Suchergebnisse

The article analyzes the main stages of the formation and development of mediation in the resolution of labor disputes in foreign countries. The reasons that contributed to the process of formation of mediation for the resolution of individual and collective labor disputes are analyzed, the main models of mediation used for their solution are determined. The development of mediation is one of the priority directions of improvement of existing mechanisms for resolving disputes and protecting violated subjective rights in various spheres of public life, including labor relations. The question of the expediency of the use of mediation for the settlement and resolution of labor disputes and the prospects for its application is relevant in the context of Ukraine's European integration. It should be borne in mind that the issue of conciliation procedures is covered by numerous recommendations and decisions of the Council of Europe. All this necessitates the study of the legislation of foreign countries on mediation in the resolution of labor disputes, peculiarities of application, approaches to the implementation of mediation in order to integrate it into the judicial system of Ukraine in accordance with European standards. The practice of solving labor disputes in the western countries is clearly demonstrating the active and successful use of mediation, its high performance. The main prerequisite for its implementation is the initiative of the parties, the involvement of the mediator in resolving the dispute, the confidence in the greater possibilities of mediation, the understanding that traditional litigation is not able to meet the needs of the parties to the dispute in full. After all, the court, in resolving a labor dispute, considers only legal aspects, regardless of psychological and other factors. An important factor in the impact on the development of mediation is state support, legislative provision of the procedure for conducting, financing, and encouraging mediation by the court. Mediation in each country ...

The paper examines the foreign policy strategy of President Collor in the relations between Brazil and the European Union. Brazilian foreign policy was aimed at integrating the country into the world economy and politics. With the beginning of his presidential term, Collor determined to identify new goalposts for the country's foreign policy. The president supported the idea of modernizing and developing the own foreign policy concept so that Brazil would take its place among the «first world» countries. Therefore, his government was for the formation of new foreign policy priorities that would have included relations with the developed countries. Obviously, Collor was aware that in a mutually dependent world, which was going through changes and deep transformations, no single country, including Brazil, was guarded against the risks existing in international politics. Consequently, the relations with the EEC were of great importance for the Brazilian government. The Brazilian leadership considered the relationship with the EEC as one of the foreign policy priorities and the important guideline aimed to fulfil the long-term interests of the country in the political, trade, economic and social spheres. In practice, the volition of the government of Collor to develop relations with the EEC took the form of the world tour to twelve countries of the world, which had to help restoring the confidence in Brazil. The tour was due to the need to attract investors to Brazil. The above-mentioned factors contributed to the emergence in Brazil of a new foreign policy model – presidential diplomacy. Indeed, under the new conditions, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was assigned a secondary part in the formation of foreign policy, while the President directly took an active part in the implementation of the foreign policy line of the country. Also, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs did not play a major role in shaping the foreign policy and implementing a foreign policy strategy. It is determined that diplomatic interest from the EEC towards Brazil had increased and vice versa. Thus, getting acquainted with the Brazilian experience of conducting foreign policy, will promote the development and formation of the Ukrainian foreign policy course. ; У статті розглянуто зовнішньополітичну стратегію президента Коллора у відносинах між Бразилією й Європейським Союзом. Бразильська зовнішня політика була спрямована на те, щоб вбудувати країну у світову економіку та політику. З'ясовано, що у бразильській зовнішній політиці з'явився такий термін як президентська дипломатія. Міністерство закордонних справ не мало головної ролі у формуванні зовнішньої політики, а президент безпосередньо брав активну участь у виконанні зовнішньополітичної стратегії країни. Визначено, що зріс дипломатичний інтерес з боку ЄЕС щодо Бразилії та навпаки.

Contemporary diplomacy will largely depend on the path to the creation of a new world order. There are different options for the political structure of the world: from the unipolar / multipolar world to the world government. The role of non-state actors will increase in the international arena, while the process of eroding national sovereignty will continue. In this regard, diplomacy faces serious tests of strength, it will have to adapt to current conditions, as well as perform a joint function between state and non-state actors in international relations. Information flows become the levers of governance, namely, socio-economic, socio-political, international processes. Today we can speak of "the emergence of a global information industry that is undergoing a period of technological convergence, organisational combinations, legislative liberalisation, and the role of knowledge, information in economic development, the emergence of new forms of the "electronic" democracy, structural changes in employment". The role of international organisations in international relations has undergone qualitative changes. They have become auxiliary tools for solving particular problems of interaction of sovereign states into a segment of international life. International organisations play an extremely important role in conflict resolution. Conflict prevention is becoming increasingly important in their activities. The mechanism for resolving conflicts by organisations is predominantly political in nature, but it is based on international law.

The article analyzes one of the debatable issues related to the violation of human rights - the practice of the use of the death penalty. Today, the death penalty institution is predominantly recognized as inhuman and is not used as a punishment. However, despite the marked tendency to abolish the death penalty, some countries not only have a legislative basis for this institution, but also use it in practice. The study found that the institution of the death penalty, although it is considered a violation of fundamental human rights and is actively condemned by international organizations, is used both in countries with authoritarian political regimes and with democratic ones. One such state is the United States of America. The practice of this country on the application of such punishment as the death penalty is analyzed. It is established that, in contrast to the beginning of the 19th century, when the death penalty in the United States was used for a significant part of crimes, today this type of punishment is not overly common. Legal norms to some extent limit the use of the death penalty in relation to certain categories of citizens, however, official statistics indicate the annual execution of about thirty relevant sentences. The analysis showed a wider practice of using the death penalty as a punishment in authoritarian countries. Moreover, the analysis of statistical data in them is difficult due to the official prohibition of disclosure established by the authorities. Unlike states with a totalitarian political regime, in authoritarian countries, in practice, it is possible to be exempted from such a punishment as the death penalty by amnesty on behalf of the head of state. The study also showed the vigorous activity of international organizations, in particular the UN, in the field of promoting the complete abolition of the death penalty in the world. Today, thanks to the work of the United Nations, the use of this type of punishment as the death penalty is significantly limited due to the binding ...

The protection of intellectual property was crucial for stimulating innovation even before the word coronavirus became widespread. Without the protection of the ideas of the enterprise and the individual, scientists and inventors would not be able to take full advantage of their inventions and would focus less on research and development. Likewise, if artists do not receive full remuneration for their artwork, cultural viability suffers as a result. Several studies have shown that most US small businesses are unaware that their US patent or trademark does not protect them in other countries. If such a company is a real or potential exporter, it may find that foreign manufacturers have copied products, packaging, and business plans, even though the company has never done business abroad. Foreign forgers can easily steal product images, brochures and logos from a website and register these materials as their own inventions in their home country if the company has not registered them in the inventor's home country. For this reason, various national governments have begun to take practical steps to monitor intellectual property policies. The objective of this paper is to briefly describe the problems in the political dimension of the industry.

Zsfassung in engl. Sprache

Introduction. One of the industries that can form the basis for the formation of «growth points» in the economy and promote the diffusion of innovation is biotechnology. The use of biotechnology helps to solve economic problems: overcoming the shortage of resources, solving energy problems through the development of bioenergy, waste processing, improving the quality of food for humans, animal feed and biomass for industrial use, creating highly effective drugs and more. At the same time, the innovative activity of enterprises in the field of biotechnology is associated with high commercial risks: the need for significant financial investments and basic technologies, long payback period, imperfect legal framework, complex commercialization mechanisms, the need to address intellectual property rights. Therefore, the country must create conditions for the development of biotechnology, and the state must play a key guiding role in this process.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine the conditions for intensifying the development of biotechnology within national models.Results. The article considers the conditions for intensifying the development of biotechnology in the country. The study of foreign experience in the development of biotechnology allows to form a national model of biotechnology, taking into account available resources and positive experience in developing effective mechanisms of state support for relevant industries. Opportunities for the development of biotechnology exist not only in developed countries, but also in developing countries. By forming «growth points», priorities in the development of biotechnology and creating favorable conditions for the development of research and commercialization in this area, each state can strengthen its competitive position in this market. Mechanisms of adaptation of effective methods of management of development of biotechnologies from experience of the developed countries and the developing countries for the Ukrainian innovative policy in the field of biotechnologies are proved.Originality. The definition of the national model of biotechnology development as a system of organization of economic relations taking into account historical features, level of economic development, scientific and technological, social, ecological and cultural features is formulated. Models of development of the biotechnological sector are classified into three groups: model of sustainable development, conservative model, model of catching up development.Conclusion. Biotechnology is a high-risk industry that requires significant investment, although if successful, it can bring significant commercial success. Therefore, the role of the state should be significant in terms of direct and indirect support for this innovative business. The choice of biotechnology development model depends on the available resource potential and the level of available technologies, the level of production development, infrastructure and institutional environment. Prospects for further research are related to the formation of mechanisms for government incentives for biotechnology within national models. Under the condition of activation of factors-stimulators of development, a favorable environment for the development of biotechnologies is created. However, if there are disincentives in the economy, they can be a barrier to the development of biotechnology, even with significant public funding for biotechnology. The choice of regulatory tools in a country depends on the resource potential, development priorities, the level of infrastructure development, the innovative potential of the business.

Досліджено відносини між Україною і Росією. Проаналізовано доктрину євразійства щодо України. Окреслено перспективи відносин України з Росією. ; The thesis indicates attitudes between Ukraine and Russia. The given research analyzes the doctrine of Eurasian in relation to Ukraine. Еxamines the prospects of attitudes of Ukraine and Russia.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the outcome for the political crisis in Russian- Ukrainian relations.Achieving this goal involves research addressing the following main objectives:- Consider the statements of some politicians, leading Ukrainian and foreign experts , political scientists about the causes and consequences of the political crisis in the Ukrainian -Russian relations;- Consider the forecasts of leading Ukrainian and foreign experts , political scientists to resolve the political crisis;- Analyze results of sociological research on topical issues of Ukrainian- Russian relations;- Analyze the response of the international community on the situation in Ukraine and the actions of the Russian Federation. ; Исследованы отношения между Украиной и Россией. Проанализирована доктринаевроазиатства касательно Украины. Обозначены перспективы отношений Украины с Россией.

The Republic of Azerbaijan's state hood development process state and stages, the features of which are determined by the specifics of history, geographical, geopolitical, national, and cultural factors, are considered. The role of the nation-state as the only possible political institution that can defend national interests both within the country (in the economic, sociocultural, domestic political spheres) and in the international arena is highlighted. The growing role of the modern state in preserving its sovereignty in the era of the formation of a multipolar post-globalization world and the effective use of its own natural and other resources for the benefit of the citizens of their country is emphasized. Particular attention is paid to the relations of Azerbaijan as one of the countries of the South Caucasus with powerful geopolitical actors, with the European Unionin particular. The presence of the unresolved problem of the prolonged Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, which is a threat to the national sovereignty of Azerbaijan, is brought up. The specifics of Azerbaijan's relations with the European Union are explained, namely: on the one hand, the importance of Azerbaijan as a transit country and supplier of gas and oil resources of the Caspian basin to the EU, and on the other hand, constant pressure on the political leadership of Azerbaijan to force them to make structural political changes and steadily implement generally accepted in Western Europe, democratic principles and values. The gradual transformation of the policy of the European Union itself is emphasized in the sense of closer proximity to a realistic assessment of its relations with member countries, neighboring countries, and associate members. ; Розглянуто стан та етапи процесу розбудови державності Азербайджанської Республіки, особливості якого зумовлені специфікою історії, географічними, геополітичними, національно-культурними факторами. Висвітлюється роль національної держави як єдино можливого політичного інституту, який спроможний відстоювати національні інтереси як всередині країни (в економічній, соціокультурній, внутріполітичній сферах), так і на міжнародній арені. Підкреслюється зростаюча роль сучасної держави у збереженні свого суверенітету в епоху формування багатополярного постглобалізаційного світу та в ефективному використанні власних природних та інших ресурсів на благо громадян своєї країни. Особлива увага приділяється взаєминам Азербайджану як однієї з країн Південного Кавказу з потужними геополітичними акторами, зокрема с Європейським Союзом. Вказується на наявність нерозв'язаної проблеми тривалого армяно-азербайджанського конфлікту, що є загрозою національному суверенітету Азербайджану. Пояснюється специфіка відносин Азербайджану з Євросоюзом, а саме, з одного боку, значимість АР як країни-транзитера й постачальника газонафтових ресурсів Каспійського басейну для ЄС, а з іншого – постійний тиск на політичне керівництво Азербайджану з метою змусити запроваджувати структурні політичні зміни та неухильно виконувати загальноприйняті у Західній Європі демократичні принципи та цінності. Підкреслюється поступова трансформація політики самого Євросоюзу у сенсі більшої наближеності до реалістичної оцінки своїх відносин з країнами-членами, країнами-сусідами та асоційованими членами.

The proposed article examines the process of transformation of UkrainianPolish bilateral good neighborly relations to the level of strategic partnership, which took place in the late 90s of the twentieth century. In official international practice and scientific literature, 1997 is considered to be the milestone from which the strategic partnership in modern Ukrainian-Polish relations is counted. The Republic of Poland and Ukraine jointly developed and tested mechanisms for the implementation and coordination of their strategic interests in the field of regional security, foreign policy, bilateral cooperation, and military cooperation. The political will of the leaders of both countries and the political establishment found expression in the formation of a strategic partnership, which is equally important for both Ukraine and Poland. The strategic partnership of the two countries at the beginning of the XXI century is constantly strengthened by cooperation within the existing interstate mechanisms and relies on a coherent regulatory framework, acting as a major driver of development and deepening of bilateral cooperation not only in politics but also in economics, cross-border and humanitarian cooperation. It is clear that the deepening of the Ukrainian-Polish strategic partnership in the future will depend on a number of factors and will be implemented in the context of serious geopolitical changes in Central and Eastern Europe. Therefore, at the present stage, the issue of formation and implementation of new strategic tasks is on the agenda of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland, based on the analysis of the political situation, economic realities, and so on. Despite some problems in the field of historical memory, the existing partnership between the two countries is mutually beneficial and has significant prospects.