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研究以湖南省松糖事件为例,分析中国农民的抗征地对中央政府信任的影响。研究认为,征地形式、上访过程获取的信息及其上访结果都会影响对中央的信任水平。具体来说,研究有三个主要观点:第一,相比公共项目征地、参与式征地和不威胁生存安全的征地,商业项目征地、命令式征地以及威胁生存安全的征地形式会更容易导致上访。在这些征地中,抗争者提出的诉求由于超越了相关的政策法律因此很难得到地方政府的满足。第二,上访过程中农民对中央信任的变化分为三个阶段:首先,抗争者将中央与其以下政府区别开来,并对中央保持着高水平的信任;接着,多次的进京上访使抗争者获取了有关中央的信息,包括中央已经了解了他们的问题并且这些问题值得重视;最后,失败的抗争结果导致对中央能力和意图的信任同时下降。第三,对中央信任的下降并不一定会导致公民选举要求的提出,这是因为传统的政治文化和无效的村庄选举使农民的政治效能感维持在低水平。 ; Drawing on the data from the Song-tang incident in Hunan province, the research examines the influences of resistance to land expropriation in rural China on political trust in the central government. The study argues that forms of land expropriation, information gained through petitioning and outcomes of petitioning have influences on trust in the center. Specifically, there are three main arguments. Firstly, compared with land expropriation for public use, in participatory manners, and without negative influences on living security, land expropriation for commercial use, in imperative manners, and with negative influences on living security is more likely to cause petitioning. In the three forms of land expropriation, claims are hardly satisfied by local governments since they have surpassed the state rules. Secondly, during petitioning trust in the center changes in three phases: at the beginning, resisters distinguish the center from lower-level governments and retain high-level trust in the center. Secondly, activists gain increasing information about the center during times of petitioning to Beijing. They realize that the center has known their grievances, which are also worth its attention. Finally, failure of resistances results in decline of trust in the center's capacity as well as trust in its commitment. Thirdly, the declined trust in the center does not necessarily imply the demand for popular elections. Due to traditional political culture and ineffective village elections, political efficacy of the farmers remains at a low level. ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only. ; 劉靜平. ; Parallel title from English ...

本論文通過十二個月的田野研究,探討城市化進程中,鄉鎮、城鎮與城市等三個處於不同城市發展階段的地方,信息化進程中的性別政治有何異同。本研究的核心問題是:城鎮化與信息化的交互作用如何進行?在城鎮化與信息化同時推進的當下中國,個體,尤其是個體的性別化身體,如何與以電腦、互聯網爲代表的數字科技之間産生脫嵌與再嵌入的"雙向形塑關係? ; 本研究運用科技馴養、個體化和性別-科技共創理論,分析城鎮家庭中電腦和互聯網的社會化生活。本研究發現中國社會現代性建構中,城鎮用戶通過在家庭內部採用電腦和互聯網,逐步形成一種數字化家庭關係,其中互聯網本地化特徵明顯。此外,本研究還發現,性別化的網絡互連的個體化是當下中國社會中的城鎮化、信息化發展過程中的主要特徵。本研究採用綫上與綫下相結合的多點民族誌的混合方法,探討在中國城鎮化過程中研究性別與互聯網的共創關係。 ; Based on ethnographic data collected in 12 months of field work, this thesis studies the gender politics in the process of digitization and urbanization by comparing the phenomenon in a village, a town, and a city. The three main research questions of this study are: How are the interactions between urbanization and digitalization? How do digitization and gender relations mutually construct each other in the process of urbanization? ; Using theories of technology domestication, individualization theory and the mutual construction of gender and technology, I analyze the use of computers and internet in the social life of rural and town families. This research found out that in the process of modernization, as rural and town families adopted the use of computers and internet; they gradually transformed themselves into, digitalized families. Furthermore, the individualization of gendered networks stood out as the key characteristic of urbanization and digitalization of post socialist China. This research pioneered the combination of multi-sited ethnography and virtual ethnography in exploring the interplay between gender and the internet in Chinese urbanization. ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only. ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only. ; 任珏. ; Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-228). ; Abstracts also in Chinese. ; Ren Jue.

微博在中国的互联网上十分流行,这对中国宣传机构的信息控制形成了新的挑战。微博可以使信息得到快速和广泛的传播,从而增加了国家宣传机器进行信息控制的难度。本文试图探讨微博可以在多大程度上帮助网民挑战政府对信息的控制。通过分析在新浪微博上收集的数据,本文发现微博对宣传工作的挑战有四种机制。首先,基于对微博上热门政治信息的分析,本文发现微博上的部分话语权由媒体转向个人,同时出现了一批对政府持批判态度的超级网民。其次,对于一些热点事件,微博与传统媒体的报道角度与侧重点不同,从而使得中国的政治信息更加多元化 。第三,虽然中央政府可以实现对微博的有效审查,但地方政府时常不能控制微博上的报道。第四,网民通过微博上的信息运动,可以将某些传统媒体不愿报道的事件问题化,这对中国传统媒体的自我审查形成了冲击。本文认为微博可以帮助人民挑战国家的信息控制。 ; The micro-blog, with its huge popularity in recent years, poses a new challenge to the propaganda state in China. The micro-blog is able to spread information fast and reach a wide audience. The liberating potential of the micro-blog on the information flow is in conflict with the control efforts from the propaganda state. It is puzzling then the extent to which the netizens are able to use the micro-blog to counter the information control. Based on the data collected from Sina Weibo, this study finds the propaganda state is challenged by the micro-blog through four mechanisms. First, analysis of political posts demonstrates a partial shift of discursive power from media to individuals and a rise of critical super-netizens in the micro-blog. Second, the posts in the micro-blog report the controversial issues in a different way than the traditional media that contributes to the pluralization of political information. Third, the netizens are able to use the micro-blog to expose certain information that the local government would like to censor. Forth, the netizens are able to problematize certain issues through information movement that challenge the self-censorship of media. This study concludes that the micro-blog is able to empower the people in the battle between state and society on what is fit to know. ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only. ; Yang, Shen. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-98). ; Abstracts also in Chinese. ; LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES --- p.VI ; Chapter CHAPTER I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- ...

本文考察了中央地方財政自主性的變化,地方政府日益增長的對土地相關收入的依賴以及中國社會總體穩定程度,三者之間的因果關係。使用24個省、市、自治區,跨1998年至2006年的面板數據的回歸模型結果顯示地方政府從土地和房地產相關產業發展上獲得的收入顯著的惡化了以來信來訪數量衡量的社會穩定程度。而地方財政自主性的增強則可以抑制地方政府謀取壟斷地租所導致的信訪數量的增加。 ; 本文認為,信訪量的持續攀升與拆遷征地糾紛不斷的直接肇因是1994年開始實行的一系列稅收改革所改變的中央地方政府之間的稅收分配以及稅收結構。地方政府近乎掠奪性的征地拆遷以囤積土地獲得壟斷性租金收入的做法都與該變化有關。但同時,上述現象也受到了以信訪為代表的黨政糾紛解決渠道與以訴訟為代表的司法糾紛解決途徑在威權政體等級制度中的局限性的影響。在等級制度中,中央和地方政府因自身利益不同而存在博弈關係,在各級政府之間還存在權力與相應社會責任分配上反向的 "差序格局"。層級越高的政府,掌握越多的政治權力以及相應的可供其用來"尋租"的政治與經濟資源,卻承擔越少的社會責任和風險。 ; My dissertation investigates the causal mechanisms among three factors, the relative change of the central-local fiscal autonomy after 1994 fiscal reform, the increasing of local land derived-revenue in recent years, and the variations in the general level of social stability. Using a panel data set covering 24 provincial level administrative units in China during 1998-2006, the study suggests that the income local governments earned from land and real estate developments substantially and significantly threaten social stability. It also reveals that more fiscal autonomy of local governments does help restrain rising level of instablity caused by local governments' incentive to capture monopoly rent from land. ; The findings are consistent with the argument that the fiscal rearrangement and restructuring provide incentives to local governments to practice fierce land requisition and house demolition in order to get monopoly rents through land hoarding. Yet the general level of social stability is also affected by the restrictions of disputes resolution channels lie within authoritarian hierarchical structure. The study highlights how two of the most important disputes resolution channels in China, i.e. petition and litigation, reflects the different incentive structure of central and local governments. ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only. ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only. ; 韓佳. ; Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-201) ; Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : ...

Includes bibliographical references (p. [487]-508) ; The papers collected in this anthology look at Chinese overseas, residing in five continents in the half century after the Second World War, from many new perspectives. Some papers raise questions about the Chinese diaspora in broad conceptual terms, and inquire into the meaning of being Chinese outside China. Other papers examine life in local communities, analysing how historical and contemporary circumstances affect their lives and the ways they negotiate their identity in the host country. In- depth case studies further bring out the complexity of the subject by identifying the range of variables, including the social, economic, political and cultural characteristics of the places of origin and destinations, as well as emigration and immigration policies, which affect the patterns of migration and the nature of settlement in any place at any time. This is especially highlighted in chapters using a comparative approach. With scholars from different disciplines, using different types of data, methodologies and theoretical tools, the richness of the subject matter becomes apparent ; published_or_final_version ; Preface / Sinn, Elizabeth pix ; Contributors pxi ; 1 Introduction: migration and new national identities / Wang, Gungwu p1 ; Glossary p485 ; Bibliography p487 ; Pt.I Overview p13 ; Pt.II Identity and ethnicity p63 ; Pt.III The diaspora in Europe p139 ; Pt.IV The Asia Pacific front p201 ; Pt.V New focus on Australia p277 ; Pt.VI.Chinese overseas in comparative perspectives ; Pt.VII Ethnicity, Religion and communal development and Qiaoxiang: Chinese overseas and the home village p423 ; 2 Upgrading the migrant: neither Huaqiao nor huaren / Wang, Gungwu p15 ; 3 Groundlessness and utopia: the Chinese diaspora and territory / Mung, Emmanuel Ma p35 ; 4 蕭玉燦主義的歷史命運 / 周南京 p49 ; 5 Preserving bukit China: the cultural politics of landscape interpretation in Melaka's Chinese cemetery / Cartier, Carolyn L. p65 ; 6 Representations of 'the Chinese' and 'ethnicity' in British racial discourse / Tam, Suk-tak p81 ; 7 Emerging British Chinese identities: issues and problems / Parker, David p91 ; 8 Integration or segregation: the Dutch and South African Chinese compared / Harris, Karen L. p115 ; 9 Chinese immigrants in Denmark after 1949: immigration patterns and development / Thuno, Mette p141 ; 10 Living among three walls? The peranakan Chinese in the Netherlands / Minghuan, Li p167 ; 11 The Chinese and Chinese districts in Paris / Guillon, Michelle p185 ; 12 Becoming 'Chinese Canadian': the genesis of a cultural category / Ng, Wing-chung p203 ; 13 Political participation amongst Chinese Canadians: the road to the 1993 election / Lary, Diana p217 ; 14 神戶的中國人與中國人社會 / 安井三吉 p229 ; 15 從日本華僑敎育的當地化傾向看日本華僑社會的當地化趨勢 / 朱慧玲 p241 ; 16 越南華人經濟形態的轉變(1975-1993) / 黃小堅 p261 ; 17 Astronaut families and parachute children: Hong Kong immigrants in Australia / Pe-Pua, Rogelia p279 ; 18 The changing characteristics of Chinese migrants to Australia during the 1980s and early 1990s / Coughlan, James E. p299 ; 19 Gold mountain no more: impressions of Australian society among recent Asian immigrants / Ip, David F. p347 ; 20 Chinese immigration to Australia and South Africa: a comparative analysis of legislative control / Harris, Karen L. p373 ; 21 Settlement experiences of recent Chinese immigrants in Australia: a comparison of settlers from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China / Wu, Chung-tong p391 ; 22 The role of the true jesus church in the communal development of the Chinese people in Elgin, Scotland / Liu, Garland p425 ; 23 現代中國少數民族人口境外遷移初探: 以新彊、雲南為例 / 譚天星 p447 ; 24 山東省日照市旅韓華僑的調查報告 / 晁中辰 p463 ; 25 戰後中國大陸客家人海外移民剖析: 梅州地區人口國際遷移情況的調查 / 黃靜 p475

1898年,中國第一所精神病院「惠愛醫院」(John G Kerr Refuge)建立。「惠愛醫院」所代表的「傳教精神醫療」在30年代以後式微,本土西醫學家集體登上歷史舞臺。前者標志著現代精神醫療機構在中國落地生根;而後者則推動了精神衛生事業在中國的專業化與現代化。結合話語分析和歷史分析的方法,利用《博醫會報》、《中華醫學雜志》、《中華健康雜志》以及歷史檔案,本文梳理了從1898年到1966年間,有關精神健康與疾病專業話語的近代變遷,選取了「傳教精神醫療」和「本土精神醫療專業化與現代化」兩個話語形成個案。我們所要回答的核心問題是西醫傳教士和中國本土精神醫學家是如何主動建構和挪用道德、政治與科學話語,與彼時語境相串連,以爭奪精神醫療專業話語的「管轄權」的。1898年前後,爲了回應來自西醫傳教團體對精神醫療機構在華合法性的質疑,執掌「惠愛醫院」的傳教士采用「道德治療」理念,將在地精神醫療實踐「道德化」,從而建構起一套「道德話語」。「道德話語」體現了西醫傳教士所踐行的「牧師式權力」。而後,隨著中國民族主義的興起和本土西醫團體的建立,新興的本土西醫學家受政治語境的影響。他們先後從歐美和蘇聯借鑒精神醫療的醫學成果,建構精神疾病的「病理化」話語。在面向公衆時,他們將精神健康的意義與民族主義語境相串連,以「道德常識」話語推動精神衛生事業在中國的專業化與現代化。「道德常識」話語是本土西醫學家踐行「啓蒙式權力」的結果。由此,本文提出「多元話語管轄權」的概念。這一概念旨在說明在精神醫療專業化過程中,精神醫療的範式轉換需要多元話語支持下的合法性證明。爲了建構或强化自身對精神醫療任務的專業「管轄權」,精神醫療的各專業主體挪用多元話語資源與醫療社會語境相串連,以生成對精神疾病與健康的意義闡釋。這一概念提醒我們在這個精神醫療被生物醫學話語主導的時代,精神健康與疾病話語的形成自有其不可忽視的道德面向和權力運作機制。 ; 關鍵詞:精神健康;精神疾病;專業話語;傳教精神醫療;專業管轄權 ; In 1898, the first mental hospital, John G. Kerr Refuge, was established in China. After missionary psychiatry retreated in 1930s, Chinese medical professionals started to rise to power. Missionary psychiatry signals the birth of psychiatric institutions whereas the latter heralds the professionalization and modernization of Chinese psychiatry. With an integrated use of discourse and historical analysis, this study analyzes the data from Chinese Missionary Medical Journal, Chinese Medical Journal, Chinese Health Journal and other historical archives and sketches out the modern metamorphosis of discourse on mental health and illnesses by focusing on two cases of psychiatric discursive formation. The critical puzzle is how the different professional subjects construct and appropriate moral, political and scientific discourse in claiming jurisdiction on expertise of mental health and illnesses at those moments. Around 1898, the founder of John G. Kerr Refuge and his successor have constructed a set of moral discourse. They communicated it within the missionary community to respond to the challenge on the necessity of running mental hospital in China. Moral discourse was interwoven within ...

兒童貧窮問題引起香港社會及政策制定者的深切關注。香港特區政府及各非政府組織推出了不同的策略、計劃及方案以舒緩兒童貧窮問題。可是,大部份針對小學生的現行計劃及方案普遍著重提升兒童的學術成果多於其全面發展。本研究旨在探討由企業發起及持續舉辦的校本計劃及社區為本計劃在幫助香港貧窮兒童脫貧及全面發展的成效。 ; 本研究採用多重個案研究法,對兩個與企業合作推行持續性兒童扶貧計劃的個案,包括學校一(School-1)及非政府組織一(NGO-1)作深入了解。多種質性數據從這兩個個案的三項計劃中搜集,包括十二節參與式觀察及四十五個半結構性訪談(負責職員、組織者、主持人、義工、兒童參與者及他們的父母)。 ; 本研究有四項主要研發現: ; 一,連結社會資本及橋樑社會資本是兒童參與者在建立人力資本過程中的催化劑。二,在兒童參與者及義工建立信任關係的過程中連結社會資本及橋樑社會資本是互相依賴而成。三,兒童參與者能夠成為主動的行動者。他們除了能夠在影響他們生命的決定上作出選擇;並藉著把握學習及社交機會,抗拒因生活於不利環境中所產生的負面影響,更能夠改變環境,把希望灌注入父母的生命。四,三項計劃均提供為期九至十個月的服務,讓介入工作在這段較長時間中引發兒童參與者的改變,並把希望灌注入他們的生命。此外,也讓他們的父母、計劃組織者及負責職員觀察兒童參與者的成長及改變。 ; 綜合這些研究發現,人力資本的建立、建立連結社會資本及橋樑社會資本所帶來的支援關係、兒童的聲音能否獲得聆聽及作出決定時兒童的意見能否受到尊重,均對計劃能否有正面效果有直接關係。基於這些研究發現,建議扶貧計劃需在貧窮兒童的較早期的生命歷程中推行,並且介入的時期較長,讓兒童參與者的成長及改變能被引發並被觀察出來,把希望灌注入兒童及父母的生命,讓他們能發現彼此的優點、對生命存有盼望、為美好的將來釐訂實際計劃及具信心與社會人士保持接觸。這些均是他們在打破貧窮困局及戰勝社會排斥的過程中不可或缺的原素。 ; Children poverty problem has become a main concern of Hong Kong society and the policy makers. Different strategies, programmes and projects have been implemented by the HKSAR government and different NGOs to alleviate the child poverty problem. However, most existing programmes and projects for primary school children emphasize on educational outcomes rather than the holistic child development. ; This study aims to understand whether and how the enterprise-initiated and ongoing school-based and community-based programmes may help the poor children in Hong Kong in poverty alleviation and holistic development. ; One school (School-1) and one NGO (NGO-1), which implemented ongoing poverty alleviation programmes with enterprises, were selected for this multiple-case study. Based on the analysis of the multiple sources of data collected from the three main programmes, including 12 sessions of participant observation and 45 semi-structured interviews (with responsible staff, organizers, host, volunteers, participating children and their parents), four key findings were obtained to answer the research question. ; First, bonding and bridging social capital acted as a catalyst in the process of developing ...

公共事務知識對許多政治過程都有至關重要的意義。通過獲取公共事務知識,個體公民得以認清切身利益,並由此與公共生活形成一種認識論上的聯系。了解公共事務,也是公民進行有效協商和政治參與的前提。盡管西方政治傳播文獻對此多有探討,中國語境下的"知識獲取"研究卻相對匱乏。中國的媒介環境正處於劇烈變革之中:盡管國家管控依然存在,但市場化改革不斷深入,近年來互聯網逐漸跃升为信息交換、意見表達與社會動員的主流平台。媒介環境的變遷為研究"知識獲取"提供了意義豐富的語境。 ; 本研究旨在探索中國大學生通過不同傳播渠道獲取公共事務知識的机制。本研究的實證數據來源於一項針對北京、上海和廣州在校大學生的問卷調查。調查共收回1,135份有效問卷,回收率為78%。該研究使用多元回歸分析與觀察變量通經分析(Path analysis with observed variables)對樣本數據進行分析。 ; 本研究的主要發現有三個方面。首先,數據顯示新媒體渠道(如新聞網站和社交媒體)或已經開始取代傳統媒體渠道(如報紙和電視),成為最常規的新聞源。新聞獲取模式的改變,進一步導致不同媒介"致知"效果的變化。與以往研究不同,本研究發現新媒體新聞曝露可以增加使用者的公共事務知識,但傳統媒體的新聞曝露卻沒有類似效果。面對面的交談可以增加人們的公共事務知識和政治信息效能。然而社交媒體討論只能增加人們的政治信息效能,卻對實際的知識獲取沒有貢獻。 ; 其次,本研究認為,檢測媒介的"致知"效果時,將媒介使用操作化為"媒介注意力"並不一定優於"媒介曝露"。孰優孰劣取決於我們所關注的媒體類型。結果顯示,"媒介曝露"能更好地檢測新媒體對知識獲取的影響,而"媒介注意力"則更有效地檢測傳統媒體對知識獲取的影響。這個區別並不只是一個技術問題,它關涉到知識獲取研究的理論假設。不同操作化所帶來的效果區別,可能與媒介使用模式的變化以及媒介使用時信息處理模式的改變有所關聯。 ; 第三,中國公共事務知識的生產與傳播是一個政治建構的過程。媒介管控與互聯網治理則是這個建構過程的重要機制。主流媒體供給"主流知識"並以其構建一個關於社會現實的"主流認知"。研究發現,事實上還存在一部分"另類知識"。中國的媒介體系推廣"主流知識"並且減少"另類知識"流通。本研究同時發現,盡管存在管控,新媒體渠道可以散播"另類知識"。 ; Public affairs knowledge plays a vital part in many political processes. By gaining public affairs knowledge, individual citizens discern their own interests and concerns, thus epistemologically connecting themselves to public life. Knowledge about public affairs is also a prerequisite for effective deliberation and political engagement. Though it has attracted much attention in Western political communication scholarship, knowledge acquisition has not been fully extended to the context of China. Few studies have examined public affairs knowledge in China's rapidly transitioning, yet still controlled, media environment, where the Internet has lately risen to be a dominant platform for information exchange, opinion expression, and social mobilization. ; This study explores how people can gain knowledge about public affairs through different communication channels in China's complex media environment. The data come from a paper-and-pencil survey of college students in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. The survey generated 1,135 valid responses, ...

香港政府在二千年推行教育改革,校長作為學校教學領導團隊的核心領導者,如何帶動學校的教學發展更趨重要。本研究探討香港小學校長教學領導的具體策略,以及在實踐教學領導過程中,如何受到不同因素的影響。 ; 本研究採用質化的多重個案研究方法,挑選了校長教學領導較為成功的兩所小學作為研究對象,探討有關問題。研究資料搜集方法包括訪問校長及學校主要的中層教學領導教師及部分基層教師;實地觀察課堂教學、教師專業發展活動和不同類型的會議;以及分析學校、政府、大專院校的文件。 ; 研究發現,在推動學校學與教發展的過程中,校長的領導策略是根據學校的獨特情境而選擇的,沒有一個放諸四海皆準或是所謂「最佳」的策略。面對着來自不同層面的各種不同因素的考驗及牽制,教學領導的效能取決於校長領導策略、行為與情境的配合,能否運用其領導解難能力,將挑戰轉化為發展機會。而在這過程中,建立學校教學願景、促進團隊正面人際關係及環境氛圍是校長教學領導的重要策略。 ; 研究進一步發現,校長個人信念、經驗、專業知識及領導能力、個人特質等,是影響校長教學領導策略的重要因素。因為個人信念和經歷對領導工作內容具有一種指向性作用,確立校長如何定義學生的學習、教師的教學;而個人專業知識和能力與及個人特質這兩項,則是實踐學校願景的一些能力條件;校長需要依靠這些知識、能力特長去推動教學發展及學校改進。可以說,信念、經歷、專業知識和能力、個人特質之間是相輔相成的。 ; 研究又發現,校長教學領導策略和學校情境內的不同因素,包括學校文化、教師、中層領導、學生和家長等等具交互影響,彼此不斷調校以回應改進需求。最後,隨着校長領導策略發揮作用,學校出現變革,中層教學領導能力提升,他們不僅協助校長深化和加快教學發展,也幫助學校回應新挑戰。因此,學校情境因素亦是影響校長教學領導策略不可忽略的重要因素。 ; 本研究對校長教學領導的知識領域有三方面的貢獻,它揭示了(1)校長在學校學與教發展過程中扮演引導教學發展方向及營造學校正面文化的關鍵角色;(2)不同因素對校長教學領導策略的影響;以及(3)校長教學領導策略成功發揮作用所需要的條件,就是各項策略與校長個人因素、學校情境因素之間的配合。 ; Since year 2000, Hong Kong government has initiated a number of educational reforms. Being a center figure in our school structure, the role of principals has become increasingly crucial to the success of those reforms. This study aims to understand Hong Kong school principals' strategies on instructional leadership and factors affecting them. ; The study employed a multiple-case design. Two primary schools with widely recognized reform success were purposefully chosen. Data collected include interviews of principal, key middle managers and teachers; it also included observations of classes, student activities, staff development activities, and meetings at different levels; and reviews of documents from various sources. ; The study found that there is no one-size-fits-all nor the best strategy when principals try to improve their schools or to upgrade teachers' knowledge and skills. Rather, principals should tailor their own plans for teachers' professional development and school improvement, and the strategies need to be context-specific. Faced by challenges from their changing educational environment, ...

這項研究的目的旨在探討香港15歲學生在科學素養上的性別差異及這些差異如何影響男女生在選擇以科學作為升學及職業的動機。 ; 本研究的數據取自2006年在本港舉行的香港學生能力國際評估計劃(Programme for International Student Assessment)。該計劃的4645學生樣本取自146所學校,包括:官立、資助及私立學校,以兩階段分層隨機抽樣的方法選取。 ; 學生能力國際評估計劃如其他大型國際評估一樣,其評估框架採用多維試題架構。本研究採用配合該試題架構及樣本結構的多維試題功能(MDIF)及多層中介變項(MLM)兩個研究方法,去了解15歲男女學生在科學素養(認知和情感)上的性別差異及這些差異如何影響男女生在選擇以科學作為升學及職業的動機。比較常用的均差t-檢定,MDIF具備提高各次級量尺的精確度特質,因而可以更有效和準確地計算出男女學生在科學素養上的性別差異。MLM則以Eccles (1983) 的成功期望價值理論為學理基礎去分析和了解這些性別差異如何影響男女生在選取與科學相關的升學途徑和擇業的動機。 ; 要完成MLM的研究,我們必須先使用單組驗證性因子分析(Single-Group CFA)驗證經濟合作與發展組織(OECD)所建構的六項情意因素,包括:「科學上的自我概念」、「科學的個人價值」、「科學的興趣」、「對科學的喜好」、「學習科學的工具性動機」和「將來工作而學習科學的動機」,以便了解使用這些源自西方社會的情意因素在本土研究的可行性及效度。接着使用本土數據去調整這六項情意因素結構。最後利用多組驗證性因子分析(Multiple-Group CFA)去確定這些因素結構對男女生是否都適用(即測量等同檢驗Measurement Invariance Test)。 ; 由單組驗證性因子分析結果得知,六項情意因素,除了要對「科學的興趣」因素作較大幅度的修改外,其他五項因素都具有良好的心理測量特性。而多組驗證性因子分析的結果亦顯示,六項情意因素都能通過測量等同檢驗,亦即這六項因素結構對男女生都適用。 ; 研究結果顯示除了「鑑定形成科學議題」能力外,本港15歲的男生在「解釋科學現象」及「科學證」等科學認知層面上優於女生。在科學情意發展上,男生比女生亦有更好的發展,其效應值(effect size)更高於認知層面。 ; MLM的研究結果與Eccles的成功期望價值理論預測結果吻合,也就是說,男女生在面向未來升學選科和擇業動機上呈現明顯的性別差異,而這些差異主要是透過情意因素(中介變項)間接影響男女生的選擇意向。就這些因素而言,女生在選取科學作為未來升學途徑和職業動機明顯地較男生為弱。 ; 整體而言,驗證性因子分析結果和MLM的研究結果支持源自西方社會的Eccles成功期望價值理論具備跨文化效度,在香港華人社會的研究結果與西方結果基本吻合。 ; 最後,本文作者將根據本研究的結果,向科學教育的工作者、教師、父母、課程發展人員、政策的制定者和考核機構提供一些可行的建議,希望藉此改善香港男女生在科學生涯規劃上的性別差異。 ; The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of gender differences of 15-year-old students on scientific literacy and their impacts on students' motivation to pursue science education and careers (Future-oriented Science Motivation) in Hong Kong. ; The data for this study was collected from the Program for International Student Assessment in Hong Kong (HKPISA). It was carried out in 2006. A total of 4,645 students were randomly selected from 146 secondary schools including government, aided and private schools by two-stage stratified sampling method for the assessment. ; HKPISA 2006, like most of other large-scale international assessments, presents its assessment frameworks in multidimensional subscales. To fulfill the requirements of this ...