factors in the election; head of state (regime type); if multiple rounds: selection of head of state; direct election of head of state and process of direct election; threshold for first-round victory; procedure for candidate selection at final round; simple majority or absolute majority for 2nd round victory; year of presidential election (before or after this legislative election); process if indirect election of head of state; head of government (president or prime minister); selection of prime minister; number of elected legislative chambers; for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; number of primary districts; number of seats; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; compulsory voting; votes cast; voting procedure; electoral formula; party threshold; parties can run joint lists; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement; types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; ally party support; constitutional prerogatives of the head of state; constitutional powers of prime minister; methods of cabinet dismissal; dissolution of legislature
