The author's comprehensive research project, of which this article is but an introductory outline, inquires into the kind of history written out by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). In order to investigate the interrelation between criminal law & history, the author faced the following question: what would the history of the disintegration of Yugoslavia & of conflicts in its territory look like if all we had were the judgments of the Hague Tribunal? The author bases his reply on an analysis of first-instance judgments of the Trial Chamber, from which he singles out "historical facts," & rejects the reflections of the Chamber on legal & procedural issues. As a model case he uses the first ICTY judgment pronounced against Dusko Tadic (the trial started on May 7, 1996, & the judgment was pronounced a year later). Although he estimates that the first judgment was not written in an optimal way, the author deems that most preliminarily established historical facts were relevant to historiography, & that, in particular, the judgment offers a universally acceptable notion of the history of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia & of socialist Yugoslavia. He is of the opinion that the extensive documentation of ICTY (the "Hague Tribunal") will have a major influence on the work of future generations of historians. Such a unique & replete archive of historical material is increasingly available to the public & to scientists through ICTY's online database. The most recent scientific works dealing with the former Yugoslavia also make use of the Tribunal's judgments & documentation. Scientists will have to pay due attention to the narratives included therein. Adapted from the source document.
How is law as both a set of standards of conduct and a way of reasoning related to politics, economy and culture? The approach to the problem taken in the paper is practical and instrumental rather than theoretical for its own sake. The aim is to appraise the subject-matter with a view of facilitating its change towards the basic values of the inquiry. Since the values are postulated by a stipulative definition of law, which implies relations of law to politics, economy and even culture, it may appear that the approach unduly trivializes rather than solves the problem. The approach may nonetheless be valid, if the stipulated definition of law is sufficiently integral, that is, inclusive. To that end the paper attempts to integrate into the stipulated definition of law three major philosophical traditions, which are still building blocs of -- and hence the keys to -- contemporary doctrines and cultures. In the classical (ontological) key (which is analysed in the first part of the paper) law is conceived of as a constituting and correcting aspect of the whole consisting of politics, economy, law and religion qua centerpiece of culture. In the modern (epistemological) key (analysed in the second part of the paper) ideas of law range from the conceptions that law is the constituent of modern social systems and hence an indispensable means of identifying modern social phenomena to the theories that law, as well as politics, economy and culture, is a phenomenon reducible to its natural causes. In the contemporary (linguistic) key (also in the second part), law, which is the constituent even of religion, can be understood only from within of the culture -- including politics and economy -- into which it is woven. The three traditions differ most markedly in their views of the contact between reason and action. In contrast to the classical tradition, which recognizes that reason can be action guiding, reason and action are in the epistemological key separated by a logical gap, whereas in the linguistic key they are hardly distinguishable. The triple solution of the problem of inquiry increases both heuristic and practical potentials of the stipulated definition of law. By integrating diverse philosophical traditions, the definition is serviceable to the integrity of a pluralistic legal order, that is, to achieving the postulated basic values within limits of the law. However, the approach taken in the paper, while more inclusive than more partisan approaches, is still merely an approach, which is in the final analysis also partisan. Moreover, when seen from a culture that has not been integrated by the definition, the approach may be parochial or even inimical. Adapted from the source document.
The starting point in this article is Hegel's mature understanding of civil society as the birthplace of the modern meaning of the concept. Since this understanding is primarily the consequence of Hegel's coming to terms with political economy, the author problematizes Hegel's first attempt at incorporating modern economic topics into ethical totality in the 1802 Article on Natural Law. It is shown how the fundamental paradox of the first variety of Hegel's science of the state is his effort to renew the classical natural law framework in circumstances of modern economic & political life. It is for this reason that Hegel fails to see the full extent of the emancipatory potential & the specifically modern character of the system of economic & private-legal interdependence of individuals, thus, on the one hand, interpreting these as the consequence of the disintegration of antique ethical life while, on the other hand, in the construction of ethical totality, placing its members in the estate of the unfree. It is precisely due to this historical point of origin of these systems & the ways they incorporate into ethical totality that the article on natural law, concludes the author, cannot be seen as the place where Hegel finally formulated his theory of civil society. Adapted from the source document.
The successive stages of development of constitutional democracy in the USA, in particular the experience of "judicial supervision paradox," show us that the U.S. Supreme Court performed at least two different functions: (1) norm enforcement, & (2) policy-making through re-examination & interpretation of the Constitution & the laws in cases brought before the Court. Dissent among American legal experts related to this & other matters prove that debates on judicial activism are not a thing of the past. Still, both advocates & critics of judicial activism share the view that judges have been an important part of the American constitutional process since its inception. The Marbury v. Madison case (1803) affirmed the institution of judicial supervision & denoted a gradual shift of judicial power into the field of public law. Thus further expansion & transformation of judicial power was made possible. In this article, the author establishes a connection between judicial activism & judicial supervision, & adheres to the standpoint that the "judicializing aspect of modern liberalism" deserves as much attention as any other aspect of democratization. Adapted from the source document.
Language plays the central role in the process of creation of a national identity. In the establishment of the supranational European identity, however, multilingualism is a democratic necessity guaranteeing equality to all European Union citizens. The decisions made by the European institutions influence everyday life of the citizens of the Union and for their legitimacy it is of the utmost importance that the citizens take an active part in the decision making process free of language barriers. In accordance with the EU language policy which guarantees an equal status to all the official languages of its member states -- once Croatia becomes a member of the Union the Croatian language will enjoy the position of an official language of the EU. In order to ensure Croatian citizens equality before the law and free access to the EU legislation, Croatia has the responsibility of translating the so called acquis communautaire, i.e. the total body of EU law, into Croatian and transpose it into its national legislation. The translation of the acquis must guarantee that the EU law is unequivocally interpreted and implemented and this can only be possible if the EU legal terminology is consistently and unambiguously used. Upon the Croatian accession to the EU, the Croatian translation of the acquis will be published in the special edition of the Official Journal of the EU and will become legally binding and used as the fundamental text for the interpretation and application of EU law in Croatia. Adapted from the source document.
Language plays the central role in the process of creation of a national identity. In the establishment of the supranational European identity, however, multilingualism is a democratic necessity guaranteeing equality to all European Union citizens. The decisions made by the European institutions influence everyday life of the citizens of the Union and for their legitimacy it is of the utmost importance that the citizens take an active part in the decision making process free of language barriers. In accordance with the EU language policy which guarantees an equal status to all the official languages of its member states -- once Croatia becomes a member of the Union the Croatian language will enjoy the position of an official language of the EU. In order to ensure Croatian citizens equality before the law and free access to the EU legislation, Croatia has the responsibility of translating the so called acquis communautaire, i.e. the total body of EU law, into Croatian and transpose it into its national legislation. The translation of the acquis must guarantee that the EU law is unequivocally interpreted and implemented and this can only be possible if the EU legal terminology is consistently and unambiguously used. Upon the Croatian accession to the EU, the Croatian translation of the acquis will be published in the special edition of the Official Journal of the EU and will become legally binding and used as the fundamental text for the interpretation and application of EU law in Croatia. Adapted from the source document.
Language plays the central role in the process of creation of a national identity. In the establishment of the supranational European identity, however, multilingualism is a democratic necessity guaranteeing equality to all European Union citizens. The decisions made by the European institutions influence everyday life of the citizens of the Union and for their legitimacy it is of the utmost importance that the citizens take an active part in the decision making process free of language barriers. In accordance with the EU language policy which guarantees an equal status to all the official languages of its member states -- once Croatia becomes a member of the Union the Croatian language will enjoy the position of an official language of the EU. In order to ensure Croatian citizens equality before the law and free access to the EU legislation, Croatia has the responsibility of translating the so called acquis communautaire, i.e. the total body of EU law, into Croatian and transpose it into its national legislation. The translation of the acquis must guarantee that the EU law is unequivocally interpreted and implemented and this can only be possible if the EU legal terminology is consistently and unambiguously used. Upon the Croatian accession to the EU, the Croatian translation of the acquis will be published in the special edition of the Official Journal of the EU and will become legally binding and used as the fundamental text for the interpretation and application of EU law in Croatia. Adapted from the source document.
Responding to criticisms & discussions about the non-existence of European Union's human rights policy, the article claims that this policy exists although it has been developing inconsistently both at the level of the Union's internal affairs & at the level of its relations with third countries. The second key hypothesis of the article refers to the institutional implementation mechanisms of the Union's human rights policy which, according to the author, require new positioning & better coordination. The article firstly analyses the development of the human rights policy in the Union's internal affairs from the Stauder Case in 1969 to recent discussions on the legal force of the Union's Charter of Fundamental Rights & the accession of the Union to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights & Fundamental Freedoms. The second part of the article gives an overview of human rights policy development in the Union's external relations from the Fourth Lome Convention to the European Neighbourhood Policy. The paper ends with an analysis of the features common to the Union's human rights policy implementation mechanisms focusing on the role of the Commission, the Parliament & the Council of the Union. The article points to the lack of institutional harmonization using the European Instrument for Democracy & Human Rights as an example & sees in the establishment of the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights the need to introduce changes in the implementation of the human rights policy. In a conclusion, the author identifies the complexity & fragmentation of the Union as a system on the one hand and, on the other hand, the omnipresence of human rights protection & promotion in the Union's public policies as the key factors encumbering the control over the human rights policy implementation & the cause of its perceived deficit. Adapted from the source document.
Although our talk about human rights is part of the ethical awareness of contemporary politics, it still has not received adequate theoretical justification & foundation. Serious philosophical problems arose in the very beginning of the history of the "human rights" concept, with Locke's liberal natural right & Kant's reasonable right. According to the author, the difficulty stems from the concept of person, for in every liberal legal theory the person is perceived as bearer of human & fundamental rights. Meanwhile, the dominant constitutional theory of human & fundamental rights starts from the identical meanings of "person" as an individual, in its uniqueness, & of "man" as a general definition. It is, however, necessary to start from the fundamental difference between the two key concepts. While the "man" concept is defined universalistically, there is no universal concept for persons & no possibility of breaking them down into subcategories. While every individual, as instance of the concept, must be defined in the same way as everyone else, persons are defined individualistically; each person is a unique individual which can be neither duplicated nor multiplied. The author proposes a solution of the fundamental rights problem-matter within the framework of constitutional law. Personal rights are brought to existence as follows: organs of the state, in accordance with positive law, give to the individual the title of state-citizen as an individualistically unique legal person. Everyone receives it, in the same way, as a unique & irreplaceable person. In the normal conditions, the state has the obligation to make sure, via courts & the police, that everyone's personal right is untouchable. On the basis of this logic, a demarcation line can be drawn between the personal fundamental rights & the collective rights of citizens (such as political rights, which the individual can practice only together with others). Only such an interpretation would provide our libertarian fundamental rights with a consistently secular character, with no concession to the internal attachment, in whichever way it may be concealed, to metaphysical or religious presuppositions. Adapted from the source document.
Odstrjel krupne divljači predviđen je kao mjera gospodarenja u relevantnim zakonskim i podzakonskim aktima koji reguliraju pitanje lov(stv)a. Zakon o lovstvu dozvoljava odstrel krupne divljači puškama s užlijebljenom cijevi uz upotrebu streljiva sa zrnom konstruiranim za obavljanje lova, a čija je energija, kalibar i masa primjerena snazi i otpornosti divljači. Cilj rada je prikazati mehanizam djelovanja zrna na tijelo krupne divljači odnosno razvoj konstrukcija zrna te sugerirati odabir zrna za učinkovito izlučivanje divljači. U radu su prikazane različite konstrukcije zrna koje se koriste za odstrjel divljači i njihova primjena u praksi što je uspoređeno s njihovom učinkovitosti u odnosu na deklarirana svojstva proizvođača odnosno s iskustvima drugih autora. Pri tome su testiranja zrna u balističkoj želatini davala potpuno različite rezultate u odnosu na stvaran odstrjel divljači. Monolitne konstrukcije zrna koje se zasnivaju na konstrukciji ABC zrna dale su najbolje rezultate pri odstrjelu divljači, kako u pogledu željenog brzog skončanja, tako i u pogledu minimalnog uništavanja divljačine uz zanemarivu pojavu hematoma, neovisno o vrsti divljači. Kao najvažniji zaključak navodimo da moderne konstrukcije zrna velikih brzina nisu uvijek u mogućnosti potpuno obaviti očekivani cilj tj. trenutno skončanje divljači. ; In relative legal and subordinate legislation acts which regulate the issue of hunting (the hunt) the kill of the big game is predicted as a measure of managing. The law on hunting allows the kill of the big game with fluted barrel rifles using as ammunition a bullet constructed for the performance of hunt, whose energy, calibre and mass are appropriate for the strength and the resistance of the game. The aim of the thesis is to show the mechanism of the effect that a bullet has on the body of the big game, that is, the development of the constructions of the bullet and to suggest the choice of the bullet for the effective discharging of the game. There are different constructions of the bullet shown ...
Odstrjel krupne divljači predviđen je kao mjera gospodarenja u relevantnim zakonskim i podzakonskim aktima koji reguliraju pitanje lov(stv)a. Zakon o lovstvu dozvoljava odstrel krupne divljači puškama s užlijebljenom cijevi uz upotrebu streljiva sa zrnom konstruiranim za obavljanje lova, a čija je energija, kalibar i masa primjerena snazi i otpornosti divljači. Cilj rada je prikazati mehanizam djelovanja zrna na tijelo krupne divljači odnosno razvoj konstrukcija zrna te sugerirati odabir zrna za učinkovito izlučivanje divljači. U radu su prikazane različite konstrukcije zrna koje se koriste za odstrjel divljači i njihova primjena u praksi što je uspoređeno s njihovom učinkovitosti u odnosu na deklarirana svojstva proizvođača odnosno s iskustvima drugih autora. Pri tome su testiranja zrna u balističkoj želatini davala potpuno različite rezultate u odnosu na stvaran odstrjel divljači. Monolitne konstrukcije zrna koje se zasnivaju na konstrukciji ABC zrna dale su najbolje rezultate pri odstrjelu divljači, kako u pogledu željenog brzog skončanja, tako i u pogledu minimalnog uništavanja divljačine uz zanemarivu pojavu hematoma, neovisno o vrsti divljači. Kao najvažniji zaključak navodimo da moderne konstrukcije zrna velikih brzina nisu uvijek u mogućnosti potpuno obaviti očekivani cilj tj. trenutno skončanje divljači. ; In relative legal and subordinate legislation acts which regulate the issue of hunting (the hunt) the kill of the big game is predicted as a measure of managing. The law on hunting allows the kill of the big game with fluted barrel rifles using as ammunition a bullet constructed for the performance of hunt, whose energy, calibre and mass are appropriate for the strength and the resistance of the game. The aim of the thesis is to show the mechanism of the effect that a bullet has on the body of the big game, that is, the development of the constructions of the bullet and to suggest the choice of the bullet for the effective discharging of the game. There are different constructions of the bullet shown ...
Although still not a member State of the European Union, Croatia has recognized in the spatial data infrastructure a concept that can significantly incite the modernization and effectiveness of the State administration, and create preconditions for the accelerated economic growth. Given this fact, Croatia has defined, after preparations which lasted several years, the legal framework for the national spatial data infrastructure establishment by adopting the Law on State Survey and Real Property Cadastre in 2007. During the adoption of this Law, great attention was paid to it being in line with the EU INSPIRE Directive (European Union, 2007) that was being adopted at the time, so the adopted provisions were fully compatible with the INSPIRE provisions. Regarding the model that Croatia has chosen in the establishment of its National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), the role of the State Geodetic Administration (SGA), the Croatian National Mapping and Cadastre Agency (NMCA), is significant. The SGA acts as a coordination body for the NSDI establishment, giving technical support to the NSDI bodies. One of the obligations is the establishment of a metadata catalogue through the national geoportal. Significant activities have been undertaken in the field of raising the awareness. The most important studies describing the manner of the NSDI establishment and current national as well as European situation have been translated into Croatian language and distributed to more than 1,000 NSDI stakeholders. Several workshops have been organised in order to transfer the best practices from the countries that have achieved big progress in this field. In parallel with the national activities, Croatia, or rather the SGA, has recognized that the spatial data infrastructure (SDI) development cannot be based on isolated national activities connected exclusively to the INSPIRE Directive but that the Croatian spatial data infrastructure development activities must be part of the development of the regional and European spatial data infrastructure (ESDI). In this context, Croatia has recognized South-Eastern Europe as a region sharing many similarities, whether with regards to the historical legacy, development degree, current development directions, reform activities or the SDI development stage, although it should be pointed out that there are also differences. Given the above-mentioned similarities, Croatia has instigated the regional cooperation linked to the development of both national and regional SDI's. Concrete achievements on this road are the establishment of the regional cooperation between cadastral organization, launching of the annual regional conference on the cadastre and preparation of the first regional SDI project entitled INSPIRATION – Spatial Data Infrastructure in the Western Balkans (Inspiration project). At the European level, the SGA is member of EuroGeographics, European organisation whose purpose is the improvement of the ESDI development, including topographic information, cadastre and land information. This paper describes the role and activities of the SGA in the SDI establishment at the national, regional and European level. ; Iako još nije članica Europske unije, Hrvatska je u infrastrukturi prostornih podataka prepoznala koncept koji može u značajnoj mjeri pospješiti modernizaciju i učinkovitost državne uprave i stvoriti pretpostavke za ubrzani razvoj gospodarstva. Upravo zbog te činjenice Hrvatska je nakon višegodišnjih priprema, donošenjem Zakona o državnoj izmjeri i katastru nekretnina 2007. godine, definirala zakonodavni okvir uspostave nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih informacija. Prilikom usvajanja toga Zakona velika je pozornost posvećena usklađenosti s INSPIRE direktivom EU (European Union 2007) koja je tada bila u donošenju, tako da su usvojene odredbe u potpunosti usklađene s odredbama INSPIRE-a. Pri izboru modela koji je Hrvatska izabrala pri uspostavljanju nacionalne infrasturkture prostornih podataka (NIPP) značajna je bila uloga Državne geodetske uprave (DGU). DGU je koordinacijsko tijelo za uspostavu NIPP-a koje daje tehničku podrušku tijelima NIPP-a. Jedan od zadataka je također uspostava kataloga metapodataka kroz nacionalni geoportal. Značajne aktivnosti učinjene su na polju podizanja svijesti. Najvažnije studije koje opisuju način uspostave NIPP-a, kao i sadašnju nacionalnu i europsku situaciju prevedene su na hrvatski jezik i disdtribuirane na više od 1000 adresa. Organizirano je nekoliko radionica kako bi se prenijelo najbolje primjere iz prakse iz zemalja koje su napravile velike korake na tom polju. Paralelno s nacionalnim aktivnostima Hrvatska je, uz pomoć DGU, prepoznala da se razvoj infrastrukture postorrnih podataka (IPP) ne može temeljiti na izoliranim nacionalnim aktivnostima s isključivom povezanošću na INSPIRE direktivu, već aktivnosti izgradnje hrvatske infrastrukture prostornih podataka moraju biti dio izgradnje regionalne i europske infrastrukture prostornih podatka (EIPP). U tom kontekstu je Hrvatska prepoznala jugoistočnu Europu kao regiju s kojom dijeli mnoge sličnosti, bilo da je riječ o povijesnom nasljeđu, stupnju razvijenosti, aktualnim pravcima razvoja i reformskim aktivnostima i stanju razvoja IPP-a, iako treba istaknuti da postoje i razlike. Upravo zbog navedenih sličnosti, Hrvatska je potaknula uspostavu regionalne suradnje na izgradnji kako nacionalnih, tako i regionalnog IPP-a, s ciljem da se zajedničkim naporom svih zemalja sudionica ubrza izgradnja takvog IPP-a. Konkretna postignuća na tom putu su uspostava regionalne suradnje katastarskih organizacija, pokretanje godišnje Regionalne konferencije o katastru i priprema prvog regionalnog IPP projekta nazvanog INSPIRATION – SDI in the Western Balkan (projekt Inspiration). Na europskoj razini DGU je članica EuroGeographicsa, europske organizacije čija je svrha poboljšanje razvoja EIPP-a, uključujući topografske informacije, katastar i zemljišne informacije. U ovome se radu opisuje uloga DGU pri uspostavi IPP-a na nacionalnoj, regionalnoj i europskoj razini.
