Suchergebnisse

The article presents data on the prevalence of hormonal disorders and the establishment of their relationship between the state of mental health and the functional state of body systems in women who participated in hostilities who suffered contusions. The objective: to establish the relationship between the indicators of hormonal homeostasis in women–participants of hostilities of reproductive age, who suffered injuries, and the state of their mental and physical health. Materials and methods. In the last few years, 55 women of reproductive health were excluded (the main group and the group of children), who took part in the fighting women and became aware of contusions, the middle age of the situation was 27.08±4.23. Term perebuvannya in the zone of fighting days 29.34±9.21 months, an hour from the moment of rejection of a light traumatic ear injury (contusion) 18.8±9.2 months. The control group received data from 65 civilian women of reproductive health (average age 32.21±7.32). In the main group, 20 women of reproductive age may have traces of contusion in patients with post-concussion syndrome (F7.02 for MKH-10) and 35 women of reproductive age in the group of children who do not have traces of contusion in patients with post-concussion syndrome. Results. Statistically significant deviations in the indicators of autonomic regulation, levels of gonadotropic and steroid hormones, as well as an integrated indicator of pathology in comparison with civilian women. It has been proven that women servicemen, participants in hostilities who have suffered contusions, acquire reproductive health disorders due to the impact of both traumatic brain injury and stress factors associated with military service. Conclusions. This justifies the feasibility of developing a program of medical and psychological support for women servicemen and appropriate medical and psychological rehabilitation of veterans, aimed at their full adaptation to peaceful life.

The aim of this article is to find out the logic of modern sociocultural environment within a historical process (in the context of A. Giddens', U. Beck's, P. Sztompka's and Z. Bauman's researches). The article deals with a history as a process of permanent learning, and the era of modernity is interpreted as the radicalization of this process. A history of the human community constitutes itself through the constant reproduction and changing of social practices. Each society should be understood as a process, which models of social life are being internalizing, externalizing and changing. So the learning could be described as a fundamental mechanism of social history. The phenomenon of learning means the practice of productive sociocultural creativity. The learning solves the social life problems: it tends to overcome unfeasibility, incoherence and imperfection of social life. Thereby a history as the learning process is directed to increase the human control over the natural and mental environments. Therefore discovering of the modern epoch's specificity as a situation of dynamicity, changeability, plurality, globality of social practices allows to assert that the learning is the engine of social life in contemporaneity. Moreover the life in the era of modernity should be understood as a radical learning. The situation of posttraditionalization and loss of identity requires sociocultural activity so that a society could stably keep the historical course. Such a radical learning, activity could be understood in the modernity as «colonization of the future», in other words as the social trust and the rationalization. Problems of social life in the era of modernity are overcoming by means of the trust and rationalization. In order to ensure control over the natural and the mental environments, an active modern humanity must always deal with the open future. That is to say with the risk and the uncertainty. The ontological security of posttraditional human could be restored only by «colonization of the future», as a necessary condition for further sociocultural construction of reality. In this way contemporary human's understanding of history and the era of modernity is a principal peculiarity of one's social life. It means that the continuity of contemporary social existence is made possible by pointed understanding. ; Метою даної розвідки є з'ясування логіки сучасного соціокультурного середовища в межах процесу історії (у контексті досліджень Е. Ґіденса, У. Бека, П. Штомпки та З. Баумана). У статті розглядається історія як процес перманентного навчання, а доба модерності осмислюється як радикалізація цього процесу. Виявлено, що історія людської спільноти улаштовує себе через постійну репродукцію та зміну соціальних практик. Відтак феномен навчання може бути окреслений як фундаментальний механізм історії суспільства. Адже будь-яка соціокультурна практика як навчання вирішує проблеми соціального життя: тяжіє до подолання його нереалістичності, некогерентності і недосконалості. З'ясовано, що у такий спосіб історія як процес навчання спрямована до все більшого контролю суспільства над природним та ментальним середовищами. Далі – розкриття специфіки модерної доби як ситуації динамічності, мінливості, множинності, ґлобальності соціальних практик дає змогу автору стверджувати, що навчання у сучасності є рушієм соціального життя. Більш того, життя у добу модерності слід розуміти як радикальне навчання. Адже ситуація посттрадиціоналізації і втрати ідентичностей вимагає соціокультурної активності для того, аби суспільство могло стабільно зберігати історичний плин. Таке радикальне навчання, активність можуть розумітися у модерності як «колонізація майбутнього», тобто як соціальна довіра і раціоналізація. Бауман З. (2008). Текучая современность. СПб.: Питер. Бойченко І. В. (2000). Філософія Історії. Київ: Знання. Бойченко М. (2015). Історичне становлення інституційних засад критичного мислення: економічний, релігійний, мистецький та віртуальний виміри. Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 2 (17), 132-152. Бойченко М. І. (2011). Системний підхід у соціальному пізнанні: ціннісні та функціональні аспекти. К.: Промінь. Бойченко М. (2009). Цінності як категорія філософії освіти (соціально-філософський та філософсько-антропологічний ракурси). Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 1-2 (8), 99–107. Гидденс Э. (2011). Последствия современности. М.: Издательская и консалтинговая группа «Праксис». Гидденс Э. (2005). Устроение общества: Очерк теории структурации. М.: Академический Проект. Ґіденс Е. (1999). Соціологія. К.: Основи. Ковалев Л. Д. (2000). Э. Гидденс: современный тип социологического теоретизирования. В: История теоретической социологии, в 4-х. т., Т.4. СПб.: РХГИ, 625-658. Мак-Ніл В. (2011). Піднесення Заходу. Історія людської спільноти. К.: Ніка-Центр. Пролеєв С. (2007). Репресивність освіти: вимушена необхідність чи владні зазіхання соціуму? Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 1 (6), 17-27. Пролеєв С. (2014). «Суспільство знань» як антропологічна ситуація. Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 1 (14), 7-24. Штомпка П. (2005). Социология. Анализ современного общества. М.: Логос. Штомпка П. (1996). Социология социальных изменений. М.: Аспект Пресс. Beck, U. & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2002). Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and its Social and Political Consequences. London: Sage. Beck, U., Bonss, W. & Lau, C. (2003). The Theory of Reflexive Modernization: Problematic, Hypotheses and Research Programme. Theory, Culture & Society, 20, 1-33. Giddens, A. (1994). Living in Post-Traditional Society. In: Beck U., Giddens A. & Lash S. Reflexive Modernization. Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Stanford. CA: Standford University Press, 56-109. Giddens, A. (2002). Nowoczesność i tożsamość. "Ja" i społeczeństwo w epoce późnej nowoczesności. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

The main problem of contemporary science of culture is the study of such concepts as cultural communication, acculturation, inculturation, multiculturalism. It is under the influence of the social environment that these concepts go through the process of socialization among individuals to cultural life in a civilized society. The purpose of the research is to provide scientific and theoretical substantiation of the peculiarities of the cultural communication development within society and its social changes through the analysis and comparison of various approaches to studying their cultural interaction. The research methodology consists in the analytical analysis of the cultural communication study on the emergence of social tensions in society. The analysis provides an opportunity to show and analyze the evolution of cultural communication, to follow the essence of cultural concepts and the dynamics of their development. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is that the article analytically analyses the nature of the types of notions of cultural communication and multiculturalism from the side of social tensions in the cultural sphere and pays attention to the study of two directions of the problems of culture – social and culturological. It can be seen that all cultural models or cultural codes are enriched and modernized and penetrate the social processes of society. Today, we can see that human culture constantly borrows various patterns and cultural stamps, and globalization imposes these standards on society, leading to contradictions and tensions among the population in cultural exchange or interaction, which also occurs in world civilizations. What they experienced socially cultural changes that we get as a globalized inheritance. Conclusion: culture is a driving force for the stabilization of political, social, cultural and cultural processes in society and plays an important social role. Cultural globali zation becomes a complex of all interconnected processes, optimization of cultural ...

The article covers the discrepancy between the decline in the social order on the history of pedagogy as a discipline as well as the practical implementation of its achievements and the rapid increase in the number of new researchers. Attention is paid to the professional training of the historians of pedagogy. The analysis on the recent Ph.D theses papers gives reasons to notify that one of the gaps in the professional competence of the young researchers is studying the timeline. The ways to avoid the outdated approaches to the identification and studying the chronological limits and the periodization in historical and pedagogical research were suggested. It was proved that they should be focused on the historical and pedagogical process, not on the events related to the social and political life. It was emphasized that the periodization of the investigated historical and pedagogical process is the author's version only, which can be either perceived by the scholars, or be changed to another one. However, any author's periodization is always a result of the scientist's creative activity and reflects the level of training. Every historical and pedagogical phenomenon certainly has its own periodization in accordance with the causes of its appearance, development and coagulation, which specifies the internal laws of existence. The development of the periodization of a historical and pedagogical phenomenon aims to promote assuring the necessary conditions for a clear structuring of the problem under consideration. Ordering the chronological component not only empowers researchers in highlighting the essence of the historical and pedagogical process, but also increases the quality of scientific studies in the relevant area. It was suggested that the reinforcement of the association of pedagogical historians with young scholars renovates it and makes the necessity to improve the researchers' professional training topical whereas one of its components is chronological competence. ; У статті зосереджено увагу на фаховій підготовці істориків педагогіки. Аналіз дисертаційних досліджень останніх років дає підстави стверджувати, що однією із прогалин у професійній компетентності молодих дослідників є опрацювання хронології. Запропоновано шляхи усунення застарілих підходів до визначення і обґрунтування хронологічних меж та періодизації в історико-педагогічних дослідженнях. Доведено, що вони мають бути орієнтовані на історико-педагогічний процес, а не на події суспільно-політичного життя. Наголошено, що періодизація – це лише авторська версія, яка може сприйматись науковцями, або змінюватися на іншу. Проте, будь яка авторська періодизація завжди є результатом творчої діяльності науковця і відображає рівень його фахової підготовки. Висловлено думку, що поповнення товариства істориків педагогіки молодими науковцями оновлює його склад і актуалізує необхідність удосконалення фахової підготовки дослідників, однією із складових якої є хронологічна компетентність.

The article presents an analysis of various theories of risk. The publication outlines the problem area of the application of the theory of risk to the political process, establishes a general understanding of the definition of risk, reproduces the historical process of creating its classification and typology, analyzes the pre-requisites for the creation of a single concept of risk, the integration of disparate approaches and thoughts, methodological approaches and obtaining new subject knowledge on this basis. The main task is to attract scientists and practitioners to a discussion on one of the most pressing and complex problems and to give impetus to detailed and comprehensive research in this area.The theoretical and conceptual approaches to the definition of risk have been developed in the broad context of the most extreme states of society and reflect the economic, cultural, political, social, environmental, and legal aspects of risk. As a result of multi-dimensionality and universality, the risk is the subject of much interdisciplinary research, and the term itself is a general scientific concept. This indicates an interest in the study of the components of risk phenomena both from the representatives of technical knowledge and, to a large extent, from repre-sentatives of the social sciences. In the dynamics of the growth of risk concepts, the change in the substantive content of risk in the process of development and complication of structures of modern societies is reflected. The transformation of the abstract concept into concrete terms on the basis of subjective advantages and the transition from conceptual thinking to the operational disclosure of a problem is the main task of any science.Today, the theory of risk has entered a new level of cognition, when scientists began to distinguish between theoretical and effective risk, which is related to the concept of endometric risk, which occurs when modeling risky situations, taking into account peculiarities of risk perception by the subject. In the case of social risk, the purpose function refers to the solution of social problems, and political aspects are taken into account in risk factors. On the contrary, for political risk, the goal function is related to political problems, and indicators of social and economic processes are taken into account when it comes to precisely the risk factors. ; В статті представлений аналіз різноманітних теорій ризику. В пу-блікації окреслюється проблемне поле застосування теорії ризику щодо політичного процесу, встановлюється загальне розуміння дефініції ри-зику, відтворюється історичний процес створення його класифікації та типології, аналізуються передумови створення єдиної концепції ризику, інтеграції розрізнених підходів та думок, методологічних підходів та отримання на цій основі нового предметного знання. Головне завдання: залучення вчених і практиків до дискусії з однієї з найактуальніших і най-складніших проблем та надати поштовх до різнобічних та комплексних досліджень в цій галузі.В статті представлений аналіз різноманітних теорій ризику. В пу-блікації окреслюється проблемне поле застосування теорії ризику щодо політичного процесу, встановлюється загальне розуміння дефініції ри-зику, відтворюється історичний процес створення його класифікації та типології, аналізуються передумови створення єдиної концепції ризику, інтеграції розрізнених підходів та думок, методологічних підходів та отримання на цій основі нового предметного знання. Головне завдання: залучення вчених і практиків до дискусії з однієї з найактуальніших і най-складніших проблем та надати поштовх до різнобічних та комплексних досліджень в цій галузі. ; В статті представлений аналіз різноманітних теорій ризику. В пу-блікації окреслюється проблемне поле застосування теорії ризику щодо політичного процесу, встановлюється загальне розуміння дефініції ри-зику, відтворюється історичний процес створення його класифікації та типології, аналізуються передумови створення єдиної концепції ризику, інтеграції розрізнених підходів та думок, методологічних підходів та отримання на цій основі нового предметного знання. Головне завдання: залучення вчених і практиків до дискусії з однієї з найактуальніших і най-складніших проблем та надати поштовх до різнобічних та комплексних досліджень в цій галузі.

The article deals with the heroic fate of the champion of human dignity, a native of the Sivershchyna, Petrо Kalnyshevsky, whose unique fate has touched for three centuries. He was a military and political figure of Ukraine, a diplomat, the last Cossack chieftain of Zaporozhian Sich in 1762 and 1765–1775. The times of modern history of Ukraine not only did not erase the memory of the Cossack glory and other fighters for the freedom of Ukraine, but with new force directed modern Ukrainians to fight for freedom, the democratic principles of the new Ukraine. And the last Otaman of the Zaporozhian Sich, Petro Ivanovych Kalnyshevsky, is one of the outstanding figures in our past, who attracted the attention of political elites, researchers, scientists, and the general public. Under his tireless activity, the Zaporozhian Sich gained not only political but also economic autonomy. And the Kish Otaman himself was the most authoritative person in Ukraine. This gave the opportunity to engage in patronage. Kalnyshevsky is known as a builder of cathedrals and churches in Lokhvytsia, Romny, Pustoviytivka, Mezhyhirsk monastery, Petrykivka. At the same time, he was not just the leader of the Cossacks in the last years of the Sich – he became a reflection of the image of a martyr who suffered in the Solovetsky prison for all three centuries of Cossack freedom. In such a symbolic context, his life and work were perceived during the Ukrainian national revival of the second half of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The heroism of the figure of Peter Kalnyshevsky was inherited after the restoration of Ukrainian statehood in 1991, and it came to an end: the Ukrainian Orthodox Church declared him "holy, righteous".

The urgency of the article is determined by the nature of the dramatic changes in the development of military theory and practice of the postmodern age. Complex use of hybrid, network-centric, pre-emptive types of wars has made some adjustments to the principles of using troops in modern military conflicts. Modern war is based on a postmodern paradigm. It includes the main new probable objects — code, matrix, chaos, and virus. The formation of political chaos in the country and state, changes in the collective and individual consciousness of a human and a society are the main goals of the war of the postmodern age. The postmodern paradigm forms new concepts of war — hybrid, informational, network-centric, and "strategic communications". The problem of using modern types of tactics in hybrid war gave rise to such a phenomenon as "Gerasimov's Doctrine". The military leadership and military science of Russia, based on the experience of the "Arab Spring", state that "color revolutions" are a type of wars in the 21st century. The information component dominates hybrid warfare. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation use the "Gerasimov Doctrine" in the practice of local military conflicts. The views of the military-political leadership of the Russian Federation on modern war can be divided into the following military and non-military components. 1. The idea of discreteness of war. This explains the need to use the protest potential of the enemy's population in hostilities. 2. The concept of continuous war of the National Liberation Army of China uses the power of diaspora in the world to control the situation in the enemy country. In modern Ukrainian reality, this is the concept of the "Russian World". 3. On the basis of the "Ogarkov doctrine", fundamentally new combat units are used — battalion-tactical groups. 4. The concept of "three quarters" claims that the use of criminal elements is an objective element in hybrid war. To this end, the strategy and tactics of the Russian armed forces are actively using the effect of the so-called "terrorist armies". 5. The concept of "hybrid war" is used in "Gerasimov's Doctrine" as a form of asymmetric hostilities. In general, "Gerasimov's Doctrine" can be defined as the dominant military- political principle of the leadership of the Russian Federation. Its main goal is to use the armed forces for the implementation of peacekeeping tasks on the terms of the Russian Federation. Keywords: "Gerasimov's Doctrine", military-political leadership, hybrid war, war in the East of Ukraine, and occupation of the Crimea. ; Вивчення проблематики інформаційної політики України зумовлене завданнями наукового осмислення її як однієї з важливих детермінант зовнішньої та внутрішньої політики держави в контексті її оптимізації та ефективності в умовах інформаційно-психологічного та військового протиборства з РФ на сході держави. Розвиток подій 2014–2020 рр. на теренах України свідчить про системну реалізацію завдань «доктрини Герасимова» у практиці бойового застосування, використання інформаційного тиску, економічних важелів. Метою статті є розкриття сутності поглядів воєнно-політичного керівництва Росії у вигляді їхнього концептуального бачення розвитку воєнної теорії постмодерну в сучасних умовах. Ключові слова: «доктрина Герасимова», воєнно-політичне керівництво, гібридна війна, війна на Сході України, окупація Криму.

The urgency of the article is determined by the nature of the dramatic changes in the development of military theory and practice of the postmodern age. Complex use of hybrid, network-centric, pre-emptive types of wars has made some adjustments to the principles of using troops in modern military conflicts. Modern war is based on a postmodern paradigm. It includes the main new probable objects — code, matrix, chaos, and virus. The formation of political chaos in the country and state, changes in the collective and individual consciousness of a human and a society are the main goals of the war of the postmodern age. The postmodern paradigm forms new concepts of war — hybrid, informational, network-centric, and "strategic communications". The problem of using modern types of tactics in hybrid war gave rise to such a phenomenon as "Gerasimov's Doctrine". The military leadership and military science of Russia, based on the experience of the "Arab Spring", state that "color revolutions" are a type of wars in the 21st century. The information component dominates hybrid warfare. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation use the "Gerasimov Doctrine" in the practice of local military conflicts. The views of the military-political leadership of the Russian Federation on modern war can be divided into the following military and non-military components. 1. The idea of discreteness of war. This explains the need to use the protest potential of the enemy's population in hostilities. 2. The concept of continuous war of the National Liberation Army of China uses the power of diaspora in the world to control the situation in the enemy country. In modern Ukrainian reality, this is the concept of the "Russian World". 3. On the basis of the "Ogarkov doctrine", fundamentally new combat units are used — battalion-tactical groups. 4. The concept of "three quarters" claims that the use of criminal elements is an objective element in hybrid war. To this end, the strategy and tactics of the Russian armed forces are actively using the effect of the so-called "terrorist armies". 5. The concept of "hybrid war" is used in "Gerasimov's Doctrine" as a form of asymmetric hostilities. In general, "Gerasimov's Doctrine" can be defined as the dominant military- political principle of the leadership of the Russian Federation. Its main goal is to use the armed forces for the implementation of peacekeeping tasks on the terms of the Russian Federation. Keywords: "Gerasimov's Doctrine", military-political leadership, hybrid war, war in the East of Ukraine, and occupation of the Crimea. ; Вивчення проблематики інформаційної політики України зумовлене завданнями наукового осмислення її як однієї з важливих детермінант зовнішньої та внутрішньої політики держави в контексті її оптимізації та ефективності в умовах інформаційно-психологічного та військового протиборства з РФ на сході держави. Розвиток подій 2014–2020 рр. на теренах України свідчить про системну реалізацію завдань «доктрини Герасимова» у практиці бойового застосування, використання інформаційного тиску, економічних важелів. Метою статті є розкриття сутності поглядів воєнно-політичного керівництва Росії у вигляді їхнього концептуального бачення розвитку воєнної теорії постмодерну в сучасних умовах. Ключові слова: «доктрина Герасимова», воєнно-політичне керівництво, гібридна війна, війна на Сході України, окупація Криму.

The article analyzes the history of creation and considers the current problems of business planning of new tourist enterprises. The author came to the conclusion that historically the first tourist enterprises appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century. A tourist enterprise is a self-governing entity that owns the rights of a legal entity, which, on the basis of the use of a labor collective of property, produces and sells products, performs work, renders services in the field of tourism.Іn 1872, Т. Cook formed a partnership with his son, John Mason Cook, and renamed the travel agency as Thomas Cook & Son. They acquired business premises on Fleet Street, London. The office also contained a shop which sold essential travel accessories, including guide books, luggage, telescopes and footwear. Thomas saw his venture as both religious and social service; his son provided the commercial expertise that allowed the company to expand.In accordance with his beliefs, he and his wife also ran a small temperance hotel above the office. Their business model was refined by the introduction of the 'hotel coupon' in 1868. Detachable coupons in a counterfoil book were issued to the traveller. These were valid for either a restaurant meal or an overnight hotel stay provided they were on Cook's list.Conflicts of interest between father and son were resolved when the son persuaded his father, Thomas Cook, to retire at the end of 1878. He moved back to Leicester and lived quietly until his death.The firm's growth was consolidated by John Mason Cook and his three sons, especially by its involvement with military transport and postal services for Britain and Egypt during the 1880s, when Cook began organising tours to the Middle East.In 1880, the Italian government joined Cook's tour company. The Italian economy benefited from additional tourism profits in which Cook programmed and executed as a system. Cook certainly played a key role in not only boosting the Italian economy but also bringing atmosphere and morale of Italian unification. Italians physically felt their country from place to place by traveling.By 1888, the company had established offices around the world, including three in Australia and one in Auckland, New Zealand and in 1890, the company sold over 3¼ million tickets.John Mason Cook promoted, and even led, excursions to, for example, the Middle East where he was described as "the second-greatest man in Egypt". However, while arranging for the German Emperor Wilhelm II to visit Palestine in 1898, he contracted dysentery and died the following year.Disclosure of the theme became possible through the use of general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, system, generalization, concreteness, historicism and dialectical method. The scientific research also uses special scientific methods of research: historical-comparative, historical-synthetic, historical-diachronic, empirical analysis, etc. ; У статті проаналізовано історію створення та розглянуто сучасні проблеми бізнеспланування нових туристичних підприємств. Авторка дійшла висновку, що історично перші туристичні підприємства з'явилися у другій половині ХІХ ст. Туристичне підприємство є самостійно господарюючим суб'єктом, що володіє правами юридичної особи, який на основі використання трудовим колективом майна виробляє і реалізує продукцію, виконує роботи, надає послуги у туристичні сфері тощо.Розкриття теми стало можливим завдяки використанню загальнонаукових методів пізнання: аналізу, синтезу, системності, узагальнення, конкретності, історизму та діалектичного. Також використано спеціально наукові методи дослідження: історико-порівняльний, історико-синтетичний, історико-діахронний, емпіричного аналізу тощо.

The article analyzes the history of creation and considers the current problems of business planning of new tourist enterprises. The author came to the conclusion that historically the first tourist enterprises appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century. A tourist enterprise is a self-governing entity that owns the rights of a legal entity, which, on the basis of the use of a labor collective of property, produces and sells products, performs work, renders services in the field of tourism.Іn 1872, Т. Cook formed a partnership with his son, John Mason Cook, and renamed the travel agency as Thomas Cook & Son. They acquired business premises on Fleet Street, London. The office also contained a shop which sold essential travel accessories, including guide books, luggage, telescopes and footwear. Thomas saw his venture as both religious and social service; his son provided the commercial expertise that allowed the company to expand.In accordance with his beliefs, he and his wife also ran a small temperance hotel above the office. Their business model was refined by the introduction of the 'hotel coupon' in 1868. Detachable coupons in a counterfoil book were issued to the traveller. These were valid for either a restaurant meal or an overnight hotel stay provided they were on Cook's list.Conflicts of interest between father and son were resolved when the son persuaded his father, Thomas Cook, to retire at the end of 1878. He moved back to Leicester and lived quietly until his death.The firm's growth was consolidated by John Mason Cook and his three sons, especially by its involvement with military transport and postal services for Britain and Egypt during the 1880s, when Cook began organising tours to the Middle East.In 1880, the Italian government joined Cook's tour company. The Italian economy benefited from additional tourism profits in which Cook programmed and executed as a system. Cook certainly played a key role in not only boosting the Italian economy but also bringing atmosphere and morale of Italian unification. Italians physically felt their country from place to place by traveling.By 1888, the company had established offices around the world, including three in Australia and one in Auckland, New Zealand and in 1890, the company sold over 3¼ million tickets.John Mason Cook promoted, and even led, excursions to, for example, the Middle East where he was described as "the second-greatest man in Egypt". However, while arranging for the German Emperor Wilhelm II to visit Palestine in 1898, he contracted dysentery and died the following year.Disclosure of the theme became possible through the use of general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, system, generalization, concreteness, historicism and dialectical method. The scientific research also uses special scientific methods of research: historical-comparative, historical-synthetic, historical-diachronic, empirical analysis, etc. ; У статті проаналізовано історію створення та розглянуто сучасні проблеми бізнеспланування нових туристичних підприємств. Авторка дійшла висновку, що історично перші туристичні підприємства з'явилися у другій половині ХІХ ст. Туристичне підприємство є самостійно господарюючим суб'єктом, що володіє правами юридичної особи, який на основі використання трудовим колективом майна виробляє і реалізує продукцію, виконує роботи, надає послуги у туристичні сфері тощо.Розкриття теми стало можливим завдяки використанню загальнонаукових методів пізнання: аналізу, синтезу, системності, узагальнення, конкретності, історизму та діалектичного. Також використано спеціально наукові методи дослідження: історико-порівняльний, історико-синтетичний, історико-діахронний, емпіричного аналізу тощо.

The growing popularity of comics in Ukraine and worldwide increases scientific attention to this type of information product. The article is devoted to generalising the leading tendencies in the Comics Study and researching comics in modern humanities. Based on the study devoted to comics professional publications, profile resources of world comics research centres and the current state of understanding the phenomenon of comics magazines and Internet resources, application of review-analytical, historical-chronological, dialectical, socio-communication, and content analysis methods has been detected that the syncretic nature of comics made them a research subject in various sciences and programme subject areas: literary studies, linguistics, cultural study, art history, history, political science, and others. Leading research centres of Comics Study are the International Comic Art Forum, the British Consortium of Comic Researchers, the Comics Research Hub of the University of the Arts, the Canadian Society for the Study of Comics, the Society for Comics Researchers (USA). The educational direction of Comics Studies has been represented by bachelor's, master's, and doctoral (doctor of philosophy) educational programs in higher education institutions of different countries: the University of Florida, University of Toronto, University of California Santa Cruz, University of Portland, West University, University Dundee, Teesside University, Lancaster University (UK), Kyoto Seika University (Japan). The growth of scientific knowledge in Comics Study, on the one hand, and on the other hand - the predominance of interdisciplinary approach in the studies necessitated the establishment of special scientific journals dedicated to comics, such as the Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, Studies in Comics, European Comic Art. In Ukraine, the study of comics at the dissertation level took place in the dimension of pedagogy and philology. However, some scientific research on comics is available in journalism, press studies, ...

In its general features, globalization is the process of formation of a new world order,which is characterized by a common economic, political, socio-cultural and technologicalaspects. At the end of the 20th century the works of the American scientist and political figure F.Fukuyama became the subject of considerable debate. He expressed his understanding of themain trends of modern historical development and globalization in his concept of the philosophyof history i.e. «the end of history». This concept has rather important theoretical significance forexplaining the essence and prospects of globalization processes and modern geopoliticalstrategies.F. Fukuyama refers to the historiosophical paradigm of historical progress, according towhich history has certain internal content and direction, thus, humanity is moving towards moreequitable and free social order based on liberal democracy. This paradigm took shape in thephilosophy of the Enlightenment. It was focused on understanding the logic of the progressivehistorical development of mankind.Like Hegel, F. Fukuyama believes that «the end of history» means that there will be nomore progress in the development of principles and institutions of social order, since all majorissues will be resolved. That was exactly that kind of state that the world reached at the end ofthe 20th century, when the ideas of liberalism (liberal democracy) as the highest embodiment offreedom from Fukuyama's point of view won in almost the whole world. In order to substantiatehis concept of the «end of history», F. Fukuyama indicates that the communist ideology and thesocialist countries were economically and ideologically defeated and there are no forces able tochallenge liberal democracies led by the United States of America. Thus, the ideology ofliberalism will gradually translate into the economic and political spheres, which in its turn willcontribute to the strengthening of the liberal ideology. The concept of the «end of history»,isbased on the paradigm of progressive historical development. It is rather contradictory, and thatdid not escape the attention of Fukuyama critics. First, the tragic events of the 20th century(totalitarian regimes, fascism, world wars, cold war, etc.) brought disappointment in theparadigm of the progressive historical process; second, critics see the Fukuyama concept as anapology for the expansionary US foreign policy; third, there are alternative concepts of history,such as, the «clash of civilizations» by S. Huntington.However, the multifaceted nature of historical development cannot be «squeezed» intoany theoretical schemes, which in various aspects reflect certain angles of multidimensionalworld development. The debate about the logic of the modern historical process will continuefurther, because almost every researcher offers his own interpretation of the concept of history,and, consequently, of the historical process itself. But it is always a productive dispute in thesense that it forces people to rethink their past, to comprehend the present and look into thefuture. ; В статті дається коротка характеристика глобалізаційних процесів,розглядаються основні положення концепції «кінця історії» Ф. Фукуями як такої, щовідповідає парадигмі прогресивного історичного процесу і загальним тенденціямглобалізації. Також в статті автор наводить приклади критичного відношення допоглядів Ф. Фукуями, порівнює концепцію «кінця історії» з концепцією «зіткненняцивілізацій», робить висновок про сумісність протилежних поглядів на історичнийпроцес.

The relevance of this study is determined by the strengthening of migration processes, caused by the development and deepening of globalization and integration processes, and the emergence of the opposing processes. It has been indicated that migration processes influence greatly the direction and pace of development of the global and domestic economy, demographic processes in most countries, enhancement or reduction of the social standards, and other aspects of our lives. It has been determined that nowadays our country doesn't have any unified comprehensive concept of the migration policy that would give the country and its citizens opportunity to become high-grade members of the European Community, keep and fully protect their civil, labour and social rights and freedoms. The aim of the study is to analyze the modern migration policy of the European countries and to define recommendations on the strengthening of the communication between domestic and European migration policy. Methods of the systemic, structural analysis, logical analysis, factual analysis and situational approach have been used in order of achieving the stated aim. During the study it has been found that modern migration policy of the European countries is formed under the influence of the defined factors: demographics, significant changes in conditions of the modern labour market, increase of the intensity of external migration flows, military conflicts on the territory of Ukraine and Syria, deepening of the problem of international terrorism, permanent financial crisis in some countries of the European Union, the referendum in the UK on the decision to exit the EU. According to the results of the research, recommendations on the necessity to study and apply the fundamentals and principles of the European migration policies in defined spheres have been formed.

Summary. The purpose of the study is to find out the optimal means, methods of implementing the politics of memory in the study of Modern History of Ukraine (when considering topics in the history of the native land in chronological terms 1939–1959) as a means of educating a consolidated tolerant nation. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, verification, use of general scientific and special-historical methods. The scientific novelty is that for the first time, the authors characterize the theoretical and methodological principles of realization of the politics of memory when considering topics in the regional history. Conclusions. By adhering to the principles of objectivity, multi-perspective, tolerance, students form a holistic image of historical memory, which is able to unite Ukrainian society, rather than provoke new conflicts. Important principles for the implementation of the state politics of memory at the lessons of modern history and in the organization of extracurricular work in local history at school is a critical analysis of various sources by senior students, students՚ independent research work with historical documents, photographs, fiction, press, works of cinematography etc. The students՚ research projects, written essays, multimedia presentations on the history of individual families will ensure the realization of the politics of memory both at the regional and the national level. An objective, multifaceted and balanced micro-history generates a holistic common outline of the history of the Ukrainian nation. ; Анотація. Мета дослідження – з՚ясувати оптимальні засоби, методичні прийоми реалізації політики пам՚яті при вивченні новітньої історії України (при розгляді тем з історії рідного краю у хронологічних межах 1939–1959 рр.) саме як засобу виховання консолідованої толерантної нації. Методологія дослідження ґрунтується на принципах історизму, верифікації, використання загальнонаукових та спеціально-історичних методів. Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що вперше охарактеризовано теоретико-методичні засади реалізації політики пам՚яті при розгляді тем з регіональної історії. Висновки. При дотриманні принципів об՚єктивності, багатоперспективності, толерантності в учнів формується цілісний образ історичної пам՚яті, який здатний об՚єднувати український соціум, а не провокувати нові конфлікти. Важливими засадами реалізації державної політики пам՚яті на уроках новітньої історії і під час організації позакласної краєзнавчої роботи у школі є критичний аналіз старшокласниками різноманітних джерел, самостійна дослідницька робота учнів з історичними документами, фотографіями, художньою літературою, пресою, творами кіномистецтва. Виконання школярами пошукових проєктів, написання есе, створення мультимедійних презентацій, присвячених історії окремих родин забезпечить реалізацію політики пам՚яті як на регіональному, так і на загальнодержавному рівні. Об՚єктивна, багаторакурсна та виважена мікроісторія генерує цілісну спільну канву історії української нації.