Suchergebnisse

AbstractThe article-a revised version of the authors' contribution to the International Symposium "Bilingualism in Iranian Cultures" held 1992 in Bamberg (Germany)-deals with the problem of the introduction of new, or the reforming of already existing alphabets. It tries to illustrate how collective bi- and multilingualism, i. e. the use of different languages within a certain social community, affects the development of writing-systems, and how, on the other hand, these systems affect certain aspects of multilingualism. This is shown on the example of Tajik-Persian, Baluchi, Shughni and Jaghnobi, spanning the time from the beginning of the 20th century until the end of the Soviet Union. The related tables concern: 1) The introduction of the Latin script for the Iranian languages of the Soviet Union, 2) its abolishment; 3) the vowels of Baluchi language; 4) the vowels of Shughni language; 5) the vowels of Jaghnobi language; 6) Examples of the Latin script for Tajik-Persian language as introduced in 1928; 7) Examples of the Latin script for Baluchi language as introduced in 1933; 8) Examples of the Latin script for Shughni language as introduced in 1930.

English is the most widely used language in numerous fields, including business, governmental issues, science, innovation, and culture. It is the working language of global organisations and the most-used language of the Internet. Thus, for the students of non-linguistic specialties, learning English is a way to get access to a broader range of information, connections, and opportunities. Nowadays written communication is crucial in the modern world. E-mails, business letters, reports, action minutes, essays are a part of current culture of companies which have partners and/or branches overseas. Whereas, it is essential for students to gain understanding, experience and fluency in writing habits for obtaining a successful career.

The study of the Chinese writing is one of the main tasks of Russian Sinology. Since the beginning of 18th century, Russian Sinologists have begun to study of the Manchurian language. Being a representative research work in this field, the Complete Manchurian-Russian Dictionary by I.I. Zakharov is a valuable and indispensable reference book for studying the Manchurian language in the modern scientific community. In the preface to the dictionary, Zakharov analyzed the stages of development and evolution of Khitan, Jurchen, Mongolian and Manchu writing created by ethnic minorities in northern China since the 10th century, which reveal the true face of Chinese society of that era in linguistic and cultural terms.

Writing the History of Development Although some scholars think of economic development as a project of self-evident benevolence and others consider it as the imposition of an unwanted modernity, recent scholarship, such as the articles in this volume, suggests a more complex history. Colonial governments from the late 1930s sought to assert legitimacy and foster the co-operation of colonized people via development programmes, but development quickly became politicized – a basis for claims on the resources of empire, an insistence on voice in deciding what development policies should be. The history of development suggests that in the future as in much of the past the consequences of actions cannot be evaluated by generalizations about «modernity », neither by advocates of development initiatives nor by their critics. There is no substitute for specific analysis of who might find opportunities or constraints in programmes for economic change. Through the politics of development, poverty became an issue not only in remote parts of Africa or Asia, but also in New York and Geneva. Most important of all, the history of development is a history of changing expectations.

Journal writing can be a creative adjunct to psychotherapy. This article
will describe a qualitative study of the experiences of journal writers. Each participant's narrative illustrates the integration of Winnicott's transitional phenomena,
Freeman's four stages of epiphanies, and Kegan's adult developmental stages through
journal writing. The central findings of this research are that the experience of the
participants can be identified in the following three categories: therapeutic experience,meditative experience, and a transformative experience. Journal writing can be
adapted by psychotherapists, as an adjunct to therapy, to aid clients in elaborating
their stories, listening within, identifying epiphanies, and moving forward in the
change process.This article will present a case study of one of the narratives from this
research.

This study is a systematic review of the existing Arab literature on human resource development (HRD). A review of Arab HRD's theoretical and empirical articles during the period 1964–2016 in peer-reviewed journals was conducted. Content analysis was utilized to examine how HRD is conceptualized, what purposes are attached to HRD and what activities HRD encompasses in Arab literature.It was found that the basic construct of HRD is employee development, targeted toward "individuals" and encompassing training, education and learning. Arab HRD has a strong performance orientation, and tends to emphasize utilitarian outlooks, as the role of HRD is perceived to be "instrumental" and "outcome focused". HRD in Arab literature falls under the traditional functionalist school within the managerialist perspective and is essentially based on the principles of human capital theory. The issues of social justice, power, diversity and equity are rare in Arab HRD literature. Although the Arab view of HRD has been influenced by the American school, it is still in an early stage of growth, lacks a clear disposition and is still confined within the stance of traditional training.

A rubric is used for assessing student work and performance. It is a tool that works in various ways to develop student learning and has great possibilities. The study presented aims to investigate the rubric development of second language learners' argumentative writing. The study's significance is to explore how well the rubric assesses students' achievement of the skills needed to develop argumentative essays. This study will add to the literature more data regarding rubrics' effectiveness in providing constructive feedback to students. This research describes the results of the current study in relation to rubric feedback from undergraduate students and the faculty who teach them from a private university in Saudi Arabia. The use of the rubric would be to support instruction and student performance. The researchers have proposed a methodology to design, develop, and implement a rubric as a scoring guide for argumentative essays based upon the achievement of learning outcomes for this genre. The rubric was developed to evaluate the following criterion: organization, integrating academic sources, thesis statement, finding evidence/lack of evidence, writing refutation paragraph, writing counterclaims, content, academic tone, mechanic, and vocabulary. The researchers statistically found significant interrater reliability and convergent validity coefficients. The results are considered to encourage the evaluation and development of such rubrics to be used across universities and colleges.

The development of ancient epistolography could be associated with the very development of literacy in Greece. Apart from its original function, to transfer a notice to a distant person, the letter has expanded its realm over time. Trough an overview of the letters preserved in the Greek language area and in the works of Greek authors, we can see various functions the letter assumed – both in everyday life and in literature. Numerous accounts and fragments of letters, from short business notice on lead tablets to private letters written on papyrus, which served as a means for preserving familiar or friendly relationships, point to a great popularity of the letter in ancient times. Given the flexibility of its form and the possibility of its usage on a number of occasions, whether public or private, both by the educated and by the uneducated, we notice that the epistolary form, as a means of communication, soon became firmly rooted in the Greek cultural area. The paper aims at highlighting the very beginning of developing the form of letter in Greece, its basic elements and characteristics, as well as the terms used for it in the Greek language.