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In the last thirty years we witnessed to a number of relevant innovations and changes. Some of them belong to the information technology domain and parts of them were the reason why the IT domain became the ICT domain. In order to better understand problems and issues related to education and learning it is useful to outline some of the most relevant achievements and milestones in the technological domain. If we focus on the European approach to the spread of information technology termed in the '90ies "Information Society" we can find initiatives such as i2015 the EU policy framework for the information society and media for the 1 next decade and, at global level, the WSIS+10 a ten years activity aimed to draw the guidelines for an harmonious and fruitful development of the information society. It promotes the positive contribution that information and communication technologies can make to the economy, society and personal quality of life. Everyone experienced in "ICT based innovation" knows that "It is not only a matter of technology". Of course technology advances are one of the potential actors as in the case of the diffusion of personal computing or easy access to digital networking. Anyway different parameters are actively influencing e-Services success or failure: cultural aspects, organisational issues, bureaucracy and workflow, infrastructure and technology in general, user's habits, literacy, capacity, market models, interaction design or merely mind-set! Before looking in detail how all these aspects are impacting on education and learning let's take into account some additional relevant aspects.

Negli ultimi venti anni la formazione dei docenti di lingua inglese è stata messa alla prova dai nuovi scenari derivanti da fattori quali: il crescente numero di classi multilingui e multiculturali, la diffusa esposizione alle varietà dell'inglese tramite i prodotti multimediali, l'uso emergente dell'inglese come lingua franca (ELF) nella comunicazione interculturale, così come il nuovo riconosciuto ruolo degli insegnanti e dei formatori non-nativi in contesti istituzionali. Questioni di identità, standard, livelli di competenza, comunicazione interculturale e rilevanza linguistica sia per gli apprendenti sia per i docenti, richiedono un orientamento paradigmatico e una seria riconsiderazione del curricolo di inglese, della formazione dei docenti di lingua, delle politiche linguistiche così come della ricerca e delle pratiche didattiche. Nuovi modi di formulare esempi, modelli, e azioni in termini di obiettivi educativi e di attività di consapevolezza linguistica richiedono un'analisi più attenta dei dati linguistici al fine di sollecitare la riflessione dei docenti, svelare e provocare le convinzioni esistenti sulla lingua e sulla competenza linguistico-comunicativa. Questo capitolo illustra come due gruppi di docenti italiani di inglese partecipanti a due corsi di formazione condotti da un formatore non nativo, sono stati introdotti ad ELF tramite l'esposizione, l'analisi e l'uso di campioni linguistici e con attività di consapevolezza linguistica e di noticing. English language teacher education has been challenged in the last two decades by new scenarios deriving from factors such as: the growing number of multilingual and multicultural classrooms, the widespread exposure through multimedia to varieties of Englishes, the emerging use of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) in intercultural communication as well as the acknowledged new role of non-native teachers and teacher-trainers in institutional contexts. Issues of identity, standards, proficiency levels, intercultural communication and language relevance for both learners and teachers demand for a paradigmatic orientation and for a serious reconsideration of the English curriculum, of language teacher education, of language policies as well as of research and practice. New ways in devising patterns, models and actions in terms of educational aims and of language awareness activities require a closer investigation of language data in order to elicit teachers' reflection, unveil and challenge existing beliefs about language and about language communicative competence. This contribution illustrates how two groups of Italian English language teachers respectively participating in pre- and in-service teacher education courses led by a non-native teacher trainer have been introduced to ELF through exposure, analysis and use of ELF language samples via language awareness and noticing activities.

The president of Russian Federation in his annual message to Federal Assembly addressed the tasks of education of next generation and of training of human resources who will work in national economy. The article assesses trends of school and university education, political and economic aspects of interaction of employers and employees in the labor market, refers to some features of psychology and psychologics (a newly suggested term) of public consciousness and behavior. ; В очередном ежегодном послании Президента России Федеральному Собранию в едином ключе сформулированы задачи обучения и воспитания подрастающего поколения, показана острая необходимость ориентации всей системы образования на подготовку достойной трудовой смены в стенах общеобразовательной школы и высших профессиональных учебных заведениях. С этих позиций автор статьи оценивает тенденции развития школьного и вузовского образования, восстановление воспитательных функций, политические и экономические аспекты взаимодействия субъектов рынка и труда. В том числе касается некоторых особенностей психологии и психологики (новый термин) общественного сознания и общественного поведения.

The article examines the current topical problems of modernization of the education system and the development of modern Russia in the context of globalization. There is substantiated the necessity of the correspondence of the reforms to the historical traditions of the country and the type of society. The authors support the assertion that the limit of the reforms degenerates. As a result, "the reform inevitably turns into its opposite, i.e., a kind of counter-reform". The authors develop methodological principles associated with the idea formulated above. The central idea is that the study of the limits of reforms has become very topical for ensuring Russia's national security. ; В статье исследуются актуальные проблемы модернизации системы образования и развития современной России в условиях глобализации. Обосновывается необходимость соответствия проводимых реформ историческим традициям страны и типу общества. Авторы присоединяются к утверждению о том, что лимит (предел) реформ вырождается. В результате «реформа неизбежно превращается в свою противоположность, т. е. в своеобразную контрреформу». Далее авторы развивают методологические установки, связанные с выше сформулированным тезисом. Центральным становится положение о том, что исследование пределов реформ является остроактуальным для обеспечения национальной безопасности России.

в данной статье рассматриваются нормативно-правовые аспекты законодательного поля ; регулирующего физическую культуру и спорт ; в том числе в государственных образовательных организациях высшего образования. ; the article describes legal aspects of the legislative field regulating physical culture and sports ; including state educational institutions of higher education.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the main dysfunctions of the Russian premium institutes in the field of education and science, and to find out its leveling instruments, by examining the experience of foreign countries; to identify the basic requirements for the novitiate for state awards to employees of education and science in modern Russia in comparison with foreign countries. Methods. Neo institutional approach is used by the author. Methods involve comparative analysis, cross-national analysis, and classification. The original solution of tasks associated with the use of a single system-approach to the sociological study of state awards in the sphere of education and science, is extrapolated from institutional economics. Results. The basic approaches to the determination of the nature and functions of awards institutions in the field of education and science are considered; its relationship with other social, economic and political trends of contemporary politics in Russia is noted. The basic conditions of non-material motivation of workers of scientifically-educational area in modern Russia in comparison with other countries, including the post-Soviet territory states are defined. Both officially established rules and other requirements to candidates on reception of the state honourable distinctions, observed with the Soviet period are considered. The study identifies the main factors that influence the perception of the role of changes in modern society awards, offers solutions to the identified problems. Scientific novelty. The critical analysis of working rules of the Russian legislation regulating an order (procedures) of rewarding has allowed to reveal major disadvantages of the Russian institute of the state awards: opacity of estimated judgements considering the work of the applicant for the award; absence of accurate hierarchy of the state awards and quantity indicators at measurement of merits and results of activity; value of awards loss in the opinion of a society and separate citizens, etc. Ways of the solution of the revealed problems are offered. In particular, the author points out that it is necessary to create an incentive system intended not only for remote prospect (for example, upon reaching a pension age), but also for the current labour period; material remuneration should be a sufficient impulse for professionals and based on a recognition of achievements, first of all, by colleagues (of the same profession), not unauthorized people. It is necessary to work out quantity indicators for an estimation of activity of educators and academics. Introduction of the structured requirements to this activity is to make objective process of representation to the state awards and will generate professional work standards. Moreover, it is necessary to lower qualifications on presence of the certain experience and to remove some other restrictions for the state recognition. Practical significance. According to the author's analysis, the reduction of dysfunctions of the Russian premium institutes will allow to return retention feature in the sphere of education and sciences of the most valuable personnel; to involve «a fresh creative power» in the given field of work; to create reference points of professional growth for working teachers and scientists; to generate the potential workers concepts of high social value and the importance of professional work in an educational sphere and science ; Цели статьи – анализ основных дисфункций наградных институтов России в сфере образования и науки и поиск инструментов их нивелирования, в том числе на основе опыта зарубежных стран. Методика и методы. Автор использовал адаптированный из экономики неоинституциональный подход к решению рассматриваемой проблемы, методы сравнительного и кросс-национального анализа и классификации. Результаты. Представлены итоги социологического изучения системы государственных наград в сфере образования и науки. Определены основные условия нематериального поощрения работников научно-образовательной области в современной России в сравнении с другими странами, в том числе с государствами постсоветского пространства. Рассмотрены как официально установленные правила, так и иные требования к кандидатам на получение государственных знаков отличия, соблюдающиеся с советского периода. Перечислены функции наградных институтов и основные факторы, влияющие на восприятие наград в современном обществе. Научная новизна. Критический анализ действующих норм отечественного законодательства, регулирующих порядок (процедуры) награждения позволил выявить основные недостатки отечественного института государственных наград: размытость оценочных суждений при рассмотрении деяний претендента на награду, отсутствие четкой иерархии государственных наград и количественных показателей при измерении заслуг и результатов деятельности, утрату ценности наград в глазах общества и отдельных граждан и др. Предложены пути решения выявленных проблем. В частности, автор считает, что необходимо создание системы стимулов, рассчитанных не только на отдаленную перспективу (например, по достижении пенсионного возраста), но и на текущий трудовой период; причем вознаграждения должны быть достаточным импульсом для профессионалов и основываться на признании достижений в первую очередь коллегами (внутри самой профессии), а не посторонними. Нужна разработка количественных показателей для оценки деятельности работников образования и науки. Введение структурированных требований к деятельности сделает объективным процесс представления к государственным наградам и сформирует эталоны профессиональной деятельности. Следует снизить цензы по наличию определенного стажа и снять некоторые другие ограничения для государственных поощрений. Практическая значимость. Устранение дисфункций российских наградных институтов позволит вернуть им функцию удержания в сфере образования и науки наиболее ценных кадров, привлечь в данную область деятельности свежие творческие силы, создать ориентиры профессионального роста для работающих педагогов и ученых, сформировать в сознании потенциальных работников представления о высокой социальной ценности и значимости профессиональной деятельности в сфере образования и науки

The paper describes possible ways of using pedagogical system of continuous formation of creative
thinking and development of creative abilities of students using intelligent means of the theory of inventive
problem solving at schools to implement productively Federal State Educational Standard primary general
education. The paper describes key features of the pedagogical system NFTM-TRIZ and the necessity of
creating consultation centers on this methodology.

O interesse desse trabalho volta-se para o ensino superior e sobre o curso de Jornalismo, onde os estudantes aprendem desde cedo a lidar com os meios de comunicação e as novas tecnologias. Como fruto do meu estágio de pós-doutoramento na Faculdade Cásper Líbero, a pesquisa pretende refletir sobre a relação Comunicação e Educação nos próprios cursos de comunicação, ou seja, se a apropriação das tecnologias da informação forma cidadãos críticos e conscientes de sua participação na sociedade. Quero chamar a atenção para a contribuição da Educomunicação para o Ensino Superior.

L'evidence based education è una prospettiva di ricerca, già assai diffusa nella cultura pedagogica anglosassone, che mira alla produzione, raccolta e diffusione di conoscenze affidabili circa l'efficacia di differenti opzioni didattiche che possano supportare insegnanti, educatori e decisori politici nell'assunzione di decisioni consapevoli. Questo libro è una guida introduttiva a tale prospettiva e alle conoscenze oggi disponibili sulla didattica efficace. Se ne presentano in esso le origini, le differenti definizioni, i metodi di ricerca, i risultati, e il dibattito critico che anima la letteratura internazionale. Si offrono, inoltre, indicazioni pratiche per avviare attività e percorsi di approfondimento che consentano a insegnanti e professionisti della formazione di documentarsi in modo autonomo e agevole on-line su ciò che è didatticamente efficace.

The article presents an analysis of media in education from a gaze that seeks convergence in dialogic relationship between teachers and the media resources. This study objective is to question the knowledge necessary to teacher training with a view to intentional use, conscious and mediator of media in education, considering technology as an effort of human beings in their self-production in addition to the biological resources that are provided, but this effort the technology assumes nuances that are associated with the purpose of its use. Therefore, its use is not neutral, rather, meets the purposes of those who use them, or that it plans to use. The study was guided by the literature among other references, the studies of Pierre Levy (1999, 2011), contributing to generating technophilia and technophobia of Pedro Demo (2009), dialogue as historicizing process and basis for teacher training from Paulo Freire (1991; 1996), the immersion of the changes with the technological acceleration and the need for critical counterpoint technique, proposed by Nicholas Sevcenko (2001), teaching as interactive work from Tardif (2010) among other references. The results show convergences dialogic possibilities in the use of technological resources by teachers.

This study reflects about the actions of heritage education in memory centers and the importance of the continued partnership between the memory centers and educational institutions to achieve the ultimate goal of interaction between the visitors and the memory centers. Besides, the research realizes the heritage education as a necessary bridge, when well implemented, for the interaction of young people with the memory centers.

While the field of foreign policy has generated an impressive amount of research, there is still much to be explored and explained of the way in which regime types (totalitarian and democratic) influence the dynamics of state behavior at the international level. The present study examines in a comparative way the characteristics that influence the process of foreign policy making in totalitarian and democratic states. This can help achieve a better understanding of their foreign policy decisions and also help reveal valuable patterns in their decision making process. For the purpose of the present study, the United States of America and the People`s Republic of China were chosen as representative cases of the above mentioned highly contrasting regimes. The foreign policy and diplomatic relationship of the two countries is analyzed on the period between the 1940s and the 1970s using comparative foreign policy analysis, their differences providing a fertile ground for comparison.

The topic relevance is justified by the mankind intention to protecting and reviving a native language as a process of saving a self-identity and an authentic culture, the modern tendencies on reducing globalization risks regarding the regional and minor languages, search for new effective ways to facilitate and develop them in the modern world. The paper deals with the modern language and education policy of Wales regarding the Welsh language with further adoption of the best practice. The basic methods of the current research are the contrastive analysis of the statutory acts of the government of Wales regarding the results achieved that allow bringing to light the main tendencies and evidences of Welsh in the education sphere of Wales, methods of analysis, synthesis, and systematization. The synthesis of the analysis results shows the trends and handicaps in the implementation process and facilitating the Welsh functional potential in the education system. The statistics analysis of

Il contributo intende mostrare come la cartografia concorra ad educare alla modellizzazione del mondo e alla Conoscenza del relativismo dei modelli, rispondendo alla finalità principale, indicata dalle recenti indicazioni della legge 53/2003, per la scuola secondaria di 1° grado: «Qualsiasi modello (.) non comporta una trascrizione completa e fedele dell'oggetto che vuole rappresentare, bensì una selezione di certe qualità o scopi di esso» (i Nuovi Ordinamenti Scolastici, Miur, p. 247). Per questi motivi, è opportuno proporre progetti didattici che possano far scoprire tale linguaggio, il suo ruolo nella costruzione dell'immagine del mondo, e mostrino come i modelli cartografici siano correlati alle esperienze culturali, politiche e tecniche di ogni società. Dal punto di vista esemplificativo, si propone lo studio delle rappresentazioni urbane confrontando le rappresentazioni dell'età moderna con quelle attuali. ; This paper, according to the recent indications of law 53/2003 for the stalian Secondary School. discusses the cartography's contribute to model the world and the to knowledge of models relativism. For these reasons it is necessary to propose didactic projects which allow the students to discover the cartography language and its role for the World Constructing. The didactic suggestions have to help for understanding the correlation between cartographic models and cultural political and technical experiences of each society. The study of urban representations and the comparison of modern and contemporary maps are proposed as examples.