Suchergebnisse

This empirical investigation contrasts urban food sharing practices in community gardens of two global cities facing the problems of urban vacant land and the violation of the right to food. The central inquiry guiding this investigation is: How do the principles of the right to food relate to food sharing practices within Berlin and Rio de Janeiro community gardens, and what factors explain the similarities and differences in these connections within and between these cities? The hypothesis suggests that urban food sharing within community gardens can be linked to right to food. These connections may vary based on unique socioeconomic contexts and urban challenges in each city. To empirically assess this hypothesis, the study formulated the theoretical proposition that the human right to food, the concept of urban commons, and the establishment of community gardens serve as mechanisms for addressing urban land and food crises. Interviews and questionnaires applied between 2019-2023 characterized community gardens' territorial and sociodemographic profiles by engaging with gardeners and experts (40 in total). The data had a thematic coding and analysis, combining deductive and inductive reasoning. The results confirmed the hypothesis. However, agroecological food production emerged as a unifying factor across both cities, demonstrating a shared commitment to sustainable practices. This suggests a significant international step toward social-ecological transformation in urban food and land management. The findings expanded the existing literature on the role of urban agriculture and alert for the necessary promotion and protection of community gardens.

Examining some recent examples from the Court of Justice of the European Union case law, this article intends to unravel the direction to which the European courts turn towards in times of crisis. The fiscal restraint and socioeconomic restructuring dictated by considerations of public debt reduction affect the daily lives of European citizens. However, the crisis and the austerity measures framed by Union law follow the new visibility that fundamental rights assumed in the integration process with the entry into force of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Therefore, in accordance to the moto proclaimed by Cunha Rodrigues, the crisis highlights the role of jurists and, in particular, the judges while guardians of democracy – understood as the safe exercise of fundamental rights. This paper therefore considers the transformative potential of the current crisis and its implications on the deepening of citizenship rights in the European Union. ; A partir de alguns exemplos recentes da jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia, o presente texto pretende desvendar a direção para a qual avançam os tribunais europeus em tempos de crise. As medidas de contenção orçamental e de reestruturação socioeconómica ditadas por imperativos de desendividamento público afetam o quotidiano do cidadão europeu. Contudo, a crise e as medidas de austeridade enquadradas pelo direito da União são contemporâneas da nova visibilidade que os direitos fundamentais assumiram no processo de integração com a entrada em vigor da Carta dos Direitos Fundamentais da União Europeia. Por isso, e indo ao encontro do mote lançado por Cunha Rodrigues, a crise acentua o papel dos juristas e, em especial, dos juízes enquanto garantes da democracia – entendida como o exercício seguro de direitos fundamentais. O presente texto considera, assim, o potencial transformador da atual crise e suas implicações no aprofundamento de uma cidadania de direitos na União Europeia.

Resumo: O controle das políticas públicas, por parte dos tribunais de contas, sempre ensejou muitos debates jurídicos acerca de seus pressupostos e limites, principalmente, em razão de albergar um campo maior para o exercício da discricionariedade administrativa na definição de metas, diretrizes, prioridades e planos de governo para a consecução do interesse público. O exercício dessa importante atividade de controle não é o cerne do problema, considerando que no atual modelo de Estado de Direito não existem mais campos imunes à incidência do direito, o que inclui a própria política, em especial quando se estiver tratando de políticas públicas deficitárias, também chamadas de falhas estruturantes, decorrente do próprio estado de coisas. O mérito das discussões está na efetivação dessas intervenções e ativismos estruturais quando realizados de forma unilateral e antidialógica, sem a realização de um amplo debate democrático, com a utilização de instrumentos de controle consensuais, sob o viés da consequencialidade, oportunizando o alcance de bons resultados práticos e privilegiando o equilíbrio institucional próprio de um governo democrático e com poderes constitucionalmente separados. ; Abstract: The control of public policies by the courts of audit has always given way to countless legal debates regarding their assumptions and limits, mainly in order to encompass a larger field for the exercise of administrative discretion in the definition of goals, guidelines, priorities and government plans to attain the public interest. The exercise of this important control activity is not at the heart of the problem, considering that in the current rule of law model there are no more fields immune to the reach of the law, which includes politics itself, especially when dealing with deficit public policies, resulting from structural failures of the Public Power to protect and promote fundamental rights. The merit of the discussions is in the analysis of the state of things, by the external control bodies, and in the search ...

Os jovens rurais têm diferentes inserções na sociedade. Considerando essas diversidades, pretende-se conhecer seus espaços de formação (escola, família, movimentos sociais), apreendendo as singularidades, as variações e as multiplicidades de suas práticas. Como os jovens na escola, nos cursos de formação, na família, no cotidiano, estão criando e recriando modos de vida? Como os jovens rurais constituem seus espaços de formação e sociabilidade, como exercitam corpo e o pensamento e como canalizam desejos, sonhos e ações afirmativas?

Context: With the growing denunciations of violence and injustices in the social relationship, inside and outside schools, education based on human rights is insurgent in the current system of teaching and learning. Using the concept of school as a process of scientific, social and political construction, we planned the teaching and learning process of chemical interactions using the art of graffiti as a playful activity. Objectives: Reflection on chemistry teaching beyond the concepts of natural sciences, but also towards social issues to promote an education that transfigures the traditional model established by the hegemonic power during Brazilian history. Design: We use an ethnographic case study as a method. Scenario and Participants: In this way, we chose to bring graffiti art to chemistry workshops, since the paints are fixed on urban walls through chemical interactions between substances, building images and/or protest phrases that make us rethink the injustices and inequalities existing in Brazilian society and to dialogue the emergence of this art in the black movement with the political aspects of Human Rights. Thirteen students enrolled in a state basic education high school in the city of Goiânia-GO, Brazil, joined the workshops on Human Rights, Graffiti and Chemistry. Eight graffiti artists also participated in the workshop for free. Data collection and analysis: We used transcripts of semi-structured interviews and video-recorded workshops to categorise the data, analysing them with the Descending Hierarchical Classification technique and the use of dendrograms performed by the Iramuteq Software. Results: We obtained categories that evidence the chemical understanding of the content of chemical interactions and the socio-political understanding of human rights, and seven drawings on graffiti murals that show this correlation. Conclusions: The transgression of morals and the empowerment of the subordinate promote playfulness in the individual or collective social visibility of individuals, enabling better assimilation of scientific and social content.

1. O orçamento é o ato jurídico em que se faz a previsão da receita, autorizando a sua arrecadação, e a fixação da despesa, autorizando, outrossim, a sua execução, relativas a determinado exercício financeiro. Embora o conteúdo do orçamento diga respeito à matéria de Direito Financeiro, pertinente à disciplina da receita e da despesa, a natureza jurídica da fiscalização da execução do orçamento se mantém no campo do Direito Administrativo, não obstante se utilize das normas de contabilidade pública e de técnica econômico-financeira para levá-la a cabo. Destarte, permanece no Direito Administrativo o estudo dos órgãos de controle do Estado quanto a atividade dos ordenadores da despesa e pagadores de contas, e os atos jurídicos de efetivação desse controle.Esse controle da execução do orçamento se faz através do Poder Executivo, por órgão do Ministério da Fazenda ou das Finanças, que acompanham a gestão financeira dos diferentes órgãos do Estado, e se denomina fiscalização interna; e, através do Poder Legislativo, valendo-se de pareceres de suas Comissões de Finanças ou Tomadas de Contas, e, especialmente, de órgão administrativo, autônomo, de cúpula colegiada ou individual, seu delegado, e auxiliar, ou melhor, colaborador, na verificação das contas dos órgãos do Estado, independente do Poder Executivo, e esse controle se denomina fiscalização externa.Ao Legislativo compete não só a aprovação do orçamento como a fiscalização última da sua fiel execução. Objetiva garantir o efetivo cumprimento do orçamento, quanto a receita e despesa. Sem a devida tomada de contas, os orçamentos se constituiriam em formalidades inúteis e seria impossível a apuração de responsabilidade dos agentes ordenadores e pagadores da despesa. 2. Como órgão auxiliar do Legislativo nessa tarefa de controle de contas do Executivo se cogitou, nos países latinos da Europa, do Tribunal de Contas, também denominado Conselho de Contas ou Corte de Contas, cujos membros, chamados Ministros ou Conselheiros, gozam de imunidades que asseguram a sua ...

This article intends to reflect not only on the responsibility but also on the constraints that educational systems have as regards political culture. Especially contemporary political culture, whose main characteristic seems to be not to consider the basic principles of democracies. We will try to justify the hypothesis that critiques to education, especially to formal education, demand from school. That is, to educate a citizen able to think and act against the predominant cultural currents in society either in the area of the formation of the individual autonomy or in the citizen´s collective responsibility of social participation. To define this analysis we are going to focus on the complex relationship between education, political violence and human rights. ; El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre la responsabilidad, pero también sobre los condicionantes que los sistemas de educación tienen con respecto a la cultura política. Especialmente la cultura política contemporánea, cuya característica central parece ser el poner entre paréntesis principios elementales de las democracias. Trataremos de justificar la hipótesis que las críticas a la educación, sobre todo a la educación sistemática, derivan de exigirle a la escuela, en todos sus niveles, que forme un ciudadano capaz de pensar y actuar contra las corrientes culturales predominantes en la sociedad, sea en el campo de la formación de la autonomía del individuo, sea en la responsabilidad colectiva de participación social del ciudadano. Para delimitar el análisis nos vamos a centrar en la compleja relación entre educación, violencia política y derechos humanos. ; O presente trabalho visa refletir sobre a responsabilidade, mas também acerca das condições que os sistemas de ensino têm em relação à cultura política. Trata-se sobretudo da cultura política contemporânea, cuja característica central parece ser a de subestimar os princípios elementares das democracias. Procuraremos justificar a hipótese de que a crítica à educação, especialmente a educação sistemática, deriva de exigir da escola, em todos os níveis, a formação de um cidadão capaz de pensar e agir contra as correntes culturais predominantes na sociedade, seja no campo da formação da autonomia do indivíduo, seja na responsabilidade coletiva da participação social do cidadão. Para delimitar a análise, vamos nos concentrar na complexa relação entre educação, violência política e direitos humanos.

We cannot deny the advances and achievements after the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and the creation of the Unified and Decentralized Health System (SUDS), the current Unified Health System (SUS). These have been 24 years of learning, with many successes but with the same proportion of failures, which reveal to us the need of adjustments and improvements. The Brazilian Magna Carta, in article 196, states "Health is the right of all and a duty of the State." The World Health Organization conceptualizes it as "the perfect physical, mental, and social well-being". Therefore, some questions arise: what is truly health and what is our role in its promotion? Is it possible to achieve the perfect well-being status? Do we limit ourselves to the prevention and recovery of the biological health? It would be too simplistic to look at health as the "absence of disease". However, it is extremely pretentious to think that we are able to provide total well-being. After all, health is much more than appointments taken by doctors, nurses, and other health professionals. Thus, while health is the right of all, it must be considered in its totality, overcoming the understanding of basic absence of disease to reach the social, psychological, emotional, and spiritual well-being. We must (re) think our role in society because it transcends the care of a sick body or simply the avoidance of sickness. Additionally, we must think about the training of new professionals, whom, in addition to the intellectual, technical, and managerial competence, also need the social political commitment, reflected by the qualities expressed in the articles published in REUOL. Enjoy the reading!

The objective this article is to investigate the problem of the formalism in moral giving emphasis to G. W. F. Hegel and its Philosophy of Right as proposal of objectivation of the normative contents of acting. The intention is to present the version of Hegel for the problem of the formalism in relation the determination of acting in the sphere ethical, politics and legal. For the concretion of such task it is necessary to investigate the consideration concerning the 'Moralität and Sittlichkeit', estimated basic to build a project stuffed for a 'Philosophy of Right' and the figure of the State politician. The contributions of Hegel to effectuate the proposal of overcoming of the formalism if find in 'Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts: Über die wissenscaftischen Behandlungsarten der Naturrechts and Phänomenologie des Geistes'. The author apresents a clarification some of the main aspects in such a way of the objections how much of the attempts of reply to the problem.

O presente artigo problematiza a incorporação da promoção dos direitos LGBTI nas políticas externas dos EUA e da UE. Em primeiro lugar, examina os principais documentos, discursos e políticas dos dois atores sobre à promoção dos direitos LGBTI no estrangeiro, e as semelhanças e diferenças entre as abordagens de ambos, atendendo às tendências da sua evolução e desenvolvimento contínuo. Em segundo lugar, o artigo analisa as condições internas nos países alvo que são propícias ao sucesso e ao fracasso do apoio internacional aos direitos LGBTI. Finalmente, o estudo apresenta uma visão crítica das medidas que são consideradas necessárias para aumentar a eficiência da promoção dos direitos LGBTI em países com tendências atuais mais negativas e/ou com historiais mais pobres sobre os direitos LGBTI.

From a conception of philosophy that breaks with the philosophical tradition, Wittgenstein presents a human being perspective that surpasses the classic dichotomy between body and soul, legacy by Modernity, when thinking of it as an integrated whole, a psychophysical unit. This understanding is possible thanks to the understanding of philosophy as an activity and not as a theory. At first, the philosopher understood that this activity was limited to the logical analysis of language; however, considering the insufficient approach to dissolve philosophical problems, he gradually adopts the grammatical analysis of ordinary language, which turns to the uses of linguistic expressions, in order to identify the rules that guide the use of words with meaning. And so, attentive to linguistic practices, he understands that the human being is not divided into parts, but, on the contrary, that body and soul constitute a single reality. What is internal to the subject (the soul) becomes visible through the external (the body) from its behavior in the world, and this is how the human being can be understood according to Wittgenstein. Considering that the Wittgensteinian conception of human being is an offshoot of his concept of philosophy, the article first presents the development of his understanding of philosophy to then detail the concept of human being that constitutes and is understood through the language itself.

This article aims to analyze, from the work Truth and Method, as main perspectives that can support a hermeneutic philosophical device inherent as human sciences. The main hypothesis is that Gadamer develops a non-methodological reflection for human sciences guided by the inextricable relationship between critical hermeneutics and language, understood as the dialogic way of interpreting interpretation. To develop such a hypothesis, three moments are relevant: the first moment presents Gadamer's non-methodological path from the appropriation of the concepts of touch, game and art. In the second moment, the security or maturation of hermeneutic devices in the human sciences, based on the notion of hermeneutics of fatality developed by Heidegger. In the third moment, use the approximation between hermeneutics and language as a point of dialogue with tradition, thus bringing it to the fore of the historic and effective conscience. It was concluded that the hermeneutic constitution of the human sciences has as main objective to prepare a hermeneutic conscience.

There is no doubt that human beings have a right to nutrition and hydration as a basic support for life. Prolonged deprivation of sufficient amounts of food results in development of malnutrition, which is incompatible with survival through deterioration of health. More specifically, disease (particularly infections through loss of immune defense), disabilities and ultimately death are common malnutrition consequences. There is strong general awareness that the right to be nourished is jeopardized by natural, social and economic hurdles that still affect a large, but fortunately decreasing proportion of humankind. Ensuring adequate food availability for all is therefore a strong priority in political agendas worldwide. ; No hay duda de que los seres humanos tienen derecho a la nutrición y a la hidratación como soporte básico para la vida. La privación prolongada de cantidad suficiente de alimento da como resultado el desarrollo de desnutrición, el deterioro de la salud, lo que compromete la supervivencia del individuo. Más específicamente, la enfermedad (en particular las infecciones por pérdida o deficiencia de la defensa inmune), las discapacidades y, en última instancia, la muerte son consecuencias comunes de la desnutrición. Existe una fuerte conciencia generalizada de que el derecho a ser alimentado se ve comprometido por obstáculos naturales, sociales y económicos que todavía afectan a una gran proporción de la humanidad, pero afortunadamente decreciente. Por lo tanto, garantizar una disponibilidad adecuada de alimentos para todos es una prioridad importante en las agendas políticas de todo el mundo. ; Não há dúvida de que os seres humanos têm direito à nutrição e hidratação como suporte básico para a vida. A privação prolongada de quantidades suficientes de alimentos resulta no desenvolvimento de desnutrição, que é incompatível com a sobrevivência pela deterioração da saúde. Mais especificamente, doenças (principalmente infecções por perda da defesa imunológica), deficiências e, finalmente, a morte são ...