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The article is about development of mathematical education and science in Penza region. Author examines main stages of development, classifies institutions of the early XX century and the exam program for the grammar school students. Penza's mathematicians' contribution to world science is mentioned.

For the first time in Russian-language historiography on the basis of an analysis of the most important components of Franco-German cooperation in the field of higher education the evolution of cooperation between higher education institutions of France and Germany in the post-war period is presented. The prerequisites for Franco-German cooperation after the Second World War are determined. The evolution of academic mobility between these countries is considered. The results of activities to create equivalents of documents on higher education in France and Germany are revealed. The Franco-German joint institutions of higher education are characterized. The aim of this work is to consider the evolution of cooperation between France and Germany in the field of higher education in the post-war period of time through the prism of its key aspects. The relevance of this study is due to the lack of research on this issue in Russian-language historiography. In addition, the study of Franco-German relations in the field of science and higher education in the post-war period is also of practical importance, since the experience of this cooperation, or its individual aspects, can be used in the field of higher education and science of our state. As a result of the analysis of key aspects of the Franco-German university cooperation, the following stages were identified in bilateral cooperation. 1. Establishment of Franco-German educational cooperation (1949–1963) – a period of post-war contradictions and the emergence of academic mobility between universities in France and Germany. The intensification of Franco-German cooperation in higher education was due to the unfolding Cold War and the ongoing process of European integration: the cultural sphere acted as a means of overcoming Franco-German antagonism. 2. Franco-German cooperation after the conclusion of the Treaty of Elysee (1963 – the end of the 1970s) – a period of expansion of academic mobility and the creation of new tools for its implementation; at the same time, this period of cooperation was marked by a shift in the attention of the governments of France and Germany towards national education issues. 3. The beginning of the process of institutionalization of Franco-German cooperation (late 1970s – 1993). The transition to the third stage of cooperation is due to the emergence of new trends in bilateral educational partnerships: the creation of coordinating institutes and joint educational institutions and the beginning of solving the problem of equivalence of diplomas. 4. The cooperation of France and Germany after the formation of the EU in 1993 – the Franco-German partnership at the present stage and within the European Higher Education Area. The implementation of the provisions of the Bologna Agreement in practice significantly unified the higher education systems of France and Germany, which facilitated bilateral academic exchanges, and the two countries' participation in European educational programs became an additional incentive for their intensification.

Зиновкина Милослава Михайловна: В статье автор описывает теорию и практику внедрения в школах России и за рубежом авторской системы многоуровневого непрерывного креативного образования NFTM-TRIZ. Эта система с восторгом востребована и реализуется в школах Южной Кореи, в стране, которая за короткое время достигла огромных успехов в своем развитии. Статья адресована учителям школ, гимназий, лицеев; полезна аспирантам и специалистам, работающим в области креативной педагогики.

В статье исследуется влияние меняющихся социокультурных условий разных эпох на определение понятия и содержание воспитания детей и молодежи как общественного явления. Авторы рассматривают различные парадигмы воспитания с позиции содержательного наполнения в зависимости от социальных и культурных условий разных эпох, обосновывают сложности в определении понятия воспитания и его содержания на современном этапе развития российского общества. Воспитание является важной и актуальной проблемой для любых эпох и времен. Каждая эпоха выдвигает социальный заказ по воспитанию человека нового типа. Авторы пытаются рассмотреть сущность такого заказа на современном этапе. В работе использованы методы историко-логического и парадигмального анализа к определению понятия «воспитание» и к его содержанию. В эмпирическом исследовании применялись проективные методы («Неоконченное предложение») и фокус-группа как метод качественной исследовательской стратегии. В статье приводятся и интерпретируются результаты эмпирического исследования проблемы определения понятий «воспитание» и «содержание воспитания», которое заключалось в выявлении мнений будущих педагогов, учителей и родителей об этих понятиях. Результаты теоретического парадигмального анализа понятия воспитания и его содержания не только подтвердили актуальность данной проблемы для каждого исторического периода развития общества, но и выявили некоторые тенденции взаимопроникновения и сосуществования всех парадигм воспитания. Эмпирические результаты показали, что современные родители, студенты – будущие педагоги и учителя не связывают актуализацию проблемы воспитания и его содержания с социокультурной ситуацией.
The article examines the influence of changing socio-cultural conditions of different epochs on the definition of the concept and content of upbringing of children and youth as a social phenomenon. The authors consider various paradigms of education from the position of content depending on social and cultural conditions of different epochs; substantiate the difficulties in defining the concept of education and its content at the present stage of development of Russian society. Education is an important and relevant problem for all epochs and times. Each epoch puts forward a social order for the education of a new type of person. The authors try to consider the essence of such an order at the present stage. The authors use the methods of historical-logical and paradigmatic analysis to define the concept of education and its content. The empirical study used projective methods ("Unfinished sentence") and a focus group as a method of qualitative research strategy. The article presents and interprets the results of an empirical study of the problem of defining the concept of education and its content in the understanding of students, primary school teachers and parents. The results of the theoretical paradigm analysis of the concept of education and its content confirmed not only the relevance of this problem for each historical period of the development of society, but also revealed some trends of interpenetration and coexistence of all paradigms of education. Empirical results showed that modern parents, students (future teachers) and teachers do not associate the actualization of the problem of education and its content with the socio-cultural situation.

The purpose of this article is to show how a coordination of interests in education occurs based on trust. Trust in sociology of education is usually understood as an indicator or a foundation of social consensus. In the latter case, researchers focus on the essential characteristics of trust (transparency, openness, etc.). However, such an understanding only fixates a certain state of interaction, or just prepares the ground for it. In this text, the focus is on ways or strategies of trust. They allow us to see not only the existence of a consensus, but also how it is achieved. In this case, we are not talking about the best or only form of consensus, which is often identified with the notion of ''quality education''. The emphasis is on there existing many forms of consent in the field of education. The source of legitimacy for justifying the transition from single to multiple forms was the joint research work of L. Boltanski and L. Theveno on the problem of reconciliation of interests. Different forms of consent arise when the expectations of interested participants in interactions are justified. Thus, the basis for their occurrence is not a reference to a bad or good education, but to how much it meets expectations or does not meet expectations.

The topic relevance is justified by the mankind intention to protecting and reviving a native language as a process of saving a self-identity and an authentic culture, the modern tendencies on reducing globalization risks regarding the regional and minor languages, search for new effective ways to facilitate and develop them in the modern world. The paper deals with the modern language and education policy of Wales regarding the Welsh language with further adoption of the best practice. The basic methods of the current research are the contrastive analysis of the statutory acts of the government of Wales regarding the results achieved that allow bringing to light the main tendencies and evidences of Welsh in the education sphere of Wales, methods of analysis, synthesis, and systematization. The synthesis of the analysis results shows the trends and handicaps in the implementation process and facilitating the Welsh functional potential in the education system. The statistics analysis of

Methods. Systems thinking is a holistic approach to analysis that focuses on the way that a system's constituent parts interrelate and how systems work over time and within the context of larger systems. The systems thinking approach contrasts with traditional analysis, which studies systems by breaking them down into their separate elements. Systems thinking can be used in any area of research and has been applied to this study. The main drivers of the sector have changed over the last 60 years owing to the political framework and social requirements. They reflect the relation between security of supply and economical and environmental needs. Results. Moreover, many of the large central energy systems are aging. These systems have already exceeded their expected useful lives and are in a failed or failing condition. Their condition threatens mission performance and readiness through increased operation and maintenance costs, significant energy losses, and possible catastrophic failures. Secondly, fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are higher using conventional energy systems without district heating and combined heat-and-power (CHP). CHP plants often operate at very high levels of primary energy efficiency, utilizing up to 93 per cent of the energy in their fuel source to produce electricity and heat. Thirdly, the energy from intermittent/sporadic renewable sources is currently prioritised for input into the grid in many countries. Conslusions. Although the future conditions for district heating may look promising, the current education technology must also be enhanced in order to handle future competition. A plant which is originally a heating plant with boilers may be modernized by adding a CHP unit that consisted of, for instance, a gas-fired turbine that powers an electrical generator. We go on to explain that providers of competency-based training can cost-effectively combine modules of learning into pathways that are agile and adaptable to the changing labor market. They do so by breaking down ...

Дистанционное обучение обладает высоким дидактическим потенциалом, в связи с чем его развитие в Федеральном законе «Об образовании в Российской Федерации» и в Национальной доктрине образования в Российской Федерации до 2025 г. отнесено к основным задачам образования. В работе представлено авторское понимание дистанционного обучения как прогрессивной формы организации учебного процесса, которая использует современные информационные технологии и создает благоприятные условия для онлайн-взаимодействия преподавателей и учащихся. Рассмотрены организационные формы и различные модели дистанционного обучения, его деятельностные функции,а также принципиальное отличие от заочной формы обучения. Обозначены дистанционные платформы, способы и средства, обеспечивающие процесс коммуникации. Выделены проблемы, возникающие в педагогической практике при реализации дистанционного обучения: слабая обеспеченность образовательных учреждений компьютерной техникой; недостаточная готовность педагогов к работе с применением цифровых технологий; низкая готовность учащихся к усвоению учебного материала в режиме самостоятельной работы и обусловленная этим неравномерность учебной нагрузки; трудности идентификации учащихся как субъектов образовательного процесса; отсутствие непосредственного регулярного взаимодействия преподавателя и учащегося, а также учащихся между собой и возникающие в связи с этим трудности организации оперативного контроля и коррекции процесса обучения и ограничение способов воспитательного воздействия виртуальной реальностью в виде текста и видеоматериалов. В качестве перспективного направления дальнейшего развития дистанционного обучения предлагается его интеграция с традиционной формой преподавания и реализация в виде смешанного обучения.
Distance learning has a high didactic potential. Therefore, its development in the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" and in the National Doctrine of Education in the Russian Federation until 2025 is one of the main purposes of education. The paper presents the authors' understanding of distance learning as a progressive form of education that uses modern information technology and creates favorable conditions for online interaction between teachers and students. The paper examines the organizational forms of distance learning, its activity functions, its fundamental difference from external study mode; provides various distance learning platforms, methods and means that ensure the communication process. The problems arising in pedagogical practice in the implementation of distance learning are the following: educational institutions are poorly equipped with computers; teachers are not really ready to work with the use of digital technology; students are hardly able to study independently and as a result they cannot properly handle their study load; difficulties in identifying students as subjects of the educational process; lack of regular direct interaction of the teacher and the student, as well as students among each other; difficulties in real time monitoring and making corrections of the learning process; and limiting the ways of educational impact of virtual reality in the form of text and video materials. As a promising direction for distance learning, the authors suggest that it should be integrated with traditional training and implemented as mixed learning.

The modern technological revolution and changes in the content of work (increasing the creative component) determine the transformation of the place and role of education in the economy. Education is turning into one of the most dynamic spheres of social production. Here, the main resource and potential for the development of the economy and society is formed – the creative potential of a person. These changes require an approach to the development of education as a public good. At the same time, the strengthening of the neoliberal trend in the development of the market capitalist system has led to a decrease in the social responsibility of the state and the market orientation of the social sphere. For example, in education, there is an increase in commercialization and financialization of educational organizations and their participants. This leads to the positioning of education as a service, in particular, commercial. The evolutionary resolution of socio-economic contradictions of education is possible by strengthening the social orientation of a market-oriented system.

Цель статьи – обоснование концепта человекосообразности как основы современного образования. Значение концепта человекосообразности обусловлено наличием множества аспектов в сущности этого понятия и его проникновением во все главные направления образова-тельного процесса. Анализ теоретических исследований показывает, что человекосообразность значительно углубляет представление о смысле образования и роли самого субъекта в нем, в его процессуальной и результативной частях, направленности субъекта образования на постоянное саморазвитие. В статье раскрыто функционально-семантическое поле связанных с концептом «че-ловекосообразность» понятий, аргументируется позиция ученых, разрабатывающих основы ко-гнитивной парадигмы образования, согласно которой именно концепт человекосообразности ак-центирует ценностную составляющую профессиональной подготовки, которая неразрывно связана с личностным становлением. В работе также выделены риски и негативные черты современного образования, которые мешают реализовать задачи человекосообразности в современном университете. Определены направления реализации человекосообразного образования, включая формирование ценностного отношения к личному и профессиональному становлению, содействие развитию целостной картины мира, создание условий для освоения будущими специалистами способов социокультурной рефлексии, навыков, помогающих развитию готовности студентов к продуктивной самоактуализации в избранной специальности и ответственному жизнестроительству.
The purpose of the article is to substantiate the concept of human conformity as the basis of modern education. The value of the concept of human conformity is due to the presence of many aspects in the essence of this concept and its penetration into all the main directions of the educational process. The analysis of theoretical studies shows that human conformity significantly deepens the understanding of the meaning of education and the role of the subject itself in it, in its procedural and productive parts, its focus on continuous self-development. The article reveals the functional-semantic field of concepts related to the concept "humanity", argues the position of scientists developing the foundations of the education cognitive paradigm, according to which, it is the concept of humanness that emphasizes the value component of professional training, which is inextricably linked with personal development. The article also highlights the risks and negative features of modern education, which prevent the imple-mentation of the tasks of human conformity in a modern university. The paper determines the directions for the implementation of human-centered education, including the formation of a value attitude to per-sonal and professional development; promotion of the development of a holistic picture of the world; creation of conditions for future specialists to master the methods of socio-cultural reflection, skills that help develop students' readiness for productive self-actualization in their chosen specialty and responsible life-arrangement.

Presented in this article is a review, which evaluates the current state of Russia's secondary professional education system (SPE), and the degree to which it is prepared to train specialists who would be in demand by an innovative economy. Unlike the higher professional education system, during the last decade SPE has not only ceased to be a government priority, but has also "suffered" to a certain degree due to increased attention on behalf of the federal government towards universities, which have attained special statuses – such as "federal", "research", "supporting". Limited financial resources have been redistributed for the benefit of higher educational facilities, this leading to a decrease in funding for training personnel within SPE, while also harming the resource base. This took a serious toll on those technical colleges which trained specialists in new, promising professions. Given such a situation, communicating with employers becomes one of the key factors. However, the cooperation between SPE facilities and enterprises has been experiencing crisis due to the general decline of a number of manufacturing plants during the post-Soviet period. The study is based on the analysis of official statistical data, materials from sociological surveys, as well as expert opinions. This article consistently analyzes the current state of the SPE system, evaluates the training level of teachers, students' motivation for receiving secondary education, as well as the most popular professions. Special attention is devoted to corporate training acting as the equivalent of SPE, in the form of additional professional training. The article is concluded by examining possible directions for the development of the SPE system, in order to facilitate its adaptation to the demands of an innovative economy. Three possible directions are offered, which might help increase the quality of education within the SPE system, given the current conditions of financial limitations and issues associated with the quality of human resources. This includes cooperation with higher educational facilities, transferring a certain part of educational programs to the premises of employers, and conducting personnel training and advanced training by means of participation in independent programs such as WorldSkills and other such initiatives.

The article is devoted to the interaction of legal and moral development of media technologies in the context of geographical education. The article summarizes the experience of the theoretical analysis of mediatization in geographic education, the legal and moral aspects of the disorders and ways of their prevention and correction in the process of educational interaction between teacher and student, between student and teacher, mediated mediatechnologies. It is noted that geographical education in the modern world is education, which is closely associated with the use of media technologies. In other types of education the role of media technologies in improving the quality of education is less obvious, in the field of teaching and learning geography, it speaks very clearly. Therefore, the problems associated with its mediatization, are very important and their solution is particularly compelling. These issues are primarily associated with actively flowing social, economic, political and ideological crisis in many communities and countries of the Earth. Many of them as in the "mirror" are reflected in the sphere of high technologies, including media technologies. The article provides guidance and direction to the correction of violations at the individual and social levels. ; Статья посвящена проблемам взаимодействия правового и нравственного освоения медиатехнологий в контексте географического образования. Статья обобщает опыт теоретического анализа проблем медиатизации в географическом образовании, правовые и нравственные аспекты нарушений и пути их профилактики и коррекции в процессе учебно- воспитательного взаимодействия ученика и учителя, студента и преподавателя, опосредованного медиатехнологиями. Отмечается, что географическое образование в современном мире – это образование, тесно связанное с применением медиатехнологий. Если в других видах образования роль медиатехнологий в повышении качества образования менее очевидна, то в сфере преподавания и изучения географии она выступает весьма отчётливо. Поэтому и проблемы, связанные с медиатизацией образования, оказываются весьма значимыми, а их решение – особенно настоятельным. Эти проблемы, в первую очередь, связаны с активно протекающим социальным, экономическим, политическим, идеологическим кризисом многих сообществ и стран Земли. Многие из них как в «зеркале» отражаются в сфере высоких технологий, в том числе медиатехнологий. Предлагаются рекомендации и направления коррекции нарушений на индивидуальном и социальном уровнях.

В русских научных и политических кругах не первый год дискутируются вопросы роли молодежных организаций, в том числе – комсомольских, в становлении гражданского общества в СССР. Хотя бурные политические события конца 1950-х – 1960-х годов показали попытку положить конец государственной монополии в политике и экономике, однако эффективное гражданское общество удалось создать только частично. По мнению автора, исследуемые процессы берут начало в недрах советской системы. Особенно после появления первых признаков политического потепления и распространения комсомольских движений. Важную роль в них сыграли студенческие стройотряды, которые функционировали в СССР в исследуемый период.
Цель исследования – охарактеризовать роль студстройотрядов как составляющей комсомольских движений в СССР в 1950-1960-х годах. Задачи исследования – доказать, что студстройотряды, напрямую связанные с комсомольскими движениями, стали важной организацией при советской власти. А также проанализировать комсомольские движения как феномен, который может дать интересное представление о советской власти.
В результатах и выводах исследования можем констатировать, что в России существует много архивов с полезными документами, но, к сожалению, они не всегда доступны широким кругам. В этой статье внимание посвящается комсомольским движениям и деятельности студстройотрядам в СССР, так как это был и остается важный предмет дискуссий, который заслуживает дальнейшего изучения. Историки посвятили комсомолу либо разделы своих книг, либо письменные статьи с очень конкретной и узкой направленностью. Это исследование стремится изучить любые потенциальные источники и получить как можно больше информации о комсомоле в 1950-1960-х годах.