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Despite the fact that historians almost always recognized that time is important for historiography or simply identified time with history (like Jules Michelet, who said that history is time, or Marc Bloch, who called history the science of people in time), only recently the necessary prerequisites were formed for historical time (its nature, structure, models of periodization and ways of experiencing) to become the direct subject of modern theory of history. This new state of affairs in the field of theory is today more and more often referred to as the temporal turn.

The article examines and analyzes the image of the Ottoman Empire as an enemy of Russia during the First World War, which was formed in the minds of its readers by domestic pre-revolutionary journalists on the pages of the periodical «Chronicle of the War of 1914–1917» in the first years of this military clash. This article can be useful to all those who are interested in both the history of World War I and the history of Russian journalism at the beginning of the XX century.

The article discusses the coverage of the subject of the Holocaust in contemporary Russian textbooks on history of Russia and world history in accordance with certain substantive and methodological lines.

The paper considers the problem of the Siberian region general crisis of the 1917 spring. The internal and external contradictions of the transformation process of socio-economic and political relations in Siberia are examined in terms of the post-February all-Russian revolutionary crisis development. The understanding of the socio-political Russian crisis in the spring of 1917, emerging after the February political coup, is essential in studying the revolutionary соnversion process of the early twentieth century Russian society, as this crisis has generally become the turning point in the country's history and objectively led to the October political coup. The Russian revolutionary crisis constituents, its foreign and domestic manifestations require careful investigation in the issue formulation presented in the paper. The development specifics of the revolutionary crisis in the spring of 1917 in the trans-Uralian agricultural colony of the Russian Empire is of scientific interest, as well as the finding of its anti-crisis development scenarios in the paper presented period. The development of the nationwide crisis in Russia in the early twentieth century, due to the complex and contradictory processes of Russian society modernization in completing the industrial civilization and transition to the imperialist development stage, was complicated by the "Siberian historical issues" in the Siberian region. A set of these issues include the incompleteness of the regional peasantry land management, the contradictions between the old peasantry and Stolypin migrants, and also between the peasantry and the privileged regional Cossacks, the agricultural products export problems from Siberia to domestic and foreign markets, or marketing crisis, the contradictions between the regional and metropolis bourgeoisie, or the issue of the Siberians economic inequality, the local industry underdevelopment and the complete dependence of the local population on the factory products supplying from European Russia, or supply crisis, the lack of a country council, or the administrative inequality of Siberia as a colony and metropolis, etc. During the First World War, these problems worsened and led Siberia to a revolutionary situation. Started in Russia in February 1917, the revolution was an attempt to solve the "Siberian historical issues" personally by the regional population, whose social activity ultimately led to an acute socio-political crisis of Siberia, which became a part of the national post-February revolutionary crisis.

In this article on the basis of previously unknown documents, learned by the author from the State archive of the Stavropol region, the State archive of the contemporary history of the Stavropol region, the State archive of Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the branch of the State archive of Karachay-Cherkess Republic "The Centre of documentation of contemporary history", the Central State archive of Republic of Dagestan, the author studies the Institute of censorship in Karachay Autonomous Region during the years of cultural construction. For the first time in the historiography she examines censorship in national book in Karachay regional national Publishing House. The author found that during the formation of the State regional Litho special attention was paid to social origin for censor, as it must have been a member or a candidate for VKP(b), komsomol and proletarian. The formation of the Institute of political control of books began in the 1930s, however, and at the beginning of the 1940s the State of Karachay Regional national publishing house has not been strengthened. Karachay regional Litho widely used normative documents Glavlit and North Caucasus Regional Litho. Archival documents testify to arrests of authors, compilers and interpreters of educational-methodological and socio-political literature that stood at the origins of the formation of the Karachay books. The holdings of libraries, bookstores and warehouses carried out regular withdrawal of books in the karachay language. On the basis of the analysis of the extensive archival material involved into scientific circulation for the first time, the author comes to the conclusion that the formation of the institution of censorship in Karachay autonomous region, which was started in 1930, continued till 1940. The political control of books and manuscripts was established in the publishing house. The author concludes that Karachay national book was under total control of censors, political editors and reviewers.

В статье дан анализ исламизма как социально-политического течения, рассмотрены его многочисленные социальные функции, широкая общественная поддержка, глубокие народные корни, объяснены причины его многоликости. Показано, что умеренный исламизм в отличие от радикального стремится интегрироваться в легальное политическое пространство, а потому может быть союзником в борьбе с радикальным исламизмом, так же как и сильные светские политические режимы. Рассматривается история появления исламизма с конца XIX в.: он возник как ответ на западную империалистическую экспансию, разгром Османской империи и отмену османского халифата. Началом организованного исламистского движения стало возникновение "Братьев-мусульман" в Египте в конце 1920-х гг. Показаны основные вехи развития исламизма, причины так называемого Исламского возрождения с конца 1970-х гг. и роста исламского терроризма, а также современное состояние исламизма.

The living conditions of the Soviet prisoners in the late 1940-early 1950s according to returns of the prosecutor's office of Pskov region. This article considers the living conditions of the Soviet prisoners in the late 1940 - early 1950s. It is based on the archival documents of the prosecutor's office of Pskov region. The article would be useful and interesting for those, who is interested in the history of Soviet law-enforcement system.

This paper presents an article by Rabbi Dr. S. Levi published in 1921 in Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums about French Jewish army rabbis and Jewish praying books from World War One distributed among Jewish soldiers in French Army. Levi served himself as an Army Rabbi in German army. He used his own experience to highlight the most interesting and significant features of French approach toward Jewish military service in time of war. This article of Rabbi Levi serves as an example of continuation of the pre-war GermanJewish self-identification as both culturally German and religiously Jewish. However, it also presented an interesting depiction of the technical details about French Army praying book. In contrast to German Jewry, their French counterparts published praying book under the auspices of the Chief Rabbi of France and distributed in with the help of his office. Levi pointed out that these praying books reflect in their content the original war time religiosity, which was still important to reconstruct and to reflect about in the after war epoch. The Great Rabbi of France gave his sanctions for the publishing the Prayer for the War Time and Prayer for France, both prayers bore his name and originated in the years 1914-1915. Dr. Levi justly saw in the figure of the Great Rabbi a central authority for the Jews in the French uniform. The French praying book was designated not only for the French Jews of European origin who mostly had had Alsace and Lorraine roots, but also for the Sephardic Jews from the French colonies in North Africa (Morocco and Algiers). Because of this fact, this praying book was different in its content from both German Jewish praying books. It provided two versions of the Hebrew texts in accordance to Ashkenazi and Sephardic rites. Both versions, the Ashkenazi (and the German one as Dr. Levi called it) and the Sephardic were printed together. Dr. Levi thought that it was necessary to highlight the differences between these two Jewish rites. He found that there elements in general were of great importance whereas his Ashkenazi German readers would find it confusing to differentiate between ritual nuances with their Sephardic co-religionists, namely in the conducting the death-, burial- and mourning praying ceremonies. In accordance to the articles published in the Monatsschrift Jewish experiences during the First World War were positively evaluated by their German co-religionists.

The author deals with the historical aspect of the protection of public order and the fight against
crime in the most difficult period in the history of Russia – the establishment of Bolshevik power and complete scrapping the existing law enforcement apparatus. He analyzes the problem of creating Soviet law enforcement agencies in the Tyumen region.