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International audience ; On se propose de relire trois classiques du droit international public sur la soft Law qui illustrent assez bien une discussion entre juristes sur ce que l'on peut appeler « droit » en droit international en même temps qu'elle permet de comprendre que l'identification du droit est une affaire aussi politique que juridique.

Placed at the heart of the penal process, today the evidence and its administration are facing new challenges. The modernisation of society and the exponential development of new means of communication and new technologies in all fields are shaking up the administration of evidence and the rules that govern it. At the same time, procedural rights are now being invoked alongside fundamental rights, as a result of the predominant position taken by the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and also of the European Union's criminal law. Thus, the administration of evidence must take advantage of this period of identity crisis to build a permanent legal basis that takes into account new legal, judicial and societal requirements. Consequently, the administration of evidence must lead both to the manifestation of the truth and to the guarantee of fundamental rights and freedoms. Then, in order to face the challenges and challenges of its time, the administration of evidence must meet two requirements: the quality and effectiveness of the law. This is the purpose of this work, which is resolutely pragmatic and has as its guide in the law no. 2011-392 of 14 April 2011 on custody, are based on the judicial practice of the Gendarmerie Nationale, the mission is not confined to the search for evidence alone. Indeed, on a day-to-day basis, this institution enforces and indulges in the rules of the administration of proof also needing to be a force of proposal, especially during the phase of conception of this law. ; « Depuis la constatation d'une infraction jusqu'au jugement de son auteur, toute la chaîne pénale est articulée autour de la question cardinale de la preuve ». Placées au coeur du procès pénal, la preuve et son administration sont aujourd'hui confrontées à de nouveaux enjeux. La modernisation de la société et le développement exponentiel des nouveaux moyens de communications et des nouvelles technologies, en tous domaines, bousculent l'administration de la preuve et les règles qui la régissent. Dans un ...

The local law in Alsace-Moselle is a distinctive legal system in effect in the Bas-Rhin, Haut-Rhin and Moselle French departments. Covering a heterogeneous group of topics, the local law became in 2011 a constitutional principle (known as « principe fondamental reconnu par les lois de la République »).In 1914, after the outbreak of the First World War, France started to anticipate a potential return of Alsace-Lorraine to the French rule. The preparation of the « désannexion » of the area annexed by the German Empire after the Franco-Prussian War ended in the temporary upholding of the legislation in force in the « recaptured provinces », in 1919. Between 1920 and 1925, the carrying out of the « désannexion » of this territory brought about the institutionalization of an Alsace-Moselle special legal system, and then its consolidation.Therefore, the formalization of the local law in Alsace-Moselle within the French legal order seems to appear as an indirect consequence of the « désannexion ». ; Depuis 2011, le droit local alsacien-mosellan est un principe fondamental reconnu par les lois de la République. Il est un droit particulier applicable ratione loci dans les départements du Bas-Rhin, du Haut-Rhin et de la Moselle. Ratione materiae, il régit un ensemble hétérogène de matières. En 1914, alors que la Première Guerre mondiale vient de débuter, la France commence à anticiper une éventuelle réintégration de l'Alsace-Lorraine sous la souveraineté nationale. La préparation de la désannexion du territoire cédé à l'Empire allemand après la guerre franco-prussienne conduit au maintien provisoire, en 1919, de la législation applicable dans les « provinces reconquises ». De 1920 à 1925, la réalisation de la désannexion entraîne ensuite l'institutionnalisation d'un droit alsacien-mosellan, puis sa consolidation. La formalisation du droit local alsacien-mosellan dans l'ordre juridique français semble dès lors apparaître comme une conséquence indirecte de la désannexion.

Main description: The interdisciplinary essays gathered in this book reconstruct the history of democracy and democratic theories from the perspective of the minority issue. How do democracies deal with their minorities? Do minorities participate in the construction of political will? By what mechanisms does social discrimination against minorities turn violent? How does it happen that minorities are considered "enemies"? What are the normative foundations of the UN minority protection system and the establishment of an International Criminal Court for crimes committed mainly against "groups"? How can universal human rights be reconciled with minority rights? To discuss these questions, the common theoretical reference for the essays in this book is the work of the jurist Hans Kelsen. In 1925, Kelsen criticized democracy as based on a fiction: the "fiction of representation". Since political freedom means the faculty of a people to give themselves their own law, only the represented majority is free - but not the minority. Kant, Hegel, Tocqueville, Benjamin, Lemki, Foucault, Habermas, Honneth and Taylor are some of the authors who are addressed herein for further reflection on the minority issue.

In the EU's fast-growing Area of Freedom, Security and Justice, the principle of mutual recognition should play a key role in the field of judicial cooperation in criminal matters.Since mutual recognition was enshrined as a cornerstone of judicial cooperation in the EU by the European Council of Tampere in 1999, an increasing number of binding instruments based on this principle have been adopted in the framework of the EU's Third Pillar.The considerable impact of those instruments on national criminal legal systems has often required a major effort by Member States in adjusting their national legislation so that it complies with the new mechanisms agreed at EU level. What are the real difficulties encountered by Member States in the transposition of these legislative texts into national law and, even earlier, when the texts are being negotiated within the Council of the EU? What lessons can be learned from the early years of their practical implementation by the competent judicial authorities? And, above all, what will be the future role and scope of the principle of mutual recognition in criminal matters in Europe? The entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty and the adoption of a new multi-annual programme (replacing the Hague Programme) to strengthen the EU's Area of Freedom, Security and Justice are both pending. In this crucial time of transition and uncertainty, the book seeks to provide answers to the above questions and many other related issues. Through its country by country approach covering the vast majority of the Member States, it intends to provide policymakers, practitioners, academics and researchers with a comprehensive analysis of the problems that have emerged and the solutions envisaged by each State in their implementation of mutual recognition instruments. The country chapters are followed by a final EU-wide analysis that seeks to identify common themes and obstacles and to consider future options and possible scenarios. The whole study, based on in-depth research combined with interviews conducted with hundreds of practitioners and experts from across the EU, amounts to a remarkable team performance carried out together with academics and researcher members of ECLAN (European Criminal Law Academic Network).

International audience ; This chapter presents news from 2015 on alliances, coalitions, agencies of collective security, neutrality and non-alignment as well as bases, facilities and military installations abroad of the major powers. It provides essential, valid benchmarks on the subject, early 2016. ; Ce chapitre présente l'actualité de 2015 en matière d'alliances, coalitions, organismes de sécurité collective, neutralité et non- alignement ainsi que les bases, facilités et installations militaires à l'étranger des principales puissances. Il donne les repères essentiels, valables sur le sujet, début 2016.

International audience ; This chapter presents news from 2015 on alliances, coalitions, agencies of collective security, neutrality and non-alignment as well as bases, facilities and military installations abroad of the major powers. It provides essential, valid benchmarks on the subject, early 2016. ; Ce chapitre présente l'actualité de 2015 en matière d'alliances, coalitions, organismes de sécurité collective, neutralité et non- alignement ainsi que les bases, facilités et installations militaires à l'étranger des principales puissances. Il donne les repères essentiels, valables sur le sujet, début 2016.

International audience ; This chapter presents news from 2015 on alliances, coalitions, agencies of collective security, neutrality and non-alignment as well as bases, facilities and military installations abroad of the major powers. It provides essential, valid benchmarks on the subject, early 2016. ; Ce chapitre présente l'actualité de 2015 en matière d'alliances, coalitions, organismes de sécurité collective, neutralité et non- alignement ainsi que les bases, facilités et installations militaires à l'étranger des principales puissances. Il donne les repères essentiels, valables sur le sujet, début 2016.

Preliminary Material /Christian Tomuschat and Jean-Marc Thouvenin -- Chapitre I. L'identification Des Règles Fondamentales, Un Problème Résolu ? /Paul Tavernier -- Chapter II. Jus Cogens, Obligations Erga Omnes and Other Rules - the Identification of Fundamental Norms /Stefan Kadelbach -- Chapter III. An Example of Jus Cogens: the Status of Prisoners of War /Stefanie Schmahl -- Chapitre IV. Un Exemple Remarquable D'application Du Juscogens, Le Statut De Prisonnier De Guerre /Philippe Weckel -- Chapter V. Jus Cogens and the Law of Treaties by W-ADYS-AW CZAPLIN-SKI /Christian Tomuschat and Jean-Marc Thouvenin -- Chapter VI. The Duty Not to 'Recognize as Lawful' a Situation Created by the Illegal Use of Force or Other Serious Breaches of a Jus Cogens Obligation: an Obligation without Real Substance? /Stefan Talmon -- Chapitre VII. L'obligation De Non-reconnaissance Des Situations Cres Par Le Recours Illicite La Force Ou D'autres Actes Enfreignant Des Règles Fondamentales /Thodore Christakis -- Chapitre VIII. La Spécificité Des Réparations Pour Crimes Internationaux /Elisabeth Lambert Abdelgawad -- Chapter IX. Do Damages Claims Arising from Jus Cogens Violations Override State Immunity from the Jurisdiction of Foreign Courts? /Thomas Giegerich -- Chapitre X. L'immunit Des Etats /Isabelle Pingel -- Chapter XI. Limits of International Law Immunities for Senior State Officials in Criminal Procedure /Torsten Stein -- Chapter XII. The Right of Third States to Take Countermeasures /Christian Hillgruber -- Chapter XIII. Special Jurisdiction of the ICJ in the Case of Infringements of Fundamental Rules of the International Legal Order? /Matthias Ruffert -- Chapitre XIV. La Saisine De La Cour Internationale De Justice En Cas De Violation Des Règles Fondamentales De L'ordre Juridique International /JEAN-MARC Thouvenin -- Chapter XV. Violations of Fundamental Norms of International Law and the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Criminal Matters /Andreas Zimmermann -- Chapitre XVI. La Compétence Universelle En Matière Pénale /Michel Cosnard -- Chapter XVII. Universal Jurisdiction in the Area of Private Law - the Alien Tort Claims Act /Georg Nolte -- Chapitre XVIII. Compétence Civile Universelle Et Droit International Général /Jean-franois Flauss -- Chapitre XIX. Conclusions /Alain Pellet -- Chapter XX. Reconceptualizing the Debate on Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes - Concluding Observations /Christian Tomuschat -- The Contributors /Christian Tomuschat and Jean-Marc Thouvenin -- Index /Christian Tomuschat and Jean-Marc Thouvenin -- Table of Cases / Index De La Jurisprudence /Christian Tomuschat and Jean-Marc Thouvenin.

After evoking the legal and social condition of Catholics who already formed a numerous minority among the population in Brabant, the author asks how and in what conditions a political sociability developed among them, notably during the revolutionary sequence of the 1780s and after 1795. He studies the forms of interconfessional tension, the anti-papism of the Protestants and the specific traditions of the Catholic clergy (particularly Jansenism). The study of political sociability in the main towns of Bois le Duc, Bread, and Bergen- op-Zoom, and especially of the masonic lodges and philosophical societies are signs of an evolution that the antipapist outburst of 1798 did not challenge.

The debate over the "memorial laws" that developed in France since 2005 catalyzed a discussion on the relationship between law, history and collective memory. While Law cannot and, above all, should not write history, there are actually numerous connections between the Law and the past that render the past a true legal object. Law is, indeed, part of a past that can be juridically organized. Hence, the claim that Law is a social phenomenon implies not only that it can affect the social context but also that it is inscribed in a given context. In this regard, the past that the Law aims to organize exercises an influence over its formation and its application. Furthermore, the past can be the basis of the Law's legitimacy and authority. At the same time, the Law participates in the organization of the past. If the past needs to be represented or rebuilt in order to become an object of knowledge, the Law can not only regulate, guide and organize those representations, but it can also build them itself, thus contributing to the establishment of an appeased collective memory. The frequency and variety of the Law's references to the past demonstrate their relevance and usefulness. However, a closer examination of the use of the past within the Law reveals that this use carries the seeds of potential misuse. If those risks were highlighted by the debate over the "memorial laws", further critical examination relativizes the dangers of juridification of the past and stresses the need for a better articulation of the relationship between Themis, Mnemosyne and Clio. ; Le débat sur les lois «mémorielles» qui se développa en France à partir de 2005 servit de catalyseur pour une réflexion sur les relations entre le droit, l'histoire et la mémoire collective. Si le droit ne peut et, surtout, ne doit pas écrire l'histoire, les points de rencontre entre le droit et le passé sont nombreux, faisant ainsi du passé un véritable objet juridique. En effet, le droit s'inscrit dans un passé qu'il peut aussi organiser. L'affirmation ...

Entre instrument de protection des libertés fondamentales et menace à l'égard de ces mêmes libertés, l'activité pénale est un phénomène cerné de paradoxes. Les règles de protection des droits humains ont notamment pour ambition de contenir ces paradoxes : en encadrant le pouvoir de contrainte que l'autorité répressive peut exercer sur les individus, ces normes essentielles doivent permettre de garantir une justice pénale qui demeure fidèle aux principes qu'elle entend défendre. Mais quelle peut bien être l'emprise des droits humains sur l'action du juge pénal international ? Dès lors que le droit international des droits de l'homme a été pensé et conçu pour circonscrire l'autorité des États, qu'en reste-t-il lorsqu'on cherche à l'appliquer – en particulier – à la Cour pénale internationale ? Dans quelle mesure et sur la base de quel(s) fondement(s) juridique(s) cet acteur répressif d'un genre nouveau est-il tenu au respect de règles auxquelles il n'a pas expressément souscrit ? Les spécificités de la justice pénale internationale – et, singulièrement, la gravité des crimes ayant favorisé son émergence – réclament-elles une adaptation du niveau de protection accordé aux suspects et accusés internationaux ? Quel accueil le Statut de la Cour pénale internationale et les règlements qui l'accompagnent réservent-ils aux standards pertinents, en particulier en matière de privation de liberté ? La jurisprudence de la Cour révèle-t-elle une pratique conforme à ces standards ? Le projet de recherche vise à apporter un éclairage sur l'ensemble de ces questions et, ainsi, à mettre la justice pénale internationale à l'épreuve des droits humains.

While the creation of public policies usually requires a process of consultation of the stakeholders, foreign policy is an exception to this rule. The concentration of the decision-making competences at the peak of the institutional architecture of the State is a characteristic that has lead scholars to consider it as pertaining to high politics. Nevertheless, identifying the main actors of decision-making is a relevant issue when it comes to the attribution of responsibility for a State's external action. This issue is at the heart of this article, which tries to locate this kind of responsibility for the post-communist Romanian foreign policy. Thus, after outlining the main theoretical tools that can be used for such an endeavor, the author proceeds to examine the legal and institutional framework that circumscribes foreign policy decision-making in Romania. The third part of the article is dedicated to a deeper approach to the informal relations established between the persons holding the key positions in the decision-making apparatus, based on a methodology that triangulates official documents, interviews with Romanian officials, and autobiographic texts published by the latter.

Historically, international financial crises do not occur in isolation but rather go hand in hand with the deterioration of macroeconomic indicators, investor panic and speculation. Since the beginning of the 20th century, experts in international law have periodically discussed the possible remedies to the endemic situation of sovereign indebtedness. In 2001, the International Monetary Fund launched a proposal for a Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism known as the 'Krueger Plan'; this was quickly abandoned in 2003. Due to the present economic and political cul-de-sac, the legal framework of sovereign debt management strongly preoccupies the international community. The current sovereign debt scenario necessarily involves an irreversible disruption of the legal rules and structures that currently support a proper functioning global economy. This doctoral thesis analyses the evolution of the legal framework and the normative choices favoured by each actor. By identifying particular legal issues that are essential to evaluate the subject's complexity, it is possible to deepen the theoretical and practical suggestions designed to facilitate the resolution of sovereign debt crises. After establishing the leading international requirements for sovereign debt management, this dissertation advocates the implementation of a normative set of tools designed to integrate domestic regulations on the basis of previous models.